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Psychology 1010 > Exam 4 (Final) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (Final) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

o Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or development processes underlying mental function

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2
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition)

system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association

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3
Q

ICD

A

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Edition-11th published in 2015
Published by the WHO

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4
Q

Critiques of DSM

A

Allen Frances
Creates false epidemics.
(ADD, Autism, Biopolar disorder in children) also ADHD

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5
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

Suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual’s biological predisposition to produce a psychological disorder

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6
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

(GAD) A disorder that is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
Diagnosed after anxiety/worry for 6 months.

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7
Q

GAD Symptoms

A

6 months of distress/anxiety, worry
Physical: headache, stomachache, muscle tension.
Often comorbid

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8
Q

Panic Disorder

A 
Disorder Characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks.
Affects 2.7% of population
More women than men
comorbid
begin in adolescence
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9
Q

Panic Attack

A

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat.
Last 10 mins. Fear/Discomfort both physical/cognitive symptoms. Symp. nervous systems
may have obvious stimuli or not

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10
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open spaces.

Common outcome of Panic Disorder. Prevents working or engaging in normal social activities.

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11
Q

Social Anxiety Disorders

A

A disorder characterized by an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others.

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12
Q

Specific Phobias

A

Fear of objects

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13
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

Disorder where anxiety is not proportional to a person’s circumstance

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14
Q

OCD

A

(Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Disroder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
2-3% us pop

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15
Q

Obsessions

A

An intrusive, distressing thought

i.e. Worries about contamination, hurting someone, inappropriate impulses, ordering things

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16
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive, ritualistic behavior associated with high anxiety.

i.e. Efforts to ward off anxiety. Compulsive hand washing, checking (ensuring), counting, ordering objects, requesting assurances)

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17
Q

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A

Caused by trauma.
Leads to flashbacks
Affects between 3-4% of US pop.

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18
Q

What part of the brain does PTSD affect?

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

What Percentage of the adult US population is affected by PTSD?

A

3-4%

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20
Q

What is Major depressive disorder?

A

Disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure (adhedonia), disturbances in sleep/appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness and possible thoughts of suicide

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21
Q

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Affects 7% of adult pop.
Increases with age
Affects more women than men

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22
Q

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

A 
Physical
-Appetite or sleep interrupted
-Fatigue or Restelessnes
Cognitive
-Difficulty concentrating
-Feelings of hoplesness/worthlessness
-suicidal thoughts
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23
Q

Causes of Major Depressive Disorder

Learning, Cognitive, Social, Biology (BRAIN

A

Learning: Reduction of positive reinforcement/increase of negative outcomes
-Learned helplessness (operant conditioning)
Cognitive: Combo of negative thoughts about self, world, future
-Rumination: focusing on fact that one is depressed
Social: Feelings of sad/loneliness
Biology/Brain: 40% heritability SEROTONIN (boost @ synapse)
-reduced L frontal,
-Increased R frontal
-May be caused by disturbances in Circadian Rhythms.

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24
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
Concordance rate of 70%

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25
Q

Ratio of females to males who are diagnosed with bipolar

A

3: 2

2. 6% of US adults

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26
Q

Mania

A

Period of unrealistically elevated mood, increased goal-directed activity or energy. Little need for sleep

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27
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, speech and movement. Restricted avolition of associality

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28
Q

% of human pop affected by Schizophrenia

A

1%

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29
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A 
Positive (things sick people have)
-Delusions
-Hallucinations
-Disorganized Speech
-Disorders of movement
Negative (things healthy people have that sick dont)
-Flat affect
-diminished emotional expression/avolition
30
Q

Delusions (Schizophrenia)

A

Unrealistic belief (persecutions/paranoia, unrealistic power, grandiose)

31
Q

Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)

A

False Perception

Mostly auditory

32
Q

Catatonia

A

Maintenance of awkward or unusual body positions for hours at a time

33
Q

Biology of Schizophrenia

A

50% concordance rate
Same genes as bipolar
Low levels of frontal lobe activitie
Abnormalities of DOPAMINE. boosts produce halluciantions

34
Q

Socioeconomic and Schizophrenia

A

Poorer people are 5 times more likely than those in higher socioeconomic groups.

35
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Unusual lack of remorse, empathy or regard from normal social rules/conventions
risky/irresponsible behavior. form shallow, fleeting relationships with others
psychopath

36
Q

Percentages of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

3.3-.2% (US 1%)

37
Q

Brain and Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Amygdalae show low activity (can’t recognize fear)

abnormal in orbitofronal cortex (poor judgement)

38
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, emotion
Frantically avoid abandonment

39
Q

Percentages of Borderline Personality disorder

A

2% pop

3:1::women:men

40
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Multiple Personality Disorder, characterized by experience of 2 disinct states

41
Q

ADHD

A

(Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity

42
Q

Percentages of ADHD

A

2011, 11% of kids between 4-17

twice as frequent in males as females

43
Q

Causes of ADHD

A

No known causes, genetics, environmental risks (low birth weight, lead, prenatal exposure to drugs)

44
Q

ADHD Brain

A

underactive frontal lobes

Prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia feature large amounts of dopamine

45
Q

ADHD meds

A

Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall

ALL MEDS BOOST DOPAMINE

46
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

deficits in social relatedness/communication skills. Accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior

47
Q

Numbers for ASD

A

1/50 kids

Females:males::1:4

48
Q

Causes for ASD

A

Failure to develop theory of mind
genetics, (.76-.88 concordance)
Parental age is risk factor, older more likely
Exposure to infection and nutritional factors
SSRI’s during pregnancy (3x)

49
Q

ASD and the brain

A

Abnormalities in amydgala, hippocampus and cerebellum

Abnormalities in corical development that lead to narrow minicolumns

50
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Combo of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms

51
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

Technique used in which new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs

52
Q

Treating Autism

A

ABA

No real meds, abnormalities in serotonin, GABA, Glutamate

53
Q

Treating ADHD

A

Meds: Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall

ALL INCREASE DOPAMINE + NOREPINEPHRINE

54
Q

Treating Anxiety

A

Meds: Librium, Valium, Xanax (benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxides)
CBT
GABA (helps inhibit the brain)

55
Q

Treating OCD

A

Antidepressants, CBT

56
Q

Treating Depression

A

Antidepressant: meant to alleviate symptoms of depression
More effective in more serious cases
SSRI’s :increase serotonin activity by interfering with reuptake
CBT
Adding aerobic exercises help as well

57
Q

Treating Bipolar

A

Meds: Lithium (only helps with mania) too much is toxic

58
Q

Treating Schizophrenia

A

Meds: Chloropromazine or phenothiazienes (block dopamine at receptor site)
Side effects: Tardive Dyskinesia
People responded well when they healed at home and were allowed to do meaningful work

59
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Slow/difficulty moving -tremors , involuntary moving

60
Q

Treating Boderline Personality Disorder

A

NO meds specific for this
but, antidepressants, antipsychotic, mood stabilizers (Li), antianxiety (benzodiazepines) and anticonvulsants
Some people are hospitalized
CBT/DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)

61
Q

Who is happy?

A

Those who are less self-focused, less hostile and abusive, less vulnerable to disease.
More: loving, forgiving, trusting, energetic, decisive, creative, helpful and sociable

62
Q

Factors that help happiness

A 
Money (kind of)
self-esteem
sense of personal control
optimism
extraversion
close relationships
married
63
Q

Happiness Formula

A

H = S+C+V

64
Q

H=

A

Enduring Happiness Level

65
Q

S=

A

Set range, genetically predisposed at a certain level

66
Q

C

A

Circumstances in life (10%)

67
Q

V

A

Factors under voluntary control (40%)

68
Q

Flow

A

un-self-consciously absorbed. Mindful challenge. Challenges engage and match skill

69
Q

Non-flowers

A

attention disorders
excessive self-conscious
excessive self-centered
Schizophrenia

70
Q

Positive AFFECT

A

Barbara Fredrickson

Positive Affect opens us up globally

71
Q

Positive Affect effects what?

A

creativity, reslience, academic performance, integrating complex info, trust

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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