exam 3 double check Flashcards
Multiple species of aquatic vertebrates
fishes
one species of aquatic vertebrate
fish
organs that extract oxygen from water
gills
group of fish known for scavenging and secreting slime; myxini
hagfishes
group of fish known for being parasitic and sucking blood; petromyzontidia
lampreys
group of fish with fins supported by bony rays
ray-finned fish
group of fish with skeletons made of carilage
cartilaginous fishes
groups of fish with fins supported by fleshy lobes
lobe-finned fishes
extinct group of fish that gave rise to jawed fish (gnathostomes)
ostracoderms
jawless fish
agnathostomes
group of agnathostomes
acanthodians and osteichthyes
clades of osteichythyes
actinopterygii and sarcopterygii
bodies shaped for efficient movement through water
streamlines bodies
sense organ that detects changes in water pressure
lateral line system
balance of water and solute concentrations
osmotic equilibrium
migrating from the sea to freshwater to breed
anadromous
substance that prevents blood from clotting (lampreys)
anticoagulant
thickened areas of the mouth used for grinding food for chondrichthyes who eat mussels, crustaceans, and deep sea snails
tooth pads
electroreceptor organs in chondrichthyes
ampullae of lorenzini
egg case of a skate or ray
mermaids purse
stingrays have and skates dont
viviparous, stinging spine
skates have and stingrays dont
oviparous, thorny projections, and no spine
large, bony scales found on lungfish and sturgeon, square with square rings inside
ganoid scales
tail with an unequal upper and lower lobe for fast swimming
heterocercal tail
tail shaped like crescent moon for fast swimming
lunate tail
tail with a symmetrical upper and lower lobe
diphycercal tail
why did placoderms have bony structures behind their eyes
pressure increased as they dived deeper into the ocean
which clade consists of angler fish, baracuda, and sunfish
actinopterygii
what order of sharks include wobbegong, whale shark, nurse, and zebra
orectolobiformes
These fishes have what kind of scales? Bass, perch, sunfish
ctenoid
jawed fish
gnathostomes
extinct group of fish that resembled modern sharks
placoderms
group of cartilaginous fishes: sharks, skates, and rays
chondrichthyes
order of sharks that include great white, mako, and sand tiger
lamniformes
order of sharks that include tiger, hammerheads, blue, and bull
carcharhiniformes
creation of a vacuum in the mouth to draw in prey
bucal suction
giving birth to live young
viviparous
laying eggs
oviparous
developing embryos feed on yolk inside the mother
ovoviviparous
group of ray-finned fishes with extreme jaw mods
actinopterygii
group of lobe-finned fishes like lungishes and coelecanths
sarcopterygii
organ that helps fish control buoyancy
swim bladder
small, tooth-like scales found on sharks and rays
placoid scales
scales with growth rings found on carp and trout, mushroom shaped
cycloid scales
scales with a cone on the backside found on bass and perch, pointy on one end
ctenoid scales
skin teeth for placoid scales that prevent attachment of organisms
dermal denticles
fatty structure that covers and protects the eye
adipose eyelid
narroe fleshy part of the body before the tail
caudal peduncle
structure in the stomach of sharks that maximizes absorption time
spiral valve
why do sarcopterygii still exist if they have an evolutionary relationship to tetrapods?
isolation, lack of predators, adaptive traits that reflect ability to adapt to environment (can breathe in and out of water)
These fishes have what kind of scales? Sharks, skates, rays
placoid
These fishes have what kind of scales? Lungish, sturgeon, and gars
ganoid
These fishes have what kind of scales? Herring, carp, trout
cycloid
Openings on the sides of fish for water to exit after passing through the gills
gill slits
sense of smell in fish
olfaction
sensory systme in fish for detencting mechanical stimuli
mechanoreception
Sensory system in fish for detecting electrical stimuli
electroreception
Sensory system in fish for detecting light and images
vision
Nostrils in fish that assist with waterflow to enhance other sensory organs by supplying them directly with oxygen
nares
Calcium carbonate structures in fish ears for balance
otoliths
Bony structures in ostariophysan fish for sensing vibrations; extensions that create vibraroy connections betweeen semicircular canals and swim bladder
weberian ossicles
Ability to determine one’s position in fish
orientation
Sensory system in fish for long-distance sensing of prey, stimulated by movement of water
lateral lines
Electrosensory gels in elasmobranch fish
ampullae of lorenzini
How is electroreception used in fish?
to ping placement of other organisms, but is energetically costly
Fish that use electromagnetic field as a 6th sense
electric fishes
Zigzag bands of voluntary muscle in fish
myomeres
Muscle type in fish that is used for sustained swimming
red muscle
Muscle type in fish that is used for burst swimming
white muscle
Force that propels fish in a direction
thrust
Degree of variation from the direction of thrust
yaw
why is warm blood directed to eyes and brain?
for better conduction of molecular activity, allows for quicker processing
what characteristic allows sharks stay afloat
thier heterocercal tail and squalene
what is squalene
lipid found in shark liver that keeps them from sinking
Buoyancy organ in bony fish
swim bladder
Fish that can gulp and burp to fill their swim bladder with gas (use esophagus)
physostomous
Fish that diffuse gas into their swim bladder through the ovale (no connection with esophagus)
physoclistous
Respiratory organs in fish composed of thin filaments
gills
bony flap covering the gills in fish
operculum
Heat exchange to prevent more energy loss in warming, sharing between veins and arteries
countercurrent exchange
Structures in fish gills that filter and protect
gill rakers
Organ in fish that takes in air from the atmosphere to pass into bloodstream, not used to inflate swim bladder
Labyrinth organ
Sensory systems in fish for detecting sound and maintaining equilibrium
hearing and balance
Fish species with chemoreception as a major brain activity
hammerheads
Ability to maintain balance in fish
equilibrium
Maintenance of constant internal environment
homeostasis
desired value or level of a variable in homeostasis
set point
Maintenance of water balance and solute concentration
osmoregulation
Nitrogenous waste product requiring water for elimination
ammonia
Regulatory mechanism that stops a process
negative feedback loop
Regulatory mechanism that amplifies a process
positive feedback loop
Ability of a solution to draw water across a membrane
osmotic pressure
Two solutions separated by a membrane with equal osmotic pressure
isomotic
Body fluids have higher solute concentration than theenvironment
hyperosmotic
Body fluids have lower solute concentration than the environment
hypoosmotic
Animal that maintains isosmotic condition with the environment
osmoconformer
Animal that expends energy to maintain internal soluteconcentration different from the environment
osmoregulator
Animal that requires a specific salinity level
stenohaline
Animal that can tolerate a range of salinity levels
euryhaline
How does osmoconformer differfrom regualtor
they do not have physiological ability to adjust interalenvironment to external environment
what are Sharks, skates, rays, and chimera
chondrichthyes
What kind of regulators are chondrichthyes
hyperosmotic regulators
Nitrogenous waste product stored in tissues of Chondrichthyes
urea
, a compound that protects tissuesin Chondrichthyes, increases concentration of urea
TMAO, trimethylamine oxide
bony fishes
osteichthyes
what kind of regulators are osteichthyes
hypoosmotic regulators
what kind of regulators are freshwater fishes
hyperosmotic regulators
Body temperature fluctuates with the environment, morevariation in environment
poikilothermic
Maintains constant body temperature regardless of theenvironment
homeothermic
Relies on the environment to determine body temperature
ectothermic
Able to generate heat to elevate body temperature
endothermic
Heat exchange mechanism that prevents significant heatloss in extremities
counter current exchange
Adaptive hypothermia that drops internal temperatureduring sleep or inactivity
torpor
Prolonged and controlled state of dormancy
hibernation
Hormone that increases permeability of collecting ductsto water
vasopressin (ADH)
Hormone that causes increased uptake of Na+ by distalconvoluted tubule
aldosterone
A regulatory system for blood volume and cardiovascularresistance, controls the rate blood flows
RAAS(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
Organelle that expels excess water gained via osmosis,most basic excretoyr device. Ex: unicellular organisms,Porifera, and Cnidaria
contractile vacuole
Flame cells of Platyhelminthes that filter fluids and eliminate ammonia; closed system network of channels thatconnect through body until it is expelled through pores
pronephridia
Excretory organs in Annelids that draw fluid, reabsorbwater and salts, and secrete wastes; open system withtubules at both end to allow filtering of segments aheadof each other
methanephridia
Excretory organ in arthropods that actively transportsions and allows water and solutes to flow passively;closed system that lack blood network, high surface areato volume ratio suited for life in dry environments
malpighian tubule
Vertebrate organ that filters body fluids, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes substances in urine
kidney
examples of osmoregulators inmarine environment
yellow-lipped sea krait, southern unstripped scorpion, 17yr cicada, marine iguana, hagfish
examples of osmoconformers inmarine environment
sunstar, cabbagehead jellyfish, bay scallop, slipper lobster
Physiological and behavioral adjustments to regulatebody temperature
Thermal Regulation
Basic unit of the vertebrate kidney
nephron
Process where blood is forced through the glomerulusand forms filtrate
filtration
Process where substances are actively absorbed fromthe filtrate ~60%
tubular reabsorption
Process that takes place in distal convoluted where substances are actively added to the forming urine
tubular secretion
Creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
loop of henle
animals that need constant salinity levels, are commonlystenohaline osmoconformers, and have a limited abilityto osmoregulate. Ex: reef invertebrate and marine crabs
stable environment invertebrates
animals that experience large range of salinities, are euryhaline osmoregulators. Ex: shore crab, periwinkle, andbarnacles
unstable environment invertebrates
Low salt in waterresulting in losingsalt and gainingwater
hyperosmotic regulators dilute urine, active transport ofNa+ and Cl- into gills
High salt in waterresulting in gaining salt and losingwater
hypoosmotic regulaters concentrate urine, active transport of Na+ and Cl- away from gills
. Why don’t freshwater fish drink alot of water?
Body is hyperosmotic to water, so they gain water throughgills.
A gland located near the eye of a reptiles and birds thatexcretes excess salt from the animal.
salt gland
what does thelength of the loopof henle determine
strength of osmotic gradient and how much water is absorbed
how do animalsin terrestrial environments losewater
evaportation from respiration and excretion
how do animalsin terrestrial environments replacewater
food, drinking water, metabolic water
how are kidneysof birds multifaceted
they have greatly reduced loops of henle because retaining lots of water is not beneficial in flight
why is having toohigh of an internaltemperature bad
denaturing of proteins and loss of enzymatic functions
why is having toolow of an internaltemperature bad
metabolism too slow to support life
large organisms lose heat at a slower rate, small animals cool off faster
thermal inertia
behavioral adjustments to help regulate body temps. Ex:expanding surface area to increase heat from sun
ectothermic regulation
Thermoregulation that depends on metabolism to reachoptimal body temperature (birds, mammals)
endothermic regulation
transfer of heat by the movement of air past a surface
convection
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas to helpcool down
evaporation
Heat that is transmitted in the form of rays or waves orparticles.
radiation
two fluids move in the same direction causing more energy to be used to heat up
cocurrent flow
fluid flowing in parallel tubes but in opposite directionsallowing less energy to be used to heat up
countercurrent flow
