Exam 4 (Final) Flashcards
Psychological Disorder
o Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or development processes underlying mental function
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition)
system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association
ICD
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Edition-11th published in 2015
Published by the WHO
Critiques of DSM
Allen Frances
Creates false epidemics.
(ADD, Autism, Biopolar disorder in children) also ADHD
Diathesis Stress Model
Suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual’s biological predisposition to produce a psychological disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) A disorder that is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
Diagnosed after anxiety/worry for 6 months.
GAD Symptoms
6 months of distress/anxiety, worry
Physical: headache, stomachache, muscle tension.
Often comorbid
Panic Disorder
Disorder Characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks. Affects 2.7% of population More women than men comorbid begin in adolescence
Panic Attack
The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat.
Last 10 mins. Fear/Discomfort both physical/cognitive symptoms. Symp. nervous systems
may have obvious stimuli or not
Agoraphobia
Fear of open spaces.
Common outcome of Panic Disorder. Prevents working or engaging in normal social activities.
Social Anxiety Disorders
A disorder characterized by an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others.
Specific Phobias
Fear of objects
Anxiety Disorder
Disorder where anxiety is not proportional to a person’s circumstance
OCD
(Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Disroder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
2-3% us pop
Obsessions
An intrusive, distressing thought
i.e. Worries about contamination, hurting someone, inappropriate impulses, ordering things
Compulsions
Repetitive, ritualistic behavior associated with high anxiety.
i.e. Efforts to ward off anxiety. Compulsive hand washing, checking (ensuring), counting, ordering objects, requesting assurances)
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Caused by trauma.
Leads to flashbacks
Affects between 3-4% of US pop.
What part of the brain does PTSD affect?
Hippocampus
What Percentage of the adult US population is affected by PTSD?
3-4%
What is Major depressive disorder?
Disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure (adhedonia), disturbances in sleep/appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness and possible thoughts of suicide
Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?
Affects 7% of adult pop.
Increases with age
Affects more women than men
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Physical -Appetite or sleep interrupted -Fatigue or Restelessnes Cognitive -Difficulty concentrating -Feelings of hoplesness/worthlessness -suicidal thoughts
Causes of Major Depressive Disorder
Learning, Cognitive, Social, Biology (BRAIN
Learning: Reduction of positive reinforcement/increase of negative outcomes
-Learned helplessness (operant conditioning)
Cognitive: Combo of negative thoughts about self, world, future
-Rumination: focusing on fact that one is depressed
Social: Feelings of sad/loneliness
Biology/Brain: 40% heritability SEROTONIN (boost @ synapse)
-reduced L frontal,
-Increased R frontal
-May be caused by disturbances in Circadian Rhythms.
Bipolar Disorder
Disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
Concordance rate of 70%
Ratio of females to males who are diagnosed with bipolar
3: 2
2. 6% of US adults
Mania
Period of unrealistically elevated mood, increased goal-directed activity or energy. Little need for sleep
Schizophrenia
Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, speech and movement. Restricted avolition of associality
% of human pop affected by Schizophrenia
1%
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive (things sick people have) -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized Speech -Disorders of movement Negative (things healthy people have that sick dont) -Flat affect -diminished emotional expression/avolition
Delusions (Schizophrenia)
Unrealistic belief (persecutions/paranoia, unrealistic power, grandiose)
Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)
False Perception
Mostly auditory
Catatonia
Maintenance of awkward or unusual body positions for hours at a time
Biology of Schizophrenia
50% concordance rate
Same genes as bipolar
Low levels of frontal lobe activitie
Abnormalities of DOPAMINE. boosts produce halluciantions
Socioeconomic and Schizophrenia
Poorer people are 5 times more likely than those in higher socioeconomic groups.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Unusual lack of remorse, empathy or regard from normal social rules/conventions
risky/irresponsible behavior. form shallow, fleeting relationships with others
psychopath
Percentages of Antisocial Personality Disorder
3.3-.2% (US 1%)
Brain and Antisocial Personality Disorder
Amygdalae show low activity (can’t recognize fear)
abnormal in orbitofronal cortex (poor judgement)
Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, emotion
Frantically avoid abandonment
Percentages of Borderline Personality disorder
2% pop
3:1::women:men
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple Personality Disorder, characterized by experience of 2 disinct states
ADHD
(Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity
Percentages of ADHD
2011, 11% of kids between 4-17
twice as frequent in males as females
Causes of ADHD
No known causes, genetics, environmental risks (low birth weight, lead, prenatal exposure to drugs)
ADHD Brain
underactive frontal lobes
Prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia feature large amounts of dopamine
ADHD meds
Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall
ALL MEDS BOOST DOPAMINE
Autism Spectrum Disorder
deficits in social relatedness/communication skills. Accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
Numbers for ASD
1/50 kids
Females:males::1:4
Causes for ASD
Failure to develop theory of mind
genetics, (.76-.88 concordance)
Parental age is risk factor, older more likely
Exposure to infection and nutritional factors
SSRI’s during pregnancy (3x)
ASD and the brain
Abnormalities in amydgala, hippocampus and cerebellum
Abnormalities in corical development that lead to narrow minicolumns
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Combo of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms
Cognitive Restructuring
Technique used in which new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs
Treating Autism
ABA
No real meds, abnormalities in serotonin, GABA, Glutamate
Treating ADHD
Meds: Ritalin, Dexedrine/Dextrostat, Adderall
ALL INCREASE DOPAMINE + NOREPINEPHRINE
Treating Anxiety
Meds: Librium, Valium, Xanax (benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxides)
CBT
GABA (helps inhibit the brain)
Treating OCD
Antidepressants, CBT
Treating Depression
Antidepressant: meant to alleviate symptoms of depression
More effective in more serious cases
SSRI’s :increase serotonin activity by interfering with reuptake
CBT
Adding aerobic exercises help as well
Treating Bipolar
Meds: Lithium (only helps with mania) too much is toxic
Treating Schizophrenia
Meds: Chloropromazine or phenothiazienes (block dopamine at receptor site)
Side effects: Tardive Dyskinesia
People responded well when they healed at home and were allowed to do meaningful work
Tardive Dyskinesia
Slow/difficulty moving -tremors , involuntary moving
Treating Boderline Personality Disorder
NO meds specific for this
but, antidepressants, antipsychotic, mood stabilizers (Li), antianxiety (benzodiazepines) and anticonvulsants
Some people are hospitalized
CBT/DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
Who is happy?
Those who are less self-focused, less hostile and abusive, less vulnerable to disease.
More: loving, forgiving, trusting, energetic, decisive, creative, helpful and sociable
Factors that help happiness
Money (kind of) self-esteem sense of personal control optimism extraversion close relationships married
Happiness Formula
H = S+C+V
H=
Enduring Happiness Level
S=
Set range, genetically predisposed at a certain level
C
Circumstances in life (10%)
V
Factors under voluntary control (40%)
Flow
un-self-consciously absorbed. Mindful challenge. Challenges engage and match skill
Non-flowers
attention disorders
excessive self-conscious
excessive self-centered
Schizophrenia
Positive AFFECT
Barbara Fredrickson
Positive Affect opens us up globally
Positive Affect effects what?
creativity, reslience, academic performance, integrating complex info, trust
