Exam 3 Flashcards
Strengths of Naturalistic Observation
Used for observing relationships between variables.
More natural behaviour occurs if people are unaware of observation.
Studying of animals that cannot be observed in captivity.
Weaknesses of Naturalistic Observation
Behavior may change.
Difficult to recreate behavior
Issues with self-report
Answers may be affected by people’s desire to appear socially appropriate.
When would you want to use surveys?
When studies may be unethical (Effect of alcohol on fetus)
Operationalization
Process of tranlsating abstract independent and dependent variables into measurable forms
Validty
Measure that results lead to a valid conclusion
Internal Validity
Results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
External Validity
Results can be extrapolated to a general population.
Attributions
Judgments/explantions about why others behave in a certain way
Situational Attribution
External factors (situation) are the cause of a person’s behavior
Dispositional Attributions
Internal factors (behavior or personal qualities) are the cause of a person’s behvavior
Correspondence Bias
The tendency to view others’ behaviors as the result of disposition, even when we know the behavior can be explained by the situation in which it occurs
Fundamental Attribution Error
A global neglect for situational variables in making attributions, leading to an overestimation of dispositional contributions when observing the behavior of others.
Actor / Observer Bias
We use situational variables to explain our behavior while maintaining that dispositonal variables are responsible for the behavior of others.
Self-Serving Bias
Our successes are our disposition, our failures are our situation
Just World Belief
Good things happen to good people, may lead to victim blaming
Attitudes
Positive or negative evalutions that predispose behavior toward an object, person or situation. They guide our decisions.
Effect of Operant Conditioning on Attitudes
approval or disapproval shapes a person’s attitudes.
Effect of Classical Conditioning on Attitudes
One is likely to form a positive attitude toward stimuli associated with positive outcomes
Cognitive Dissonance
Discomfort when our outward behavior doesn’t match our inward attitudes, leads to an attitude change
Conformity
Changing behvior due to perceived presence of other people
Asch study
Matching a reference line. group answered incorrectly, participant went with group instead of standing up for correct answer.
Why do people conform?
To perform correctly in an ambiguous situation. To reduce risk of rejection
Informational Social Influence
People conform in order to reflect correct behavior in a situation
Normative Social Influence
Person conforms to be liked
Obedience
Compliance with the request of an authority figure
Milgram’s Experiment
A shock was delivered when words weren’t correctly memorized. We learned that authority trumps personal morals
Most obedient Cultures
Netherlands, Germany, Austria
Least Obedient to Milgram
Australian Women
Current Milgram?
as recent as 2009, 2/3 of those tested obeyed.
Bystander Effect
The more people there are around, the more likely it is that people will let other people take action
Pluralistic Ignorance
When members of a group privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that others accept it and therefore go along with it.
Motivation
A process that arouses, maintains and guides behavior towards a goal
Emotion
A combo of arousal, physical sensations and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously in response to an environmental stimuli
Intrinsic Rewards
A reward that arises interanlly
Extrinsic reward
A reward from an external source
Obesity
Rates of obesity have tripled in American adults. it’s up in all age groups.
Causes of obeisity
Genetic predisposition
Lifestyle issues
Social Comparisons
Anorexia
Low Body weight and a distorted body image.
Interrupts menstruaton, dry and yellow skin, sensitive to cold and gastrointestinal problems.
Hospitalization is required for treatment.
1 F and .3 M are affected by it
Bulimia
Bingeing and purging. Depression
SSRI (seratonin) really help
more common than anorexia.
Figi Study
Once american TV was introduced, eating disorders were had
Achievement
Desire to excel or outperform others
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization Esteem(respect) Love (affection, belongingness) Safety Immediate physiological needs
Updated Maslow’s
Parenting Mate retention Mate acquisition Status/Esteem Affiliation Self-protection Immediate physiological needs
Critcism of Maslow
No evolutionary reason for self-actualization
Dan Pink
Purpose
Autonomy
Mastery
James-Lange
Event>Arousal> Interpretation>Emtion
Stimulus>Physical Response>Feeling
Physical sensations lead to subjective feelings.
Assumes that physical states relate to each type of feeling and are distinct from one another.
Assumes we can correctly label and associate these states as feelings
Catharsis
Emotional reservoir that fills and spills over. Expressing the emotion decreases the amount in the well, reduces arousal.
Contradicts James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Stimulus»Physical Response & Feeling
Both the physical response and the subjective feeling occur simultaneously and independently
No assumption that experience of a feeling depends on physical sensations
Schachter-Singer Two Factor
Event> Arousal> Cognitive Labels> Emotion
Stimulus> Arousal> Assessment of surroundings> Feeling
Emotion begins with an appraisal of physical sensations
arousal signals us to interpret and make a conscious appraisal
Identify the emotion
Capilano Bridge
Scary Bridge, pretty girl. Can you tell where your feelings are stemming from?
Id
Pleasure Principle. Wants it all now
Ego
Reality Principle
Seen by others
Coordinates Id with Reality
Superego
Internalizes Society’s rules
Forms what may be called a conscious
Defense Mechanisms
Denial Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Rationalization Regression Sublimation
Denial
Refusal to admit
Repression
Memory Blocked
Projection
Attribute feelings to others
Displacement
Direct feelings to safer target
Reaction Formation
Act opposite of feelings
Rationalization
Cognitive reframing
Regression
Reverts to less mature behavior
Sublimation
Prosocial channels
Psychosexual Stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Oral
0-1.5
Pleasure in sucking
Anal
1-3
Pleasure in controlling bowels
Phallic
3-5
Pleasure in those ares
Latency
5-(10-14))
Waiting until Puberty
Genital
Puberty on
Ultimate Sexual Intercourse + affectionate feeling
Fixations
Happen when someone spends too long in one phase
Big Five Traits
OCEAN Openness Consciousness Extroversion Aggreeableness Neuroticism
Openness
fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, curious, unconvential
Conscieniousness
comptent, order, efficient, organized, self-disciplined
Extroversion
warm, gregarious, energetic, adventurous, assertive
Agreeableness
trusting, forgiving, sympathetic, alturistic. modest
Neuroticism
Anxious, depressed, self conscious, impulsive
HEXACO
Honest Emotionality Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience
Objective Personality tests
stuff like Big Five. Scales, multiple choice
Projective Tests
Freudian, an ambiguous stimulus is presented and person projects their personality onto it.
Barnum Effect
Something for everyone. We remember the good and discard the bad.
Self Esteem
Global report card for self
High compares down
Low compares up
