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Psychology 1010 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Strengths of Naturalistic Observation

A

Used for observing relationships between variables.

More natural behaviour occurs if people are unaware of observation.

Studying of animals that cannot be observed in captivity.

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2
Q

Weaknesses of Naturalistic Observation

A

Behavior may change.

Difficult to recreate behavior

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3
Q

Issues with self-report

A

Answers may be affected by people’s desire to appear socially appropriate.

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4
Q

When would you want to use surveys?

A

When studies may be unethical (Effect of alcohol on fetus)

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5
Q

Operationalization

A

Process of tranlsating abstract independent and dependent variables into measurable forms

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6
Q

Validty

A

Measure that results lead to a valid conclusion

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7
Q

Internal Validity

A

Results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

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8
Q

External Validity

A

Results can be extrapolated to a general population.

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9
Q

Attributions

A

Judgments/explantions about why others behave in a certain way

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10
Q

Situational Attribution

A

External factors (situation) are the cause of a person’s behavior

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11
Q

Dispositional Attributions

A

Internal factors (behavior or personal qualities) are the cause of a person’s behvavior

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12
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

The tendency to view others’ behaviors as the result of disposition, even when we know the behavior can be explained by the situation in which it occurs

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13
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

A global neglect for situational variables in making attributions, leading to an overestimation of dispositional contributions when observing the behavior of others.

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14
Q

Actor / Observer Bias

A

We use situational variables to explain our behavior while maintaining that dispositonal variables are responsible for the behavior of others.

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15
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Our successes are our disposition, our failures are our situation

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16
Q

Just World Belief

A

Good things happen to good people, may lead to victim blaming

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17
Q

Attitudes

A

Positive or negative evalutions that predispose behavior toward an object, person or situation. They guide our decisions.

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18
Q

Effect of Operant Conditioning on Attitudes

A

approval or disapproval shapes a person’s attitudes.

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19
Q

Effect of Classical Conditioning on Attitudes

A

One is likely to form a positive attitude toward stimuli associated with positive outcomes

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20
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Discomfort when our outward behavior doesn’t match our inward attitudes, leads to an attitude change

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21
Q

Conformity

A

Changing behvior due to perceived presence of other people

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22
Q

Asch study

A

Matching a reference line. group answered incorrectly, participant went with group instead of standing up for correct answer.

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23
Q

Why do people conform?

A

To perform correctly in an ambiguous situation. To reduce risk of rejection

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24
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

People conform in order to reflect correct behavior in a situation

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25
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Person conforms to be liked

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26
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance with the request of an authority figure

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27
Q

Milgram’s Experiment

A

A shock was delivered when words weren’t correctly memorized. We learned that authority trumps personal morals

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28
Q

Most obedient Cultures

A

Netherlands, Germany, Austria

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29
Q

Least Obedient to Milgram

A

Australian Women

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30
Q

Current Milgram?

A

as recent as 2009, 2/3 of those tested obeyed.

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31
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The more people there are around, the more likely it is that people will let other people take action

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32
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

When members of a group privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that others accept it and therefore go along with it.

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33
Q

Motivation

A

A process that arouses, maintains and guides behavior towards a goal

34
Q

Emotion

A

A combo of arousal, physical sensations and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously in response to an environmental stimuli

35
Q

Intrinsic Rewards

A

A reward that arises interanlly

36
Q

Extrinsic reward

A

A reward from an external source

37
Q

Obesity

A

Rates of obesity have tripled in American adults. it’s up in all age groups.

38
Q

Causes of obeisity

A

Genetic predisposition
Lifestyle issues
Social Comparisons

39
Q

Anorexia

A

Low Body weight and a distorted body image.
Interrupts menstruaton, dry and yellow skin, sensitive to cold and gastrointestinal problems.
Hospitalization is required for treatment.
1 F and .3 M are affected by it

40
Q

Bulimia

A

Bingeing and purging. Depression
SSRI (seratonin) really help
more common than anorexia.

41
Q

Figi Study

A

Once american TV was introduced, eating disorders were had

42
Q

Achievement

A

Desire to excel or outperform others

43
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A 
Self-Actualization
Esteem(respect)
Love (affection, belongingness)
Safety
Immediate physiological needs
44
Q

Updated Maslow’s

A 
Parenting
Mate retention
Mate acquisition
Status/Esteem
Affiliation
Self-protection
Immediate physiological needs
45
Q

Critcism of Maslow

A

No evolutionary reason for self-actualization

46
Q

Dan Pink

A

Purpose
Autonomy
Mastery

47
Q

James-Lange

A

Event>Arousal> Interpretation>Emtion

Stimulus>Physical Response>Feeling

Physical sensations lead to subjective feelings.

Assumes that physical states relate to each type of feeling and are distinct from one another.

Assumes we can correctly label and associate these states as feelings

48
Q

Catharsis

A

Emotional reservoir that fills and spills over. Expressing the emotion decreases the amount in the well, reduces arousal.

Contradicts James-Lange

49
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

Stimulus»Physical Response & Feeling

Both the physical response and the subjective feeling occur simultaneously and independently

No assumption that experience of a feeling depends on physical sensations

50
Q

Schachter-Singer Two Factor

A

Event> Arousal> Cognitive Labels> Emotion

Stimulus> Arousal> Assessment of surroundings> Feeling

Emotion begins with an appraisal of physical sensations

arousal signals us to interpret and make a conscious appraisal

Identify the emotion

51
Q

Capilano Bridge

A

Scary Bridge, pretty girl. Can you tell where your feelings are stemming from?

52
Q

Id

A

Pleasure Principle. Wants it all now

53
Q

Ego

A

Reality Principle

Seen by others

Coordinates Id with Reality

54
Q

Superego

A

Internalizes Society’s rules

Forms what may be called a conscious

55
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A 
Denial
Repression
Projection
Displacement
Reaction Formation
Rationalization
Regression
Sublimation
56
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to admit

57
Q

Repression

A

Memory Blocked

58
Q

Projection

A

Attribute feelings to others

59
Q

Displacement

A

Direct feelings to safer target

60
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Act opposite of feelings

61
Q

Rationalization

A

Cognitive reframing

62
Q

Regression

A

Reverts to less mature behavior

63
Q

Sublimation

A

Prosocial channels

64
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
65
Q

Oral

A

0-1.5

Pleasure in sucking

66
Q

Anal

A

1-3

Pleasure in controlling bowels

67
Q

Phallic

A

3-5

Pleasure in those ares

68
Q

Latency

A

5-(10-14))

Waiting until Puberty

69
Q

Genital

A

Puberty on

Ultimate Sexual Intercourse + affectionate feeling

70
Q

Fixations

A

Happen when someone spends too long in one phase

71
Q

Big Five Traits

A 
OCEAN
Openness
Consciousness
Extroversion
Aggreeableness
Neuroticism
72
Q

Openness

A

fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, curious, unconvential

73
Q

Conscieniousness

A

comptent, order, efficient, organized, self-disciplined

74
Q

Extroversion

A

warm, gregarious, energetic, adventurous, assertive

75
Q

Agreeableness

A

trusting, forgiving, sympathetic, alturistic. modest

76
Q

Neuroticism

A

Anxious, depressed, self conscious, impulsive

77
Q

HEXACO

A 
Honest
Emotionality
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
78
Q

Objective Personality tests

A

stuff like Big Five. Scales, multiple choice

79
Q

Projective Tests

A

Freudian, an ambiguous stimulus is presented and person projects their personality onto it.

80
Q

Barnum Effect

A

Something for everyone. We remember the good and discard the bad.

81
Q

Self Esteem

A

Global report card for self

High compares down
Low compares up

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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