Exam 1 Self Quizzes Flashcards
___ argues that societies invent the concept of mental illness so that they can control people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order
Thomas Szasz
A person who suffered from the form of mass madness called lycanthropy may have been believed to be possessed by:
wolves
A trephine is:
a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull
All forms of therapy have which three essential features?
a sufferer, a healer, and a series of contacts between healer and sufferer
Behavior that is psychologically abnormal is called all but which of the following?
mental instability
general paresis, an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms including paralysis and delusions of grandeur, was found to be caused by:
syphilis
judgments of abnormality depend on __ as well as on cultural norms
specific circumstances
The Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in 19th century America was:
Dorothea Dix
Insurance parity laws are concerned with:
providing equal coverage for mental and medical problems
The policy of releasing patients from public mental hospitals was known as:
deinstitutionalization
the role of clinical practitioner in abnormal psychology is to:
detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning
which was one of the different mental disorders described by ancient Greeks and Romans?
melancholia
Before the 1950s, almost all outpatient care for psychological disturbances took the form of:
private psychotherapy
The treatment mechanism associated with touching a troubled area of a patients body with a special rod was
mesmerism
Which of the following terms was the earliest used to describe those we now refer to as mentally ill?
unstable
which of the following is true regarding the four Ds of abnormality?
None of the four Ds is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological abnormality
According to ancient views of abnormality, if a standard exorcism failed to rid a person of their abnormal behaviors, which of the following steps would be taken?
the shaman would perform a more extreme exorcism, such as whipping or starving the person
Which of the following terms, which has come to mean a chaotic uproar derived its name from a London hospital where mentally ill patients were treated in horrendous ways?
Bedlam
the work of Dorothea Dix led to the establishment of many ____ around the country
state hospitals
the term eugenics refers to which of the following?
a political policy of preventing those who suffer from mental illness from reproducing
at present, which single viewpoint dominates the clinical field as the psychoanalytic perspective once did?
none of the answers are correct. Neither Gestalt, behavioral or cognitive
Which 19th century perspective held the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes?
somatogenic
Roman is a loner. He lives in a cabin in the woods with no running water or electricity. While he manages to survive this way, living so far from the closest city makes it very hard for him to get and keep gainful employment. He is often unhappy with his situation, yet feels that he can do nothing to change it and has lived this way for years. Roman’s behavior may be considered all but which of the following?
Dangerous
Hippocrates believed that abnormal behavior was caused by:
imbalance in bodily fluids
One of the most prominent forerunners to the modern community mental health program was at Gheel, which was located in:
Belgium
According to research conducted on eccentric people, which of the following statements is true?
They have fewer emotional problems than the general population
The French physician was associated with asylum reform at La Bicêtre.
Philippe Pinel
Today, the dominant form of insurance coverage for mental health patients is:
managed care
The job of ___ is to gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain
the phenomena they study.
clinical scientists
A federal parity law, requiring insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical
problems, was enacted in the United States of America in:
2011
The area of psychology concerned with the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities is:
positive psychology
Trying to correct the social conditions that give rise to psychological problems and identifying
individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems is known as:
prevention
The ___ perspective views the chief causes of abnormal functioning as psychological.
psychogenic
What percentage of current psychology graduate students are female?
72%
The “four Ds” of abnormality are:
deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.
Before the 1950s, psychotherapy was offered only by:
psychiatrists
___ is generally defined as a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal
behavior.
treatment
In the middle ages in Europe, people who suffered the bite of a “wolf spider” believed that the only way to rid themselves of the resulting symptoms was to do a dance called a:
tarantella
Which German physician was the first to specialize in mental illness and is now considered the founder
of the modern study of psychopathology?
Johann Weyer
The main difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist is:
a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can provide therapy; a psychologist is NOT a medical doctor
but can provide therapy
A procedure in which a pointed instrument was inserted into the frontal lobe of the brain to destroy
brain tissue was known as:
a lobotomy
A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation’s effect on another
variable is observed is known as a(n):
experiment
A(n) ____ experiment is most likely to use animals as subjects in order to learn more about human
beings.
analogue
Clinical practitioners seek a(n) ____ understanding of abnormal behavior.
idiographic
Clinical researchers look for truths about the causes and treatments of abnormality.
nomothetic
If a research study concludes that the less coffee you drink, the less anxiety you experience, the
researchers most likely used:
the correlational method
If a research study concludes that the more activities you participate in, the less likely you are to be
depressed, the conclusion would be expressed as:
a negative correlation
If there is less than a five percent probability that a study’s findings are due to chance, the findings
are said to be:
statistically significant
Sigmund Freud utilized the ___ to study the very unique situation involving Little Hans, a young boy who
developed a fear of horses.
case study
Studies that reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are known as:
epidemiological studies
The ___ effect is the term that describes a researcher unintentionally transmitting his or her
expectations about the outcome of the research to a research subject.
Rosenthal
Which statistic represents the greatest correlation?
-.95
When the findings of research can be generalized to people beyond the immediate study, the
investigation is said to have:
external validity
Researchers investigating a rare disorder that affects only a few subjects would most likely use a(n) ___
design.
single-subject experimental
The Three Faces of Eve chronicles a study of a woman who displayed three different personalities.
case
In a ___ study both the participants and the experimenter are prevented from knowing who is in which
experimental (or control) group.
double-blind
Which of the following is the biggest limitation of correlational research?
It does not allow conclusions about cause and effect relationships.
To ensure that subjects know what they are getting into when they sign up for a study, researchers
must obtain:
informed consent.
If you want to compare a subject with him/herself under different conditions rather than comparing
him/her to control subjects, you might choose a(n) ___ design.
ABAB
If a research subject is given drugs designed to intensify her symptoms, she is participating in a ___ study
symptom exacerbation
For the first half of the twentieth century, the cause of schizophrenia was thought to be:
inappropriate parenting
When researchers wish to observe the same subjects on many occasions over a long period of time,
they use a(n) study.
longitudinal
A correlation coefficient is symbolized by the letter:
r
One example of research that would be considered unethical by today’s standards was Project MK-ULTRA, in which human participants were given repeated doses of:
LSD
A disorder’s ___ includes both existing and new cases, while a disorder’s ___ refers only to new cases
emerging during a period of time.
prevalence; incidence
Researchers would most likely use a(n) ___ research design in order to compare children who have a
history of child abuse with those who do not.
quasi-experimental
The ___ variable is what is manipulated in an experiment in order to determine if it has an effect on
another variable.
independent
An imitation treatment that looks or tastes like the real therapy but has none of its key ingredients is:
known as a placebo
The “Genain” sisters all developed ___ in their twenties, and became one of the most celebrated case
studies in abnormal psychology.
schizophrenia
Correlation studies of many pairs of twins have suggested a link between ___ factors and certain
psychological disorders.
genetic
Animal rights surveys suggest that people tend to approve of experiments that use:
rats and mice
Most informed consent forms for clinical research are written at a(n) ___ level.
advanced college
In ___ studies, patients are given an experimental drug to see if it reduces their symptoms.
new drug
Experimenters can determine __ significance, but only individuals and their clinicians can evaluate __
significance.
statistical; clinical
In a ___ design, research subjects are unaware as to whether they are assigned to the experimental
group or the control group.
blind
Which facet of experimental research is missing in a quasi-experimental design?
random assignment
a medication- study may be used to determine how and when patients can be taken off particular
medications.
withdrawal
__ percent of respondents polled said that they can “accept” animal research as long as it is
conducted for medical purposes.
75
If a study found that there was a perfect correlation between two variables, which of the following
numbers would describe that relationship?
1.00
When an unusual problem does not occur often enough to permit a large number of observations, it
might be studied using a(n):
case study
Gestalt therapy was developed by:
Frederick (Fritz) Perls
According to Carl Rogers, a child who did not receive unconditional positive regard in early life is likely
to acquire:
conditions of worth
Cognitive therapists guide clients to challenge their own dysfunctional:
thoughts
Depression has been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters ___ and __
serotonin; norepinephrine
Huntington’s disease has been traced to a loss of cells in the:
Basal Ganglia
In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:
paradigms
___ theorists believe that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others
and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to
abnormal development.
object relations
In which of the paradigms of abnormal psychology is the role of the therapist thought to be that of a
teacher?
the behavioral model
The example of a young boy developing a fear of sand because there is a sandbox in the yard where
a dog barks and lunges demonstrates a principle of:
classical conditioning
The oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models is the ___ model.
psychodynamic
Which is not one of the three types of biological treatments used today?
insulin coma
According to Freud, the id operates in accordance with the ___ principle.
pleasure
According to psychodynamic theorists, when people behave with their therapist the way they
interacted with their parents, they are demonstrating:
transference
___ are chemicals released into the bloodstream.
hormones
Which of the following minority groups of individuals in the United States are more likely to stop therapy sooner than white Americans?
Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans
Which is an inaccurate statement about the role of genes in abnormal behavior?
Genes probably play no part in mental disorder
What is the main difference between group therapy and a self-help group?
In group therapy, there is a trained therapist who leads the interaction, while a self-help group is conducted by people who share a similar problem w/out the help of a professional clinician
Which model of abnormality rests on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is
“accidental” and that all behavior is determined by past experiences?
the psychodynamic model
The basic premise of family therapy is:
the entire family is viewed as the unit of treatment, even if only one of the members receives a clinical diagnosis
Which contemporary psychodynamic approach holds that therapists are key figures in the lives of
patients—figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy?
relational psychoanalytic therapy
Albert Bandura argued that in order to feel happy and function effectively, people must develop a
positive sense of:
self-efficacy
According to Freud, __ is a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are
frozen at an early stage of development.
fixation
Which of the following psychological difficulties is reported most often by those in the American
Indian population?
constant restlessness
Which of the following would be the type of prevention that seeks to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems?
tertiary prevention
The ___ helps to regulate emotions and memory.
hippocampus
Behavioral therapists base their explanations and treatments of mental abnormality on principles of:
learning
Which is not a current major model of mental abnormality?
evolutionary
Cybertherapy raises concerns about all of the following except:
legal obligations to pay for services
According to Freud, the ___ is the psychological force that represents a person’s conscience.
superego
The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of the other is the:
synapse
A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias gradually learn to react calmly instead of with
intense fear of objects they dread is known as:
systematic desensitization
According to the psychodynamic model, someone who refuses to fully participate in therapy is said to be demonstrating:
resistance
__ therapy suggests that people have two options with their lives—to face up to our own “being”
and to give meanings to our lives or to shrink and hide from that responsibility.
existential
One of the main differences between group therapy and a self-help group is the presence in group
therapy of:
a professional therapist
Psychotropic medications were developed in the , and since then have greatly changed the outlook
for a number of mental disorders. Today they are used widely, either alone or with other forms of
psychotherapy.
1950s
When a 3-year-old boy climbed over a barrier at the Brookfield Zoo in Illinois in 1996 and fell into a
gorilla compound, clinical theorists had a field day interpreting which of the events that took place
after the boy fell?
A 160-pound gorilla picked up the boy, protected him, and carried him to rescue workers unharmed.
According to Aaron Beck’s cognitive theory, one illogical thought process regularly found in
depression is , the drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
overgeneralization
According to the __ model, human beings are driven to self-actualize, or to fulfill their natural
potential for goodness and growth.
humanistic
Some research has suggested that ___ has been linked to exposure to certain viruses during childhood or
before birth.
schizophrenia
Which of the following is not described by your text as being a part of the cerebrum?
hypothalamus
A ___ assessment would be used to assess unconscious drives and conflicts that may be at the root of abnormal functioning.
projective
A diagnostic tool that helps clinicians predict future symptoms or events has ___ validity.
predictive
A mental status exam is a component of a:
structured interview
A person’s intelligence quotient, or IQ, initially represented the ratio of a person’s __ age divided by
his or her ___ age, multiplied by 100.
mental; chronological
An assessment that asks people to respond to pictures by telling a dramatic story is the:
thematic apperception test
DSM-5 lists approximately ___ mental disorders.
400
Which of the following is true about the term “nervous breakdown”?
It is not a recognized clinical term, but is used by laypersons.
A personality disorder would be recorded first as a(n) __ in the DSM-5.
diagnosis
The __ movement has tried to identify a set of common strategies that are present in the work of all
effective therapists, regardless of the clinician’s particular orientation.
reapproachment
The ___ produces a computerized motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain.
PET scan
The polygraph is a form of ___ test.
psychosocial
The three important criteria for assessments are:
standardization, reliability, and validity
The ___ is a brain-imaging technique that uses certain properties of hydrogen atoms to create a
detailed picture of the brain’s structure and activity.
MRI
A clinician who is observing parent-child interactions in the home is conducting a(n) __ observation.
naturalistic
The specific details and background of a client’s problem is called __ data, while established
information about the nature and treatment of a particular illness is ___ data.
idiographic; nomethetic
The collecting of relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion is referred to as a(n) __
assessment
An assessment tool shows high __ reliability if different judges independently agree on how to score
and interpret it
interrater
Which of the following describes a culture-bound abnormality where a man suddenly becomes
intensely fearful that his penis will withdraw into his abdomen and that he will die as a result?
Koro
__, an illness once common to Algonquin Indian hunters, was marked by the belief in a supernatural monster that ate human beings and had the power to bewitch them and turn them into
cannibals
Windigo
In 1883, Emil Kraepelin developed the first modern classification system for abnormal behavior, and
his categories formed the foundation for psychological disorders found in which modern classification
system?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
After years of preliminary work, a DSM-5 task force and various work groups were formed in:
2006
This widely used neuropsychological test consists of nine cards, each displaying a simple design that subjects are asked to first copy on a piece of paper and then redraw from memory.
bender visual-motor gestalt test
Out of every 100 true statements, how many are incorrectly identified as false on a polygraph test?
8
A cluster of symptoms that occur together is known as a:
syndrome
How many clinical scales are found on the MMPI (MMPI-2)?
10
According to a meta-analysis of treatment studies, the average person who received treatment was
better off than __ percent of the untreated control subjects.
75
An assessment tool has high if it yields the same results every time it is given to the same people.
test-retest reliability
Which people are most likely to have been in therapy at some point in their lives?
highly educated, middle-aged women from western states
The validity of clinical observations may be limited by a client’s __ , which means that the client’s
behavior may be affected by the very presence of an observer.
reactivity
__ and __ are two types of abnormal behavior promoted by “dark sites” on the Internet.
anorexia; suicide
__ is a disorder found in Malaya, the Philippines, Java, and some parts of Africa; it is thought to
be caused by stress.
Amok
Intelligence tests can play a key role in the diagnosis of:
intellectual developmental disorder
__ is the single most effective therapy for schizophrenia.
drug therapy
Before being appointed to the DSM-5 task force or to a DSM-5 work group, clinical researchers were
required to pledge to limit their total annual income from pharmaceutical companies to:
$10,000
About what percentage of people in the United States will qualify for a DSM diagnosis at some point
in their lives?
50%
A psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medication is called a:
psychopharmacologist
Which of the following is not a question usually asked in a therapy outcome study?
Will a client be likely to improve without therapy?
About how many different forms of therapy are practiced in the clinical field?
400
A __ test is one that has been set up with common steps to be followed whenever it is
administered.
standardized
The __ requires a subject to look at one inkblot card at a time and tell what they see in the image.
Rorschach test
__ are a family of anti-anxiety drugs that includes diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax).
benzodiazepines
DSM-5 has categorized all of the following as obsessive-compulsive related disorders except:
somatic symptom disorder
The idea that human beings are “prepared” to acquire some phobias and not others flows from a __
perspective.
behavioral-evolutionary
According to humanistic theorists, people develop generalized anxiety disorder when:
they repeatedly deny their true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
According to Sigmund Freud, children experience __ when they are repeatedly prevented from
expressing their id impulses.
neurotic anxiety
According to the biological perspective, malfunctioning of which neurotransmitter system contributes
to generalized anxiety disorder?
GABA
Fear of venturing into public places is known as:
agoraphobia
What percent of Americans suffer from an anxiety disorder each year?
18%
What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to
threatening environments?
sociocultural
Which of the following is not a type of anxiety disorder?
bipolar disorder
Which of these is not a major behavioral approach to treating specific phobias?
stimulus generalization
The distress experienced by people with __ is sometimes described as free-floating anxiety.
generalized anxiety disorder
The most widely applied method of biofeedback for the treatment of anxiety disorders is the:
EMG
Which of the following is not a behavioral technique used in social skills training?
exposure
According to psychodynamic theorists, what three defense mechanisms are involved in obsessive compulsive disorder?
isolation, undoing, and reaction formation
Which of the following disorders appears to have the same prevalence in women and in men?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
In ___ , the therapist confronts the feared object or situation while the person suffering from the
phobia observes.
modeling
In __ , researchers produce panic in subjects or clients by administering drugs or by instructing them
to breathe, exercise, or simply think in certain ways.
biological challenge tests
A treatment package called a stress management program that is used to treat generalized anxiety
disorder would not include:
anti-anxiety medication
In ___’s technique of rational-emotive therapy, practitioners point out the irrational assumptions held
by clients, and suggest more appropriate assumptions.
Albert Ellis
The cognitive perspective of panic disorder suggests that its sufferers:
may be overly sensitive to bodily sensation and misinterpret them
What disorder may also develop along with panic disorder?
agoraphobia
Which type of drugs has been most helpful in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder?
antidepressants that affect the serotonin system
What type of psychotherapist would tell a patient being treated for a cleaning compulsion to resist the
urge to mop his bathroom floor for a week?
behavioral
Cognitive researchers have found that all of the following describe people who suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder except:
lack of a sense of responsibility
Which neurotransmitter system may be irregular in people suffering from panic disorder?
norepinephrine
Which psychological perspective believes that people develop their compulsions as a result of random coincidence?
behavioral
Women are __ men to experience panic disorder.
twice as likely as
Abnormal functioning in which areas of the brain has been linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder?
orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
The most common theme of obsessive thoughts is:
dirt or contamination
One study of persons with anxiety disorders found that __ % actually suffered from multiple disorders.
81
This type of therapy tries to help clients suffering from anxiety by providing empathy and genuine
acceptance.
client-centered therapy
The __ perspective suggests that one way of acquiring a fear reaction that may turn into a phobia is
through modeling, that is, through observation and imitation.
behavioral
To qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, the excessive or ongoing anxiety or worry must last for at least:
six months
Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually begins by:
young adulthood
In which kind of study would a researcher determine how many and which relatives of a person with
a disorder have the same disorder?
family pedigree study
A fear hierarchy is:
a list of feared objects or situations
In which of the following behavioral techniques is the exposure vicarious?
modeling
What suggestion is shared by both the metacognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized
anxiety disorder?
that worrying serves some sort of “positive” function for the sufferer
Social anxiety disorder can be broken down into which of the following qualifiers?
narrow or broad
