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Human Anatomy > Exam 4 - Chapter 12: CNS > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 12: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Do you know the structures of the CNS?

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Do you know what cephalization is?

A

increased organization of nervous tissue in the head region of an organism. Highest in humans.

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3
Q

Can you describe the components of the brain’s surface anatomy?

A

Pinkish-grey wrinkled appearance. This is a cerebrum (R&L hemispheres), cerebellum, and brain stem that can be visualized from the surface.

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4
Q

Can you describe the basic pattern of the matter of the spinal cord? Brain?

A

Spinal cord has an inner core filled with CSF called the central canal surrounded by grey matter which is surrounded by white matter. The brain has the same basic pattern, but in the brain stem grey matter and nuclei exist, and the cerebrum and cerebellum both have grey matter nuclei and a grey matter outer cortex.

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5
Q

Can you list and describe the ventricles of the brain?

A

Two lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere), a third ventricle surrounded by the diencephalon and a fourth ventricle between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum.

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6
Q

Do you know what the two cerebral hemispheres are referred to as?

A

Right and Left

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7
Q

Can you define “sulci” and “gyri” and “fissures”?

A

Sulci - Valleys in the brain’s surface
Gyri - Ridges on the brain’s surface
Fissures - Deep valleys

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8
Q

Can you name the three basic regions (names of matter regions) of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

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9
Q

Can you list the major lobes of the hemispheres?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

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10
Q

Can you name the major sulcus that divides the hemispheres into parietal and frontal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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11
Q

Can you list and describe other important gyri and sulci of the hemispheres?

A

Precentral gyrus in front of the central sulcus and the postcentral gyrus behind the central sulcus. The lateral sulcus divides the temporal lobes from the parietal lobes

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12
Q

Can you name the fissure that divides the hemispheres into right and left?

A

longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

Can you list and describe the general characteristics and functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Defined areas are called Brodmann’s Areas. There are 52 of those. There are also sensory, motor, and association areas of the cortex. The cortex is responsible for self awareness, consciousness, communication, remembering and voluntary movement. It exhibits contralateral control as well as lateralization amongst the two hemispheres.

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14
Q

Can you describe what is meant by “contralateral control” by the cerebral cortex?

A

A hemisphere controls the side of the body that is opposite from it.

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15
Q

Can you list and generally describe the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

motor, sensory, and association

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16
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex location and function?

A

Located in the postcentral gyrus, receives afferent information from the skeletal muscle, joints, and skin.

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17
Q

Somatosensory association cortex location and function?

A

Located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates the information from the primary somatosensory cortex. Gives size, texture, and relationship of parts.

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18
Q

Primary visual cortex location and function?

A

Located on the tip of the occipital lobe along the calcarine sulcus, receives information about light and environment from the retina on the back of the eyes.

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19
Q

Visual association area location and function?

A

Located on the occipital lobe, integrates the information from the primary visual cortex and gives object location and identity.

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20
Q

Primary auditory cortex location and function?

A

Located on the superior margin of the temporal lobe, receives information from the inner ear about pitch, loudness and location of sound.

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21
Q

Auditory association area location and function?

A

Located in the temporal lobe and is part of Wernike’s area, integrates and stores information for sound.

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22
Q

Olfactory cortex location and function?

A

Located on the uncus of the temporal lobe, integrates information for smell.

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23
Q

Gustatory cortex location and function?

A

Located on the insula, integrates information for taste.

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24
Q

Visceral sensory cortex location and function?

A

Located on the insula, integrates visceral sensory information.

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25
Q

Vestibular cortex location and function?

A

Though to be located in the insula, integrates information from the inner ear about balance/equilibrium.

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26
Q

Can you describe the motor homunculus and the sensory homunculus?

A

Caricatures that represent the amount of cerebral cortex that is dedicated to each portion of the somatic motor and sensory parts of the body.

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27
Q

Anterior association area location and function?

A

Located in the frontal lobe, includes prefrontal cortex, involved in reasoning, judgement, intellect, recall, and personality.

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28
Q

Posterior association area location and function?

A

Located on regions of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (part of Wernicke’s area). Responsible for converging many types of information into one thought. Also, gives us a sense of self-belonging, understanding spoken and written language.

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29
Q

Limbic system function?

A

Responsible for emotional importance, sense of danger, and memory.

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30
Q

Can you define lateralization of the hemispheres?

A

One hemisphere has functions the other doesn’t. Left side is responsible for language, math and logic. Right side is responsible for artistic and musical skills, visual-spatial skills, emotion and intuition.

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31
Q

Can you describe the composition and function of white matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

White matter is myelinated axon tracts. They are literally highways for information to travel through the CNS.

32
Q

Can you describe commissural fiber tracts?

A

Connect the same cortical regions between both hemispheres.

33
Q

Can you describe Association fiber tracts?

A

Connect different cortical regions with the same hemisphere.

34
Q

Can you describe Projection fiber tracts?

A

Allow information to travel between the cerebral cortex and lower brain centers. Where the tracts are bundles it is referred to as internal capsule. Where they radiate outward it is referred to as the corona radiata.

35
Q

Can you describe the composition and function of the basal nuclei?

A

Islands of grey matter within the white matter of the cerebrum responsible for the stop, start, and intensity of motor information coming from the primary and premotor cortices.

36
Q

Do you know what the corpus striatum is and can you list its components?

A

Collection of nuclei including the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus, which includes the globus pallidus and the putamen. The internal capsule passes between the nuclei giving the area a striated look.

37
Q

Can you give a general description of the diencephalon and list its structures?

A

3 paired structures - Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Epithalamus. Encompassed by the cerebral hemispheres and form the walls of the third ventricle.

38
Q

Do you know which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

A

Third ventricle

39
Q

Thalamus location and function?

A

Egg-shaped composed of nuclei. Forms suprolateral walls of third ventricle. Relays sensory information tot eh correct cortex, directs motor information to the cerebellum and basal nuclei and recognizes information as pleasant or unpleasant.

40
Q

Epithalamus components, location and function?

A

Pineal gland and Choroid Plexus. Pineal gland makes melatonin to control sleep-wake cycles. Choroid plexus is a capillary cluster that forms CSF.

41
Q

Hypothalamus location and function?

A

Inferior to the thalamus and composed of nuclei. Plays a role in controlling nearly every homeostatic function such as water/salt balance, body temperatures, sleep-wake cycles, visceral function. Forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle and connects to the pituitary glad via the infundibulum. Also plays a role in emotion. Produces hormones to control pituitary gland.

42
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors & ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone

43
Q

Can you describe the general function of the brain stem and it’s three parts?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla. Nuclei to control autonomic behavior for survival and is a highway for information fiber tracts.

44
Q

Location and function of midbrain?

A

Between the diencephalon and the pons. Contains cerebral peducles and cerebral aqueduct, Cranial nerves 3 & 4, corpora quadrigemina.

45
Q

Location and function of Pons?

A

Between the midbrain and medulla. forms anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle, Cranial nerves 5-7, pontine respiratory center helps control breathing.

46
Q

Location and function of medulla oblongata?

A

Between pons and spinal cord. also forms anterior wall of 3rd ventricle, axons decussate here, cranial nerves 8-12, cardiovascular center has cardiac and vasomotor function, and the dorsal and ventral respirators centers help control breathing.

47
Q

Which ventricle is pinned between the brainstem and cerebellum?

A

4th Ventricle

48
Q

What is the structure connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

49
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from which parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain - 3-4
Pons - 5-7
Medulla - 8-12

50
Q

Location and function of corpora quadrigemina?

A

Posterior aspect of the midbrain, inferior to the pineal gland. Composed of two sets of colliculi.

51
Q

What are superior colliculi?

A

visual reflex centers

52
Q

What are inferior colliculi?

A

auditory reflex and relay centers.

53
Q

What is the pontie respiratory center and where is it located?

A

Located on the pons, it helps control breathing.

54
Q

What are decussation pyramids?

A

where most of the fiber tracts cross over in the medulla.

55
Q

Which part of the brainstem contains cardiovascular control center and respiratory centers?

A

medulla

56
Q

What are the functions and characteristics of the cerebellum?

A

Forms the posterior wall of the 4th ventricle, receives sensory input to make a decision of the precise timing and pattern of the motor informationthat is traveling to the skeletal muscle.

57
Q

Can you list structures of cerebellum?

A

R&L hemispheres, cortex, arbor vitae, flocculoonodular lobes.

58
Q

Why is the cerebellum ipsilateral?

A

the information crosses twice or not at all so it ends up on the same side it started on.

59
Q

Components of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix

60
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

memory and emotion

61
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A

memory

62
Q

can you list the protective structures around the brain?

A

Cranial bones, meninges, CSF and blood-brain barrier structures

63
Q

what are the three CT meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the dura mater?

A

Forms dural septa, has periosteal and meningeal layers.
Falx cerebri: endents between cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebelli:endents between cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli: folds into ransverse fissure

65
Q

Components of CSF?

A

Same as blood but with less protein and different ion concentration. Supplies buoyancy tects from trauma.

66
Q

Choroid plexus location and function?

A

patch of capillaries in the roof of the ventricles that produces CSF

67
Q

Describe the location, length, and function of the spinal cord?

A

In the vertebral canal, extends from the occipital bone to L1 or L2 and is an information highway

68
Q

what structures protect the spinal cord?

A

Bone, meninges, CSF and fat

69
Q

Describe epidural spaces?

A

space between dura mater and vertebral canal that contains fat to cushion the spinal cord.

70
Q

Describe the conus medullaris

A

Cone shaped end of the spinal cord at L1-L2

71
Q

How many spinal nerves arise from the spinnal cord?

A

31 pairs

72
Q

Can you list 4 divisions of spinal nerves?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

73
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Connection of nerves that leave the end of the cord and have to travel down to their exit points.

74
Q

characteristics of dorsal horns?

A

tip is somatic sensory and the portion towards the fissure is visceral sensory afferent info

75
Q

characteristic of ventral horns?

A

tip is somatic motor info and portion near the commisure is the visceral motor efferent info.

76
Q

What are funiculi?

A

Columns of white matter in the spinal cord.

Human Anatomy (2 decks)

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