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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does viruses require for cell replication?

A

A cell. Viruses hijack cellular machinery.

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2
Q

Two primary type of viruses:

A

RNA and DNA

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3
Q

Types of RNA viruses

A

Positive
Negative
Reovirus
Retrovirus

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4
Q

Types of DNA viruses

A

Double Stranded

Single Stranded

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5
Q

Proteins which surround viral genome?

A

Capsides

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6
Q

Types of Capsids

A

Icosahedral and Helical

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7
Q

20 Sided spheroid comprised of triangle made of capsomers

A

Icosahedral

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8
Q

Protein capsomer bound to RNA
Coiled in Helix
Spherical Shape

A

Helical

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9
Q

Capsid is encased in lipid bilayer of

A

Envelope

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10
Q

Does survivability increase or decrease outside of hosts?

A

Decrease

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11
Q

RNA Virus: Positive Strand Function Process

A

Functions like mRNA

Viral RNA undergoes translation to produces viral proteins and enzymes necessary to produce new viral particles

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12
Q

RNA Virus: Negative Strand Function Process

A

RNA undergoes transcription via RNA dependent RNA polymerase.
Then mRNA undergoes translation, produces proteins and enzymes necessary to produce new viral particles.

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13
Q

RNA Virus: Reovirus Structure

A

Double Stranded RNA virus

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14
Q

RNA Virus: Retrovirus Function Process

A

Part of Positive Stranded Family
RNA reverse transcribed using viral reverse transcriptase to DNA.
DNA can integrate into host cell.
DNA undergoes transcription to produce mRNA.
mRNA undergoes translation to produce proteins and enzymes.

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15
Q

DNA Viruses mRNA are transcribed off of the positive or negative strand?

A

Negative

Then translated to structural proteins & enzymes.

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16
Q

Viral Life Cycle STEPS

A

Adsorption and penetration
Uncoating of the virus
Synthesis of viral products including DNA, RNA, protein
Release of viral particles from the host cell

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17
Q

RNA Virus:: Positive Stranded Replication

A

Host cell ribosome produces virus structural proteins, viral RNA polymerase.
RNA polymerase creates negative template for viral RNA.
Proteins and RNA assemble and allow the virus to release.

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18
Q

RNA Virus:: Negative Stranded Replication

A

Viral RNA has to be TRANSCRIBED before it can do anything!!
Positive strand of viral RNA is essentially mRNA.
RNA polymerase produces negative strand of RNA for future virions.
Structural proteins, enzymes and RNA assembled for release.

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19
Q

Retrovirus Example?

A

HIV

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20
Q

Retrovirus Viral Replication

A

VIRUS IS INTEGRATED INTO THE HOST GENOME!!!!
Viral RNA undergoes reverse transcription.
Viral DNA gets integrated into host genome.
Host cell machinery is hijacked to produce viral structural proteins, viral enzymes, and viral RNA.

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21
Q

DNA Virus Replication

A

ALWAYS OCCUR IN THE NUCLEUS!!!
Transcription & Translation of proteins for DNA replication.
Proteins lead to replication of viral DNA.
Transcription events result in the production of structural proteins.
Progeny DNA and structural proteins can assemble.

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22
Q

Release of the Naked Virions Occurs By

A

Cell Lysis

Reverse Phagocytosis

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23
Q

Release of Enveloped Virions Occurs By

A

Bud through Golgi, nuclear membrane, cell membrane.

Bring a piece of the cell membrane with it as envelope.

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24
Q

Outcomes for host cell

A

Death
Transformation
Latent Infection
Chronic Slow Infections

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25
Q

Infection results in activation/introduction of oncogenes, resulting in uncontrolled or uninhibited cell growth

A

Transformation

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26
Q

Virus persists in an inactive state for extended amount of time but is asymptomatic. Can be reactivated at a later point in time

A

Latent Infections

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27
Q

Individual viruses have affinity for receptors on cell surfaces, which determines which cells they are capable of infecting (Can be broad or specific for 1 cell)

A

Viral Tropism

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28
Q

Evasion from the immune system (prevents the immune system from eliminating the environment)

A

Latency
Mutation
Interference/Subversion

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29
Q

Produce only a few viral proteins and can persist in cells for an extended amount of time

A

Latency

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30
Q

Surface protein of virus can mutate to evade detection to host immune system

A

Mutation

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31
Q

Blocking apoptosis, decrease interferon expression

A

Interference/Subversion

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32
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted

A

Respiratory Droplet

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33
Q

SARS-CoV-2 Structure

A

Positive Stranded, Enveloped RNA virus

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34
Q

SARS-CoV-2 can cause

A

bronchitis and lung inflammation

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35
Q

R0 is the

A

reproduction number for a virus
1 = 1 person will spread to 1 person
> 1 = cases increase
< 1 = cases decrease

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36
Q

Class:: Orthomyxovirus

A

Influenza

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37
Q

Contagious respiratory illness which infects the nose, throat, & lungs

A

Influenza

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38
Q

Influenza is transmitted

A

by tiny droplets when people cough or sneeze

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39
Q

Influenza Structure

A

Single stranded, Enveloped negative stranded RNA virus

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40
Q

Influenza Envelope is spiked with 2 glycoproteins called

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

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41
Q

Binds to silica acid receptor (expressed on RBC and cell in upper respiratory tract)

A

Hemagglutinin

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42
Q

Cleaves Neuramic Acid (key part of mucin)

A

Neuraminidase

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43
Q

Flu that Infects Humans, Pigs, and Birds

* Multiple species targets allows for rapid viral evolution & potential pandemic (antigenic shift & drift)

A

A

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44
Q

Flu that Infects Humans and Seals

A

B

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45
Q

Flu that infects only humans

A

C

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46
Q

Small mutations in glycoprotein (H and N)

* Antigenic Drift or Shift?

A

Antigenic Drift

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47
Q

Major changes in glycoproteins

* Antigenic Drift or Shift?

A

Antigenic Shift

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48
Q
  • Virus which can infect one species transmitted to a different species
  • Animal infected by two strains of influenza SIMULTANEOUSLY
A

Antigenic Shift

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49
Q

The flu is grown in fertilized ________

A

chicken eggs

50
Q

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (prevent viral particles from budding off of infected cells and can be used for prophylaxis) and Baloxavir (decreases symptoms by 1 day) are

A

Drugs for influenza treatment

51
Q

Enveloped, Single Stranded Negative RNA virus

HA, NA part of the SAME glycoprotein spike

A

Paramyxoviridae

52
Q

Paramyxoviridae primarly affects what population

53
Q

Paramyxoviridae (HPIV) can cause what?

A

Croup (upper airway infection which causes constriction of the airway; results in a barking seal-like cough)

54
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus can cause

A

Pneumonia in young children (< 6 months)

55
Q

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) can be spreaded by

A

Coughs/Sneezes or Doorknobs

56
Q

Metapneumovirus

A

Second Most Common Cause of Lower Respiratory Infections

Can cause croup like symptoms

57
Q

Unsegmented, Enveloped, Negative Single Stranded RNA virus

A

Mumps Virus

58
Q

Mumps replicated where?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract, Lymph Nodes

59
Q

Mumps can been seen by

A

Pain, Tenderness, and Swelling in salivary glands

60
Q

Complication of Mumps

A

Spontaneous abortion during first trimester of pregnancy
Men develop orchitis (painful swelling of testes)
Aseptic Meningitis
Pancreatic inflammation

61
Q

Measles (Rubeola) is an acute viral respiratory disease likely transmitted from

A

Cattle to Humans

62
Q

Measles can cause

A

High Fever, Mailaise, Cough, Coryza, Conjuntivitis, Koplik spots, and maculopapular rash

63
Q

Visual Inspection, Antibody in Blood or Throat Swab, and RNA via PCR is diagnoses for what disease?

64
Q

Sudden Illness with a mild to severe course
Flu Like Symptoms, leading to jaundice
Elevated AST, ALT, GGT, Alkaline phophatase
* Acute or Chronic Hepatitis

65
Q

Asymptomatic for a long amount of time
Mildly elevated LFTs, enlarged tender liver
* Acute or Chronic Hepatitis

66
Q

NAKED Positive Stranded RNA virus with an icosahedral Capsid

* Which Hepatitis Strand?

A

Hepatitis A

67
Q

Hepatitis A Transmission

A 
Fecal to Oral
- Infected Food Handler Contaminating Food
- Ingestion Contaminated Water
Close contact to infected people
Injection Drug Use
Previous Infection
68
Q

Fever, Malaise, Diarrhea, Nausea, Abdominal Discomfort, Dark Colored Urine, Jaundice are signs of

A

HAV (Resolves in 1 week)

69
Q

Hepatities A Treatment

A

Vaccine recommended for people traveling, now included in pediatric vaccination regimen
Can give serum immune globulin to active cases
USUALLY WILL CLEAR ITSELF BY 2 MONTHS

70
Q

This Hepatitis Strand can cause Acute and Chronic Disease

71
Q

Eveloped Icosahedral virus with DOUBLE STRANDED circular DNA

*Which Hepatitis Strand?

72
Q

Hepatitis B Antigens

A

HBsAg - Comprised Primarily of envelop and some capsied
*Antibodies to thise are PROTECTIVE to infection
HBcAg: core antigen
HBeAg - marker for active disease (mother to child transmission)

73
Q

Cirrhosis, Fluminant are complications of what Hepatitis Strand?

74
Q

Treatment & Prevention of Hepatitis B

A

Vaccination

  • HBsAg, just surface antigen
  • Part of Infant Infection Schedule & Health Care Providers

Interferon Tx
* Suppress DNA Levels (Given for 4 months)

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogs

75
Q

LOW PRIORITY : Helical Capsid RNA virus which uses HBV envelope

A

Hepatitis D

76
Q

Replication requires co-infection of a cell with both HBV, HDV

A

Heptitis D

77
Q

Naked, Single Stranded Positive Sense Icosahedral RNA Virus

*Which Hepatitis Strand?

78
Q

Hepatitis Can Cause

A

Acute Hepatitis, Pancreatits, Thrombocytopenia

Vaccine Exists but ONLY IN CHINA

79
Q

Enveloped Icosahedral Positive Stranded RNA Virus

A

Hepatitis C

80
Q

Most Common Cause of Chronic Hepatitis

81
Q

Transmission of Hepatitis C

A

Injectable Drugs, Needle Sticks, Mother to Child Transmission, Personal Care Items, Sexual Contact

82
Q

Treatment of Hepatitis C

A

First Generation of Direct Acting Antiviral - 2011
Second Generation of DAA - 2014 $$$$
* Excellent Response

83
Q

Primary Virus from of HIV

84
Q

Slower Progression than HIV-1, lower plasma viral loads, and lower mortality

A

HIV-2 (most common in West Africa)

85
Q

HIV-1 Transmission

A

Intercourse, Contaminated Needles, During Birth/Breasteding

86
Q

Initial Spread of HIV-1 group M

A

Chimpanzee to Humans

Then 1981, young homosexual men with severe immune deficiency

87
Q

HIV Viral Structure

A

Enveloped Virus with a dimerized singe stranded RNA core
** Contains viral enzymes including protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase
Capsid has icosahedral symmetry
Expresses surfaces proteins (gp120 and gp41)

88
Q

HIV Viral polyproteins

A

gag, pol, env

gag and env mutates at a very high rate

89
Q

Cleaved by polymerase
Proteins inside the envelope involved in the structure
Antigenic, can be detected by immune system
*Which HIV viral polyprotein?

90
Q

MAJOR targets for antiretroviral drug development
Protese - cleases viral polyproteins
Reverse transcriptase - converts viral RNA to DNA
Integrase - Integrates viral DNA into the host genome
*Which HIV viral polyprotein?

91
Q

Two proteins associated with the viral envelope
* gp120 (head) and gp41 (stalk of envelope protein) = combine into gp160
Proteins are glycosylated
Bind to CD4 receptor, facilitates binding to host cells
*Which HIV viral polyprotein?

92
Q

HIV Virology

A

gp120 binds to CD4 and a coreceptor
Can infect T cells, monocytes, and macrophages
Capsid enters cell, RNA is reverse transcribed
Viral DNA integrated into host genome
Viral DNA undergoes transcription, translation for viral proteins and viral genomic RNA
Viral particles generated
Viral capsids bud through cell, generating envelope

93
Q

HIV Clinical Course

A

Untreated - Characterized by decline in CD4 cell count and increase in HIV RNA copies

  1. Flu-Like Symptoms develop 1 month, while virus spreads to lymph nodes, then immune produces a response
  2. 8 year clinical latency with no/few symptoms
  3. AID, opportunistic infections develop
94
Q

HIV/AIDS complications

A

Constituational Illness (Night Sweats, Fevers, Enlarged Lymph Nodes, Weight Loss)
Neurologic Disease
Malignancies (B cell lymphoma & Kapsoi’s Sarcoma)

95
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Bacteria (TB, MAC), fungi, Viruses (Herpes) and Protozoa

Associated with decline in CD4 cell counts

96
Q

Large, Enveloped Double Stranded DNA Viruses

97
Q

Herpes transmisison

A

Inoculation of mucutaneous sufaces, symptoms depend on site of infections

98
Q

Oral Herpes (symptoms)

A

Blisters & Open Sores

99
Q

Gingivostomatitis (swollen gums and mucous membranes, can be accompanied by inflammation & fever)
Herpetic Keratitis (Herpes infection of the eye)
Neonatal Herpes (infection via shedding of genital infection in the third trimester - seizures, psychomotor retardation, spasticity, blindness, learning disabilities, and death)
Herpetic Whitlow (Lesion on finger or thumb, swelling, reddening, tenderness of finger)
Disseminated Herpes (Occur in individuals who are immunocompromised)
Herpesvirus Encephalitis - primarly caused by HSV-1 (Confusion, increased WBC in CSF without bacteria or fungi - fevers, seizures)
are symtoms of?

100
Q

Varicella (Chickenpox) and Zoster (Shingles) can be caused by

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus

101
Q

HIV/AIDS, Immunocomprimised individual are at risk of visceral dissmeination of chickenpox (Pneumonia, Hepatitis, Encephlaties), Preganat Women (in 3rd Trimester) are complications of

A

Chickenpox

102
Q

Treatment of Chickenpox

A

Vaccine, Pain Killer (NO ASA), Calamine Lotion, Colloidal Oatmeal & Antiviral

103
Q

Rash that develops on one side of face or body, develops into blisters.
Pain, intching and tingling before rash develops

104
Q

Treatment of Shingles

A

Zostava and Shingrix - Vaccination
Antiviral treatment can shorten the length and severityof the disease
Painkillers
Colloidal oatmeal & Calamine Lotion for the itiching
Hand washinb

105
Q

Double Stranded Linear DNA Viruses with an Icosahedral Capsid and an evelope (Cytomegalovirus) (CMV)

A

Infected cells become enlarged

106
Q

Congenital CMV can be serious during pregnancy becuase

A

Virus can be passed to baby
Can caus emiscarriage, premature birth, small size at birth, small head size, and seizures
More severe symptoms are hearing and vision loss, lack of coordination and muscle weakness

107
Q

Human Herpesvirus 4

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

108
Q

EBV can be transmitted by

A

saliva, blood and semen

109
Q

EBV should be treated with support (fluids, rest, painkillers)

A

do not share drinks, food, personal intems, or kiss individuals

110
Q

Poxviridae

Box shaped DNA virus which replicateds in cytoplasm

111
Q

Symptoms of Smallpox

A

Skin sores which fill with thick opaque fluid

112
Q

Only virus eradicated by human. inoculate by puncturing skin.

A

Smallpox Vaccine

113
Q

HPV - Double Stranded circular DNA virus WITHOUT an envelope

A

Infects basal epithelial cells

Can cause warts

114
Q

Rubella - Enveloped Single Stranded Positive RNA virus with icosahedral capsule - presented with

A

Red rash on face that spreads to the rest of the body for about 3 days - fever, HA, cough, runny nose

115
Q

Vaccination provides life-long immunity and part of pediatric regiments (MMR) LIVE VACCINE (Do NOT give to pregnant women)

116
Q

Primary Host is Birds - Can be spread to humans and horses by mosquitos

A

West Nile Virus (positve stranded enveloped RNA virus)

  • most common in elderly
  • recovery can take weeks to months, some effects may be permanent
117
Q

SARS-CoV-1 (Coronavirus) - Enveloped positive single stranded RNA virus can cause

A

Severe flu-like symptoms, fever, SOB and pneumonia

118
Q

Transmission of SARS-CoV-1?

A

Pam civets or racoon drugs

119
Q

Norovirus - Positive sense naked RNA virus can cause

A

diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain

  • Dehydration is common
  • Develops 12-48 hours after exposure
120
Q

Transmission of Norovirus

A

Fecal oral

121
Q

Rhabdovirus (Rabies) - Enveloped negative sense RNA virus - replication occurs

A

at first site of infection, migrates to brain

122
Q

Treatement of Rabies

A

Vaccine for Housepets (Series of 4 shots of rabies vaccine)
Wash Infected Area Immediately
Either
* Monitor source animal for 10 days
* Destroy source animal and check brain for negri bodiese

PMMI (3 decks)

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