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Human Nutrition > Exam 4 - Final > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Final Flashcards

1
Q

Antioxidants

A

Compounds that protect cells from damage caused by oxidation.

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2
Q

Nutrients with antioxidant properties

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin A (precursor beta-carotene)

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3
Q

Oxidation is a chemical process where…

A

Atoms lose electrons.

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4
Q

Free radicals

A

Atoms with unpaired electrons.

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5
Q

What environmental factors lead to the formation of free radicals?

A

Pollution
Excess Sunlight
Toxic Substances
Radiation
Tobacco Smoke
Asbestos

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6
Q

Free Radicals damage….

A

Low- density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Cell Proteins
DNA

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7
Q

How do antioxidants work?

A

They donate their electrons to stabilize the free radicals

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8
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Converts radicals to less damaging substances such as hydrogen peroxide.

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9
Q

Glutathione Peroxidase

A

Removes Hydrogen Peroxide.

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10
Q

What is vitamin E’s function in cell membranes?

A

To donate electrons to free radicals in the cell membrane to neutralize them.

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11
Q

Vitamin E is present in high amounts in what food.

A

Vegetable oils

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12
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

Collagen (prevents scurvy)

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13
Q

What is the function of vitamin C with Iron?

A

Enhances or increases iron absorption.

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14
Q

What nutrient is required for vision?

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

Bones

A

Living organs that contain
- Bone tissue
- Cartilage
- Connective tissue
Nerves and blood run within channels in the bone to support its activities.

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16
Q

What is the component that provides hardness to bones?

A

Minerals.

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17
Q

What type of bone is the outer surface of our skeleton?

A

Cortical bone.

18
Q

What type of bone is the spongy scaffolding inside the bones with a faster turnover rate?

A

Trabecular bone.

19
Q

What is the definition of the shaping of the bone completed by early childhood?

A

Bone Modeling.

20
Q

What defines the breakdown of old bone tissue and the formation of new bone tissue?

A

Bone Remodeling.

21
Q

Factors associated with a lower peak bone density:

A
  • Late pubertal age in boys
  • Late onset of menstruation in girls
  • Inadequate calcium intake
  • Low body weight
  • Physical inactivity during the pubertal years
22
Q

What cells work with the resorption of bone minerals by breaking down the surface of the bones?

A

Osteoclasts.

23
Q

What tool is used to assess a person’s risk for fractures and diagnose osteoporosis?

A

T-score.

24
Q

What mineral assists with muscle contraction along with providing structure for bones and teeth?

A

Calcium.

25
Q

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland……?

A

Parathyroid hormone.

26
Q

What mineral requires vitamin D for absorption?

A

Calcium.

27
Q

The bioavailability is dependent on what?

A

Individuals age + calcium need.

28
Q

What component of the blood is the fluid portion and maintains adequate blood volume?

A

Plasma

29
Q

What is a component of blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

30
Q

Iron is required for the heme groups in hemoglobin to carry what molecule?

A

Oxygen.

31
Q

Factors that alter iron digestion and absorption?

A
  • Individual’s iron status
  • Level of dietary iron consumption
  • Type of iron in foods
  • Amount of stomach acid for digestion
  • Dietary factors enhance or eliminate absorption
32
Q

Identify the ways iron is lost or removed from the body?

A
  • Major loss in turnover of gut enterocytes
  • Lost in feces, menses, and blood donations
33
Q

When cells break down, what happens to the iron that is within the cell?

A

Iron is recycled and returned to the body’s iron pool.

34
Q

What type of iron is part of hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal-based food items?

A

Heme Iron.

35
Q

Most of the iron in food is in what form?

A

Nonheme iron.

36
Q

What vitamin enhances iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

37
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C with iron?

A

To enhance or increase iron absorption.

38
Q

How do the minerals with divalent cations such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium interact with iron absorption?

A

They impair iron absorption.

39
Q

Factors that impair iron absorption?

A
  • Phylates (legumes, rice, and whole grains)
  • Polyphenols (oregano, red wine, tea, and coffee)
  • Oxalic acid (spinach, some grains, chard, and rhubarb)
40
Q

What is the primary storage form of iron in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

A

Ferritin

Human Nutrition (3 decks)

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