Exam #4/Final Flashcards
Anemia
Decrease in # of RBCs and/or Hgb; causes decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Change in size, shape, and/or color
Consequences of Anemia
Decreased O2 carrying capacity Hemodilution Decreased peripheral resistance Increased cardiac circulation/turbulence Cyanosis Growth retardation
Management of Anemia
Tx underlying cause IV fluids O2 Bed rest Decrease O2 demands
Iron deficiency anemia
inadequate supply of dietary iron
Adolescents at risk because rapid growth and poor eating habits
Manage: Diet changes and iron supplements
Sickle cell anemia
hereditary; primarily in African American
Mediterranean descent, South America, Arabian, and East Indian
** If both parents have trait, each offspring have 1/4 chance of having disease
Pathophysiology of Sickle cell
elongated “sickle” shaped RBCs
rigid and obstruct capillary blood
engorgement and tissue ischemia
Hypoxia occurs causing sickling
Diagnosis and management of Sickle Cell anemia
Cord blood, genetic testing- sickle turbidity test prophylactic ABX 2mon-5yrs monitor CBC blood transfusion Iron and orange juice Rx: Hydroxyurea
Thalassemia
inherited disorder of Hgb synthesis, autosomal recessive- both parents must be carriers
Chronic hypoxia- HA, irritability, bone pain, exercise intolerance, anorexia, epistaxis
BABIES: pallor, Failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, severe anemia, FUSSY
TX: transfusion and chelation
Aplastic anemia
all formed elements of blood are depressed “pancytopenia”
TX: immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplant
NOT life long
Hypoplastic anemia
profound depression of RBCs but normal WBCs and platelets
TX: immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplant
NOT life long
Hemophylia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders that result from deficiencies of clotting factor
X-linked recessive
life long; limit activities= NO contact sports
Tx: Demopressin, replace clotting factor, transfusions
Hemophylia A
classic hemophylia
lack factor 8
1 in 5000 males
Hemophylia B
lack of factor 9
only 15% of cases
Von Willebrand’s Disease
hereditary; lacking plasma protein and carrier for factor 8
Watch for bleeding
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia
hereditary; excessive destruction of platelets
purpura- discoloration from petechiae- starts at feet and goes up
decreased clotting ability
Epitaxis (nose bleed)
common in childhood
recurrent or severe = underlying disease
remain calm, sit child up and lean forward, pressure on nose, further evaluation
HIV/AIDS
spread by retrovirus HIV through body secretions
TX: Zidovudine, nutrition supplements, vaccines, antiretroviral therapy, antibacterial agents
Use STANDARD precaution
Hypopituitarism
growth hormone deficiency, inhibits somatic growth
Family Hx, will be small
Give GH in IM
Pituitary Hyperfunction
overgrowth of long bones; excess GH
Precocious Puberty
sexual development before age 9 in boys and age 8 in girls
more common in girls
Give hormone therapy to stop
Hypothyroidism
Congenital or Acquired
Mental decline, Constipation, sleepiness, dry skin, sparse hair, puffiness around eyes
TX: levothyroxine- Synthroid
blood test q6 months
Goiter
Hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
usual cause- antithyroid drug during pregnany
TX: remove goiter, stop antithyriod hormone production
Lymphatic Thyroidosis
Hashimoto’s disease or juvenile autoimmune
Tx: levothyroxine
Graves
hyperthyriodism; autoimmune response Enlarged thyroid gland
Peak at 12-14 yrs
