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zoology > exam 3 double check > Flashcards

exam 3 double check Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple species of aquatic vertebrates

A

fishes

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2
Q

one species of aquatic vertebrate

A

fish

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3
Q

organs that extract oxygen from water

A

gills

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4
Q

group of fish known for scavenging and secreting slime; myxini

A

hagfishes

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5
Q

group of fish known for being parasitic and sucking blood; petromyzontidia

A

lampreys

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6
Q

group of fish with fins supported by bony rays

A

ray-finned fish

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7
Q

group of fish with skeletons made of carilage

A

cartilaginous fishes

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8
Q

groups of fish with fins supported by fleshy lobes

A

lobe-finned fishes

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9
Q

extinct group of fish that gave rise to jawed fish (gnathostomes)

A

ostracoderms

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10
Q

jawless fish

A

agnathostomes

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11
Q

group of agnathostomes

A

acanthodians and osteichthyes

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12
Q

clades of osteichythyes

A

actinopterygii and sarcopterygii

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13
Q

bodies shaped for efficient movement through water

A

streamlines bodies

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14
Q

sense organ that detects changes in water pressure

A

lateral line system

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15
Q

balance of water and solute concentrations

A

osmotic equilibrium

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16
Q

migrating from the sea to freshwater to breed

A

anadromous

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17
Q

substance that prevents blood from clotting (lampreys)

A

anticoagulant

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18
Q

thickened areas of the mouth used for grinding food for chondrichthyes who eat mussels, crustaceans, and deep sea snails

A

tooth pads

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19
Q

electroreceptor organs in chondrichthyes

A

ampullae of lorenzini

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20
Q

egg case of a skate or ray

A

mermaids purse

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21
Q

stingrays have and skates dont

A

viviparous, stinging spine

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22
Q

skates have and stingrays dont

A

oviparous, thorny projections, and no spine

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23
Q

large, bony scales found on lungfish and sturgeon, square with square rings inside

A

ganoid scales

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24
Q

tail with an unequal upper and lower lobe for fast swimming

A

heterocercal tail

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25
Q

tail shaped like crescent moon for fast swimming

A

lunate tail

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26
Q

tail with a symmetrical upper and lower lobe

A

diphycercal tail

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27
Q

why did placoderms have bony structures behind their eyes

A

pressure increased as they dived deeper into the ocean

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28
Q

which clade consists of angler fish, baracuda, and sunfish

A

actinopterygii

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29
Q

what order of sharks include wobbegong, whale shark, nurse, and zebra

A

orectolobiformes

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30
Q

These fishes have what kind of scales? Bass, perch, sunfish

A

ctenoid

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31
Q

jawed fish

A

gnathostomes

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32
Q

extinct group of fish that resembled modern sharks

A

placoderms

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33
Q

group of cartilaginous fishes: sharks, skates, and rays

A

chondrichthyes

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34
Q

order of sharks that include great white, mako, and sand tiger

A

lamniformes

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35
Q

order of sharks that include tiger, hammerheads, blue, and bull

A

carcharhiniformes

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36
Q

creation of a vacuum in the mouth to draw in prey

A

bucal suction

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37
Q

giving birth to live young

A

viviparous

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38
Q

laying eggs

A

oviparous

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39
Q

developing embryos feed on yolk inside the mother

A

ovoviviparous

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40
Q

group of ray-finned fishes with extreme jaw mods

A

actinopterygii

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41
Q

group of lobe-finned fishes like lungishes and coelecanths

A

sarcopterygii

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42
Q

organ that helps fish control buoyancy

A

swim bladder

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43
Q

small, tooth-like scales found on sharks and rays

A

placoid scales

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44
Q

scales with growth rings found on carp and trout, mushroom shaped

A

cycloid scales

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45
Q

scales with a cone on the backside found on bass and perch, pointy on one end

A

ctenoid scales

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46
Q

skin teeth for placoid scales that prevent attachment of organisms

A

dermal denticles

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47
Q

fatty structure that covers and protects the eye

A

adipose eyelid

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48
Q

narroe fleshy part of the body before the tail

A

caudal peduncle

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49
Q

structure in the stomach of sharks that maximizes absorption time

A

spiral valve

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50
Q

why do sarcopterygii still exist if they have an evolutionary relationship to tetrapods?

A

isolation, lack of predators, adaptive traits that reflect ability to adapt to environment (can breathe in and out of water)

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51
Q

These fishes have what kind of scales? Sharks, skates, rays

A

placoid

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52
Q

These fishes have what kind of scales? Lungish, sturgeon, and gars

A

ganoid

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53
Q

These fishes have what kind of scales? Herring, carp, trout

A

cycloid

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54
Q

Openings on the sides of fish for water to exit after passing through the gills

A

gill slits

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55
Q

sense of smell in fish

A

olfaction

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56
Q

sensory systme in fish for detencting mechanical stimuli

A

mechanoreception

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57
Q

Sensory system in fish for detecting electrical stimuli

A

electroreception

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58
Q

Sensory system in fish for detecting light and images

A

vision

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59
Q

Nostrils in fish that assist with waterflow to enhance other sensory organs by supplying them directly with oxygen

A

nares

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60
Q

Calcium carbonate structures in fish ears for balance

A

otoliths

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61
Q

Bony structures in ostariophysan fish for sensing vibrations; extensions that create vibraroy connections betweeen semicircular canals and swim bladder

A

weberian ossicles

62
Q

Ability to determine one’s position in fish

A

orientation

63
Q

Sensory system in fish for long-distance sensing of prey, stimulated by movement of water

A

lateral lines

64
Q

Electrosensory gels in elasmobranch fish

A

ampullae of lorenzini

65
Q

How is electroreception used in fish?

A

to ping placement of other organisms, but is energetically costly

66
Q

Fish that use electromagnetic field as a 6th sense

A

electric fishes

67
Q

Zigzag bands of voluntary muscle in fish

A

myomeres

68
Q

Muscle type in fish that is used for sustained swimming

A

red muscle

69
Q

Muscle type in fish that is used for burst swimming

A

white muscle

70
Q

Force that propels fish in a direction

A

thrust

71
Q

Degree of variation from the direction of thrust

A

yaw

72
Q

why is warm blood directed to eyes and brain?

A

for better conduction of molecular activity, allows for quicker processing

73
Q

what characteristic allows sharks stay afloat

A

thier heterocercal tail and squalene

74
Q

what is squalene

A

lipid found in shark liver that keeps them from sinking

75
Q

Buoyancy organ in bony fish

A

swim bladder

76
Q

Fish that can gulp and burp to fill their swim bladder with gas (use esophagus)

A

physostomous

77
Q

Fish that diffuse gas into their swim bladder through the ovale (no connection with esophagus)

A

physoclistous

78
Q

Respiratory organs in fish composed of thin filaments

A

gills

79
Q

bony flap covering the gills in fish

A

operculum

80
Q

Heat exchange to prevent more energy loss in warming, sharing between veins and arteries

A

countercurrent exchange

81
Q

Structures in fish gills that filter and protect

A

gill rakers

82
Q

Organ in fish that takes in air from the atmosphere to pass into bloodstream, not used to inflate swim bladder

A

Labyrinth organ

83
Q

Sensory systems in fish for detecting sound and maintaining equilibrium

A

hearing and balance

84
Q

Fish species with chemoreception as a major brain activity

A

hammerheads

85
Q

Ability to maintain balance in fish

A

equilibrium

86
Q

Maintenance of constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

87
Q

desired value or level of a variable in homeostasis

A

set point

88
Q

Maintenance of water balance and solute concentration

A

osmoregulation

89
Q

Nitrogenous waste product requiring water for elimination

A

ammonia

90
Q

Regulatory mechanism that stops a process

A

negative feedback loop

91
Q

Regulatory mechanism that amplifies a process

A

positive feedback loop

92
Q

Ability of a solution to draw water across a membrane

A

osmotic pressure

93
Q

Two solutions separated by a membrane with equal osmotic pressure

A

isomotic

94
Q

Body fluids have higher solute concentration than theenvironment

A

hyperosmotic

95
Q

Body fluids have lower solute concentration than the environment

A

hypoosmotic

96
Q

Animal that maintains isosmotic condition with the environment

A

osmoconformer

97
Q

Animal that expends energy to maintain internal soluteconcentration different from the environment

A

osmoregulator

98
Q

Animal that requires a specific salinity level

A

stenohaline

99
Q

Animal that can tolerate a range of salinity levels

A

euryhaline

100
Q

How does osmoconformer differfrom regualtor

A

they do not have physiological ability to adjust interalenvironment to external environment

101
Q

what are Sharks, skates, rays, and chimera

A

chondrichthyes

102
Q

What kind of regulators are chondrichthyes

A

hyperosmotic regulators

103
Q

Nitrogenous waste product stored in tissues of Chondrichthyes

A

urea

104
Q

, a compound that protects tissuesin Chondrichthyes, increases concentration of urea

A

TMAO, trimethylamine oxide

105
Q

bony fishes

A

osteichthyes

106
Q

what kind of regulators are osteichthyes

A

hypoosmotic regulators

107
Q

what kind of regulators are freshwater fishes

A

hyperosmotic regulators

108
Q

Body temperature fluctuates with the environment, morevariation in environment

A

poikilothermic

109
Q

Maintains constant body temperature regardless of theenvironment

A

homeothermic

110
Q

Relies on the environment to determine body temperature

A

ectothermic

111
Q

Able to generate heat to elevate body temperature

A

endothermic

112
Q

Heat exchange mechanism that prevents significant heatloss in extremities

A

counter current exchange

113
Q

Adaptive hypothermia that drops internal temperatureduring sleep or inactivity

A

torpor

114
Q

Prolonged and controlled state of dormancy

A

hibernation

115
Q

Hormone that increases permeability of collecting ductsto water

A

vasopressin (ADH)

116
Q

Hormone that causes increased uptake of Na+ by distalconvoluted tubule

A

aldosterone

117
Q

A regulatory system for blood volume and cardiovascularresistance, controls the rate blood flows

A

RAAS(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

118
Q

Organelle that expels excess water gained via osmosis,most basic excretoyr device. Ex: unicellular organisms,Porifera, and Cnidaria

A

contractile vacuole

119
Q

Flame cells of Platyhelminthes that filter fluids and eliminate ammonia; closed system network of channels thatconnect through body until it is expelled through pores

A

pronephridia

120
Q

Excretory organs in Annelids that draw fluid, reabsorbwater and salts, and secrete wastes; open system withtubules at both end to allow filtering of segments aheadof each other

A

methanephridia

121
Q

Excretory organ in arthropods that actively transportsions and allows water and solutes to flow passively;closed system that lack blood network, high surface areato volume ratio suited for life in dry environments

A

malpighian tubule

122
Q

Vertebrate organ that filters body fluids, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes substances in urine

A

kidney

123
Q

examples of osmoregulators inmarine environment

A

yellow-lipped sea krait, southern unstripped scorpion, 17yr cicada, marine iguana, hagfish

124
Q

examples of osmoconformers inmarine environment

A

sunstar, cabbagehead jellyfish, bay scallop, slipper lobster

125
Q

Physiological and behavioral adjustments to regulatebody temperature

A

Thermal Regulation

126
Q

Basic unit of the vertebrate kidney

A

nephron

127
Q

Process where blood is forced through the glomerulusand forms filtrate

A

filtration

128
Q

Process where substances are actively absorbed fromthe filtrate ~60%

A

tubular reabsorption

129
Q

Process that takes place in distal convoluted where substances are actively added to the forming urine

A

tubular secretion

130
Q

Creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

A

loop of henle

131
Q

animals that need constant salinity levels, are commonlystenohaline osmoconformers, and have a limited abilityto osmoregulate. Ex: reef invertebrate and marine crabs

A

stable environment invertebrates

132
Q

animals that experience large range of salinities, are euryhaline osmoregulators. Ex: shore crab, periwinkle, andbarnacles

A

unstable environment invertebrates

133
Q

Low salt in waterresulting in losingsalt and gainingwater

A

hyperosmotic regulators dilute urine, active transport ofNa+ and Cl- into gills

134
Q

High salt in waterresulting in gaining salt and losingwater

A

hypoosmotic regulaters concentrate urine, active transport of Na+ and Cl- away from gills

135
Q

. Why don’t freshwater fish drink alot of water?

A

Body is hyperosmotic to water, so they gain water throughgills.

136
Q

A gland located near the eye of a reptiles and birds thatexcretes excess salt from the animal.

A

salt gland

137
Q

what does thelength of the loopof henle determine

A

strength of osmotic gradient and how much water is absorbed

138
Q

how do animalsin terrestrial environments losewater

A

evaportation from respiration and excretion

139
Q

how do animalsin terrestrial environments replacewater

A

food, drinking water, metabolic water

140
Q

how are kidneysof birds multifaceted

A

they have greatly reduced loops of henle because retaining lots of water is not beneficial in flight

141
Q

why is having toohigh of an internaltemperature bad

A

denaturing of proteins and loss of enzymatic functions

142
Q

why is having toolow of an internaltemperature bad

A

metabolism too slow to support life

143
Q

large organisms lose heat at a slower rate, small animals cool off faster

A

thermal inertia

144
Q

behavioral adjustments to help regulate body temps. Ex:expanding surface area to increase heat from sun

A

ectothermic regulation

145
Q

Thermoregulation that depends on metabolism to reachoptimal body temperature (birds, mammals)

A

endothermic regulation

146
Q

transfer of heat by the movement of air past a surface

A

convection

147
Q

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas to helpcool down

A

evaporation

148
Q

Heat that is transmitted in the form of rays or waves orparticles.

A

radiation

149
Q

two fluids move in the same direction causing more energy to be used to heat up

A

cocurrent flow

150
Q

fluid flowing in parallel tubes but in opposite directionsallowing less energy to be used to heat up

A

countercurrent flow

zoology (3 decks)

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