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Micro > Exam 4- Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Exam 4- Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-Negative Sepsis

A
  • Also called endotoxin shock
  • Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides [LPS]) cause a severe drop in blood pressure
  • Antibiotics can worsen the condition by killing bacteria
  • Treatment involves neutralizing the LPS components and inflammatory-causing cytokines
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2
Q

Gram-Positive Sepsis

A
  • Potent exotoxins that cause toxic shock syndrome
  • Hospital-acquired infections (Enterococcus faeciumand Enterococcus faecalis, Inhabit the colon, Colonize wounds and the urinary tract, Resistant to many antibiotics)
  • Group B streptococci (GBS) (Streptococcus agalactiae, Neonatal sepsis)
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3
Q

Puerperal Sepsis

A
  • Also called puerperal feverand childbirth fever
  • Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Transmitted to the mother during childbirth
  • Infects the uterus and progresses to an infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis
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4
Q

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

A
  • Impairs the function of the heart valves

- Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from an oral or tonsil infection

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5
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A
  • Autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infections
  • Inflammation of the heart valves (Immune reaction against streptococcal M protein)
  • Subcutaneous nodules at the joints
  • Sydenham’s chorea (Purposeless, involuntary movements)
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6
Q

Anthrax

A
  • Caused by Bacillus anthracis (Gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod)
  • Found in soil
  • Primarily affects grazing animals
  • Spores introduced into the body are taken up by macrophages and germinate (Bacteria enter the bloodstream and release toxins)
  • Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
  • Vaccination of livestock
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7
Q

Protective antigen (anthrax)

A

binds the toxins to target cells, permitting their entry

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8
Q

Edema toxin (anthrax)

A

causes local swelling and interferes with phagocytosis

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9
Q

Lethal toxin (anthrax)

A

targets and kills macrophages

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10
Q

Cutaneous anthrax

A
  • Endospores enter through a minor cut

- 20% mortality rate without treatment

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11
Q

Gastrointestinal anthrax

A
  • Ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food

- 50% mortality rate

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12
Q

Inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax

A
  • Inhalation of endospores
  • Bacteria enter the bloodstream; progresses into septic shock
  • Near 100% mortality rate
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13
Q

Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis)

A

-Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
-Most common tickborne disease in the United States
Field mice are the most common reservoir (Nymphal stage of the Ixodestick feeds on mice and infects humans)
-Ticks feed on deer, but are not infected
-Ticks must attach two to three days to transfer bacteria

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14
Q

Lymes diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Diagnosis via ELISA, indirect fluorescent-antibody (FA) test, or Western blot
  • Treated with antibiotics
  • More difficult to treat in later stages
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15
Q

Lymes stages

A 
First phase
-Bull's-eye rash; flulike symptoms
Second phase
-Irregular heartbeat; encephalitis; facial paralysis; memory loss
Third phase
-Arthritis due to an immune response
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16
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A
  • Tumor the of jaw; most common childhood cancer in Africa
  • Due to Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4)
  • Malaria suppresses the immune system response to the virus
17
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A
  • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
  • Childhood infections are often asymptomatic
  • Transmitted via saliva; incubation of 4 to 7 weeks
  • Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen
  • Replicates in resting memory B cells (Form unusual lobed nuclei; Produce heterophile antibodies; Weak and multispecific)
18
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • Autoimmune attack on the nervous system

- associated with Epstein-Barr virus

19
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • associated with Epstein-Barr virus

- Tumors of the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver

20
Q

Nasopharyngeal cancer

A

-associated with Epstein-Barr virus

21
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A
  • human herpesvirus 5
  • Remains latent in white blood cells
  • Infected cells swell
  • Form “owl’s eyes” inclusions
  • May be asymptomatic or mild in adults
22
Q

Cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID)

A
  • Transmitted across the placenta; causes mental retardation or hearing loss in newborns
  • Transmitted sexually, via blood, saliva, or by transplanted tissue
23
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A
  • Caused by the Ebolavirus (a filovirus similar to the Marburg virus)
  • Reservoir is the cave-dwelling fruit bat near the Ebola River in Africa
  • Spread by contact with infected body fluids
  • Damages blood vessel walls and interferes with coagulation
  • Blood leaks into surrounding tissue
  • Mortality rate of 90%
24
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Undergoes its sexual phase in cat intestines; Oocysts shed in cat feces)
  • Contact with cat feces or undercooked meat introduces oocysts to the intestines (Oocysts form trophozoites that invade cells; may become a chronic infection)
  • Primary danger is congenital infection (Stillbirth; Neurological damage)
25
Q

Plasmodium vivax (Malaria)

A

-mildest and most prevalent form; dormant in the liver

26
Q

Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria)

A

most deadly; severe anemia; blocks capillaries; affects the kidneys, liver, and brain

27
Q

Malaria

A
  • Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
  • Mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into the bloodstream (Enters the liver cells (which undergo schizogony), resulting in the release of merozoites into the bloodstream)
  • Merozoites infect RBCs and again undergo schizogony (Ruptures the infected RBCs, releasing toxic compounds; Causes paroxysms of chills and fever)
  • Some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by a mosquito, repeating the cycle
28
Q

Malaria diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Difficult to develop a vaccine (Plasmodiumrapidly mutates and evades an immune response)
  • Difficult to diagnose without sophisticated equipment
  • Prophylaxis (Chloroquine; Malarone for chloroquine-resistant areas)
  • Treatment (Artemisinin)
  • Prevention (Bed nets)

Micro (6 decks)

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