Exam 4-Inflammation, Immune System Flashcards
What is the purpose of inflammation and immunity?
To protect through neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment.
Where are Human Leukocyte antigens found?
On the. surface of most body cells
- specific too that personally
- universal product code
- capable of stimulating an immune response
What are other names for Human Leukocyte antigens?
Human transplantation antigens
Human histocompatibility antigens
Class I antigens
Functions of Human Leukocyte Antigens
- Determine tissue type
2. Key for recognition and self-tolerance
Self vs Non-Self
- Self tolerance
- Determination by the immune system of whether or not certain cells belong
“Hey you are not like the other cells! You can’t come in!”
Immune System Influences
Nervous system
Endocrine system
GI system
stem cells
-immature, undifferentiated cells
What are stem cells produced by?
bone marrow
Why are stem cells Pluripotent?
They can travel to any direction they choose to go (towards any RBC)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
protect body from effects of invasion by organisms
How do leukocytes provide protection?
- Recognition of self vs non-self
- Destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, & abnormal cells
- Production of ANTIBODIES against invaders
- Complement activation
- Production of CYTOKINES that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in the bone marrow
Cytokine function
To initiate production of more leukocytes when the first round is used up
Full immunity requires what 3 processes…
- Inflammation
- Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
* ALL 3 MUST BE IN PLACE!
Innate Native Response
- natural protective feature of a person
- provides immediate protection
- visible symptoms & can rid of harmful organisms
ex. inflammatory response activated through the skin, mucosa, antimicrobial chemicals on skin
What is a possible complication of excessive response of innate native immunity?
tissue damage
Infection
- occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms
ex. splinter in finger - usually accompanied by a inflammation, but can occur without infection
- Body s trying to manage Neutrophils, Macrophages, Eosinophils, basophils
Does inflammation always mean infection?
NO!!!
Neutrophils (granulocytes)
- 55%-70% of WBC
- Mature called: SEGMENTED or polymorphonuclear (PMN)
- Immature called: Bands
- Stem cell to mature neutrophil takes 12-14 days
- Lifespan once mature: 12-18 hrs
- Function is phagocytosis
- Absolute Neutrophil Count
Macrophages
- from myeloid stem cells
- phagocytocsis
- repair
- Antigen presenting/processing
- secretion of cytokines
Basophils
- cause the symptom of inflammation
- blod to collect in capillaries & arterioles
- increase capillary permeability
Eosinophils
- active against parasitic larvae
- limits inflammatory reactions
- increases during an allergic response
Phagocytosis process
- exposure/invasion
- Atraction
- Adherence
- Recogntion
- Cellular ingestion
- Phagosome formation
- Degradation
5 Cardinal manifestations of inflammation
WARMTH REDNESS SWELLING PAIN DECREASED FUNCTION
STAGE I: Vascular
change in blood vessels
STAGE I “Phase I”
constriction small veins (closes one door) & dilate arterioles (brings more people to the party) increasing delivery of nutrients to the area
STAGE I “Phase II”
hyperemia & edema that can cause a capillary leak
STAGE II: Cellular Exudate
Neurophils, pus forms a clear to yellow substance
STAGE III: Tissue repair & replacement
WBCs trigger new blood vessels and growth (angiogenesis) & scar tissue formation
Immunity
–adaptive internal protection resulting in long-term resistance to effects of invading microorganisms
-body must learn to generate specific immune responses when injected by or exposed to specific organisms
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Humoral immunity
-antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes(B-cells)
B-cells
- start from as stem cells
- released from bone marrow into blood
- migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues : spleen, parts of lymph nodes, tonsils, mucosa of intestinal tract (AMI process occurs in all)
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Steps to produce specific antigen
- Exposure
- Antigen recognition
- Sensitization
- plasma celll
- memory cell - Antibody production & release
- circulating antibodies can be transferred to another person - Antibody-antogen binding
- Antigen-binding actions
- agglutination, lysis, complement fixation, precipitation, inactivation
Components of AMI
- Antibodies: Immunoglobulins or gamma globulins
- Antibody classification: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM
- 1st exposure the B-cell produces the IgM antibody type against the antigen
- Re-exposure, then produces large amounts of IgG type of antibody
What type of immunity is ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY?
Adaptive
Active Immunity
Body takes an active role in producing antibodies
Natural active immunity
antigens enters body without assistance
ex. having chicken pox & developing immunity to it
Artificial active immunity
protection developed by vaccination or immunization
Passive immunity
short term effect transferred from another person
Natural passive immunity
mother to baby when breast fed
Artificial passive immunity
- injecting antibodies from another person
- short-term
ex. injected an individual with antibodies from a person who had Eboli and is now immune from it
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (Cellular Immunity)
- involves many WBC actions & interactions
- for total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally
Is CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY adaptive?
YES!!!!
CMI: T-lymphocytes (helper/inducer cells)
T-4 or CD4 cells, secrete lymphokines, increase bone marrow production when needed
CMI: T-lymphocytes (suppressor cells)
T-8 cells, prevent hypersensitivity, secrete lymphokines, inhibit growth & activation of immune system (keeps things in check)
-Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells (Tc) : destroys cells containing processed antigens HLA, effective against parasites, protozoa
Natural Killer cells (NK)
- CD16, can destroy without previous sensitization
- Destroys abnormal or unhealthy cells
CMI: Cytokines
small protein hormones
- act as messengers that tell specific cells how to respond
- control many inflammatory & immune responses
Monokines: when produced by marcrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils or monocytes
Lymphokines: when produced by T-cells
ex. interleukins, interferons, colony stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factor
CMI Protection
- helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self
- prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens
Transplant Rejection: HYPERACUTE
- immediate
- antibody-mediated response
- antibody-antigen complexes activate complement
- blood clotting cascade is activated
- massive clotting-ischemia-destruction of organ
Transplant Rejection: ACUTE
- 1 wk to 3 months
- Antibody mediated or cellular
Transplant Rejection: CHRONIC
fibrotic scar tissue with reduced function
Transplant Rejection: Maintenance therapy
- continuous drug therapy
- specific immunosuppressants (ex. Cyclosporine)
- Less specific immunosuppressants (ex.Azathioprine)
- Corticosteroid (ex. Prednisone)
*Many side effects of drugs
Transplant Rejection: Rescue therapy
- increased dosages of maintenance drugs
- antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)
- Muromonab-CD3 antibody
