Exam 4 - Final

Question 1

Antioxidants

Answer 1

Compounds that protect cells from damage caused by oxidation.

Question 2

Nutrients with antioxidant properties

Answer 2

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin A (precursor beta-carotene)

Question 3

Oxidation is a chemical process where…

Answer 3

Atoms lose electrons.

Question 4

Free radicals

Answer 4

Atoms with unpaired electrons.

Question 5

What environmental factors lead to the formation of free radicals?

Answer 5

Pollution
Excess Sunlight
Toxic Substances
Radiation
Tobacco Smoke
Asbestos

Question 6

Free Radicals damage….

Answer 6

Low- density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Cell Proteins
DNA

Question 7

How do antioxidants work?

Answer 7

They donate their electrons to stabilize the free radicals

Question 8

Superoxide dismutase

Answer 8

Converts radicals to less damaging substances such as hydrogen peroxide.

Question 9

Glutathione Peroxidase

Answer 9

Removes Hydrogen Peroxide.

Question 10

What is vitamin E’s function in cell membranes?

Answer 10

To donate electrons to free radicals in the cell membrane to neutralize them.

Question 11

Vitamin E is present in high amounts in what food.

Answer 11

Vegetable oils

Question 12

What is the function of vitamin C?

Answer 12

Collagen (prevents scurvy)

Question 13

What is the function of vitamin C with Iron?

Answer 13

Enhances or increases iron absorption.

Question 14

What nutrient is required for vision?

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

Bones

Answer 15

Living organs that contain
- Bone tissue
- Cartilage
- Connective tissue
Nerves and blood run within channels in the bone to support its activities.

Question 16

What is the component that provides hardness to bones?

Answer 16

Minerals.

Question 17

What type of bone is the outer surface of our skeleton?

Answer 17

Cortical bone.

Question 18

What type of bone is the spongy scaffolding inside the bones with a faster turnover rate?

Answer 18

Trabecular bone.

Question 19

What is the definition of the shaping of the bone completed by early childhood?

Answer 19

Bone Modeling.

Question 20

What defines the breakdown of old bone tissue and the formation of new bone tissue?

Answer 20

Bone Remodeling.

Question 21

Factors associated with a lower peak bone density:

Answer 21

• Late pubertal age in boys
• Late onset of menstruation in girls
• Inadequate calcium intake
• Low body weight
• Physical inactivity during the pubertal years

Question 22

What cells work with the resorption of bone minerals by breaking down the surface of the bones?

Answer 22

Osteoclasts.

Question 23

What tool is used to assess a person’s risk for fractures and diagnose osteoporosis?

Answer 23

T-score.

Question 24

What mineral assists with muscle contraction along with providing structure for bones and teeth?

Answer 24

Calcium.

Question 25

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland......?

Answer 25

Parathyroid hormone.

Question 26

What mineral requires vitamin D for absorption?

Answer 26

Calcium.

Question 27

The bioavailability is dependent on what?

Answer 27

Individuals age + calcium need.

Question 28

What component of the blood is the fluid portion and maintains adequate blood volume?

Answer 28

Plasma

Question 29

What is a component of blood?

Answer 29

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Question 30

Iron is required for the heme groups in hemoglobin to carry what molecule?

Answer 30

Oxygen.

Question 31

Factors that alter iron digestion and absorption?

Answer 31

- Individual's iron status - Level of dietary iron consumption - Type of iron in foods - Amount of stomach acid for digestion - Dietary factors enhance or eliminate absorption

Question 32

Identify the ways iron is lost or removed from the body?

Answer 32

- Major loss in turnover of gut enterocytes - Lost in feces, menses, and blood donations

Question 33

When cells break down, what happens to the iron that is within the cell?

Answer 33

Iron is recycled and returned to the body's iron pool.

Question 34

What type of iron is part of hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal-based food items?

Answer 34

Heme Iron.

Question 35

Most of the iron in food is in what form?

Answer 35

Nonheme iron.

Question 36

What vitamin enhances iron absorption?

Answer 36

Vitamin C

Question 37

What is the function of Vitamin C with iron?

Answer 37

To enhance or increase iron absorption.

Question 38

How do the minerals with divalent cations such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium interact with iron absorption?

Answer 38

They impair iron absorption.

Question 39

Factors that impair iron absorption?

Answer 39

- Phylates (legumes, rice, and whole grains) - Polyphenols (oregano, red wine, tea, and coffee) - Oxalic acid (spinach, some grains, chard, and rhubarb)

Question 40

What is the primary storage form of iron in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

Answer 40

Ferritin