Exam 4: Ch 21

Question 1

Adhesin

Answer 1

Any microbial surface structure or extracellular substance that is used to bind to host tissues

Question 2

fibronectin-binding protein

Answer 2

Adhesin found on many bacterial pathogens, allowing them to bind and colonize the extracellular fibronectin of skin, mucosal surfaces, and blood vessels

Question 3

serum resistance

Answer 3

Characteristic of some bacterial pathogens to prevent lysis in the presence of serum containing complement factors

Question 4

cytotoxin

Answer 4

Toxin that acts on host cells

Question 5

serotype

Answer 5

Strain of a microbe identified by serotyping

Question 6

serotyping

Answer 6

Diagnostic method that uses antibodies for identifying and distinguishing closely related microbial strains or serotypes, based on differences in their surface antigens

Question 7

lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

Answer 7

Non-LPS endotoxin produced by some Gram-negative bacteria, which lacks the outer O-antigen component of LPS but maintains the toxic activity of LPS due to the presence of an intact lipid A component

Question 8

exotoxin

Answer 8

Microbial toxin that is released into the surroundings or injected into host cells

Question 9

A-B toxin

Answer 9

Two-component toxin possessing a receptor-binding B portion and an enzymatic A portion

Question 10

toxoid

Answer 10

Microbial toxin that has been denatured through chemical or physical processes in order to be used in a vaccine

Question 11

cytolysin

Answer 11

Cytotoxin that causes lysis of host cells by membrane disruption

Question 12

hemolysis

Answer 12

Destruction of red blood cells through production of cytolysins called “hemolysins”

Question 13

lecithinase

Answer 13

Phospholipase cytolysin that disrupts cell membranes by hydrolyzing various phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, found in eukaryal membrane

Question 14

superantigen

Answer 14

Toxin capable of evoking a systemic inflammatory response by directly crosslinking the T-cell receptor (TCR) of CD4+ T cells with MHC II molecules of antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages

Question 15

The difference between endotoxins and exotoxins

Answer 15

endotoxins are apart of the cell wall structure and induce inflammatory responses. exotoxins are released outside of the cell.

Question 16

What purpose do bacterial capsules serve?

Answer 16

they prevent phagocytosis

Question 17

Be familiar with the differences in the types of hemolysis produced by bacteria.

Answer 17

B (beta) hemolysis results in complete clearing of blood. a (alpha) hemolysis results in a dark greenish tinge zone. y (Gamma) hemolysis results in no hemolysis.

Question 18

The first step in the infectious process:

Answer 18

attachment

Question 19

What are superantigens and how do they cause pathogenic effects?

Answer 19

superantigens are Toxin capable of evoking a systemic inflammatory response by directly crosslinking the T-cell receptor (TCR) of CD4+ T cells with MHC II molecules of antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages.

Question 20

LPS has several components. Which part is the primary inducer of inflammation?

Answer 20

lipid A component