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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4: Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 4: Eating Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is characteristic of western society in regards to beauty?

A

western society equates thinness w/ health & beauty

-thinness has become a national obsession

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2
Q

what are the two main diagnoses of eating disorders?

A
  • anorexia nervosa

- bulimia nervosa

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3
Q

what percentage of anorexia/bulimia cases occur in females?

A

90-95%

  • peak of onset between 15 & 21 years
  • symptoms may last for several years w/ periodic letup
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4
Q

symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A

-despite their dietary restrictions, people w/ this are preoccupied w/ food

  • distorted thinking
  • low opinion of body shape
  • tend to overestimate actual size/proportions
  • hold maladaptive attitudes and misperceptions
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5
Q

psychological comorbid disorders of anorexia

A

-depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, insomnia, substance abuse, OCD patterns, perfectionism, body dysmorphic disorder

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6
Q

medical comorbid disorders of anorexia

A

amenorrhea, low BP, reduced bone density, metabolic and electrolyte imbalances, poor circulation, body swelling

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7
Q

another name for bulimia nervosa is…

A

binge-purge syndrome

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8
Q

bulimia nervosa characteristics

A
  • repeated bouts of uncontrolled overeating during a limited period of time (binges)
  • inappropriate compensatory behaviors: forced vomiting, misusing laxatives, diuretics or enemas; fasting, exercising excessively
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9
Q

characteristics of binges

A
  • people may have 1-30 binge episodes per week
  • binges involve eating massive amounts of food very rapidly w/ little chewing (usually sweet, high-calorie foods w/ soft texture)
  • binge usually followed by extreme self-blame, guilt, depression, and fears of being discovered
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10
Q

bulimia: compensatory behaviors

A

-attempt to undo caloric effects of binge

  • vomiting
  • fails to prevent the absorption of half the calories consumed during binge
  • repeated vomiting affects ability to feel satiated -> greater hunger & bingeing

-over time, cycle develops: purging -> bingeing -> purging

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11
Q

similarities between bulimia & anorexia

A
  • begin after a period of dieting
  • fear of becoming obese; drive to become thin
  • preoccupation w/ food, weight, appearance
  • feelings of anxiety, depression, perfectionism
  • distorted body perception (body dysmorphia)
  • heightened risk of suicide attempts
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12
Q

differences between bulimia & anorexia

A
  • people w/ bulimia tend to be more sexually experienced and active
  • people w/ bulimia are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance, and poor coping
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13
Q

binge eating disorder

A
  • people engage in repeated eating binges during which they feel no control
  • these people do NOT perform inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as vomiting
  • 2/3 of people w/ this disorder become overweight/obese
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14
Q

what causes eating disorders? psychodynamic/family theories

A
  • as many as 1/2 of families w/ eating disorders have a long history of emphasizing thinness, appearance, and dieting
  • contributes to negative self-judgment based on body shape and weight
  • anorexia stems from effort to delay/interrupt sexual maturation
  • anorexia reflects passive-aggressive response to conflicts around control/autonomy
  • bulimia reflects self-nurturing w/ food in the absence of adequate parental nurturing
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15
Q

do mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders?

A
  • yes, persons w/ an eating disorder have higher rates of major depressive disorder
  • close relatives of those w/ eating disorders have higher rates of depressive disorders
  • people w/ eating disorders, especially those w/ bulimia nervosa, have serotonin abnormalities
  • symptoms of eating disorders are helped by antidepressant meds
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16
Q

what causes eating disorders: biological factors

A
  • the hypothalamus and related brain areas may be responsible for weight set point or weight thermostat
  • set by genetic inheritance and early eating practices, this mechanism is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level
  • if weight falls below set point: increase in hunger, decrease in metabolic rate -> binges
  • if weight rises above set point: decreased hunger, increased met. rate

-dieters end up in a battle against themselves to lose weight

17
Q

what causes eating disorders: societal pressures

A
  • western standards of female attractiveness may contributes to the emergence of eating disorders
  • 9% of college athletes meet full criteria for an eating disorder while another 50% have one or more symptoms
  • 20% of gymnasts appear to have an eating disorder
  • the socially accepted prejudice against overweight people may also add to the fear and preoccupation about weight
  • about 50% of elementary and 61% of middle school girls are currently dieting
18
Q

gender differences in eating disorders

A
  • some men develop eating disorders as linked to the requirements and pressures of a job or sport; ex: wrestlers, swimmers, body builders
  • some men exhibit a new kind of eating disorder: reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphia
19
Q

what are the 2 main goals of eating disorder treatments

A
  • correct dangerous eating patterns

- address broader psychological and situational factors that led to, and maintain, the eating problem

20
Q

what are the treatment goals of anorexia

A

promote normal eating behavior, regain lost weight, and recover from malnourishment

21
Q

what are the treatment goals of bulimia

A

eliminate binge-purge patterns, and promote normal eating behavior

22
Q

treatment for anorexia

A
  • most popular weight-restoration technique has been the combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high-calorie diets
  • in life-threatening cases, clinicians may need to force tube and intravenous feedings on the patient
  • people w/ anorexia nervosa must overcome their underlying psychological problems to achieve lasting improvement
23
Q

treatments for anorexia (part 2)

A

in most treatment programs, a combo of behavioral and cognitive interventions are included

  • clients monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties among those variables
  • patients are encouraged to recognize their underlying feelings
  • clients are helped to change their attitudes about eating and weight
24
Q

positive outcomes of anorexia treatments

A
  • weight gain is often quickly restored, w/ many patients maintaining improvements after several years
  • menstruation resumes after return to normal weight
25
Q

negative outcomes of anorexia treatments

A
  • as many as 25% of patients fail to improve
  • initial recover is often not permanent
  • anorexic behavior recurs in at least 1/3 of recovered patients, usually triggered by new stresses
  • many patients still express concerns about their weight and appearance
  • lingering emotional problems are common
26
Q

treatment for bulimia: cognitive behavioral therapy

A

behavioral techniques

  • eating and purging diaries
  • exposure and response prevention (ERP) is used to break the binge-purge cycle

cognitive techniques

  • help clients recognize and change their maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape
  • teach individuals to identify and challenge the negative thoughts that precede the urge to binge
27
Q

treatment for bulimia: other interventions

A
  • group formats provide an opportunity for patients to express their thoughts, concerns, and experiences w/ one another
  • antidepressant meds - may help as many as 40% of patients
28
Q

treatment outcomes for bulimia

A
  • treatment provides immediate, significant improvement in about 40% of cases; an additional 40% show moderate response
  • relapse can be a significant problem, even among those who respond successfully to treatment; relapses usually triggered by stress and more likely among people who had a longer history of symptoms, vomited frequently, had histories of substance use, have lingering interpersonal problems
29
Q

peak age of onset for anorexia

A

between 14 and 20 years old

30
Q

suicide rate of anorexic people

A

5x the rate of the general population

31
Q

what did the starvation study in the 1950s find?

A

people put on a starvation diet were more preoccupied w/ food, talked more about food, dreamt more about food

32
Q

How many calories do binge eaters consume during an episode?

A

average of 2,000-3,400, but as many as 10,000

33
Q

how many people w/ bulimia display characteristics of a personality disorder and which ones?

A

more than one third

-borderline or avoidant personality disorder

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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