exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
order of meninges
A
dura mater
subarachnoid mater
pia mater
2
Q
location of CSF in meninges
A
located in subarachnoid space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater
3
Q
direction of CSF flow
A
lateral ventricles (interventricular foramina) third ventricle (cerebral aqueduct) fourth ventricle (central canal of spinal cord & brain) (subarachnoid space) venous sinuses (circulatory system)
4
Q
explain clinical significance of the cauda equina
A
when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement ????
5
Q
parts of the meninges of the spinal cord in figure 18.3
A
dura mater subdural space denticulate ligament arachnoid mater subarachnoid space pia mater epineurium of spinal nerve dorsal root ganglion spinal nerve ventral root
6
Q
number of each type of spinal nerve
A
cervical- 8 thoracic- 12 lumbar-5 sacral- 5 coccygeal- 1
7
Q
identify or match the four major plexuses of the body
A
cervical- C1-4, phrenic
brachial- C5-T1, radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, axillary
lumbar- L1-4, femoral, obturator
sacral- L4-S4, sciatic (tibial & common fibular)
8
Q
axillary
A
arm
9
Q
radial
A
arm
10
Q
musculocutaneous
A
arm
11
Q
ulnar
A
arm
12
Q
median
A
arm
13
Q
obturator
A
leg
14
Q
femoral
A
leg
15
Q
tibial
A
trunk
16
Q
fibular
A
trunk
17
Q
anterior gray horn
posterior gray horn
ascending spinal tracts
descending spinal tracts
A
motor sensory sensory motor agm, asm
18
Q
what causes the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?
A
nerve supply to upper extremities.
19
Q
where is the filmum terminale located?
A
coccyx
20
Q
what is the conus medullaris?
A
lumbar enlargement; end of spinal cord
21
Q
what is the cuada equina?
A
parallel fibers in the lumbar/sacral regions that resemble a horses tail
22
Q
in the spinal cord, which is deep to the other? white/gray
A
gray is deep to white
23
Q
what is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord?
A
gray commissure
24
Q
nerve plexuses: cervical brachial lumbar sacral
A
- phrenic nerve
- radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, axillary nerves
- femoral and obturator nerve
- sciatic nerve
25
in terms of functions, how does the dorsal spinal root vary from the ventral spinal root?
dorsal- carries sensory info to spinal cord
| ventral- carries motor info away from spinal cord
26
what is the endoneurium
the sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber
27
how do tracts differ from nerves?
nerve-PNS
| tract-CNS
28
the diaphragm's contractions are regulated by what nerve?
phrenic nerves
29
patellar reflex
tests the condition of the femoral nerve. leg kicks out when hitting knee relaxed.
30
triceps brachii reflex
tests the radial nerve twitched when pinched on tricep brachii reflex
31
biceps brachii reflex
tests the musculocutaneous nerve. contraction of brachii muscle due to tapping of tendon. fingers will tap
32
calcaneal tendon reflex
tests calcaneal tendon reflex. plantar flexion of foot after hitting calcaneal tendon relaxed.
33
eye reflexes (blink and corneal)
automatic blink of eye keeps material out outer layer of eye, cornea. blinking when fingers close to eye, air across eye, can you inhibit corneal reflex
34
hyperrflexic
showing an exaggerated response
35
hyporeflexic
movement of an inch or two
36
define threshold voltage in nerve conduction
the minimum voltage needed for nerve conduction
37
define minimum recruitment voltage in nerve conduction
voltage needed to produce a maximal muscle contraction
38
what structure receives a stimulus from the external environment and relays it to the sensory neuron?
receptor
39
what is another name for an efferent neuron?
motor neuron
40
define reflex
a motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought
41
in what kind of reflex are there just two neurons?
monosynaptic reflex arc
42
polysynaptic reflexes have a neuron specific to them. what is the name of that neuron?
interneuron or association neuron
43
in terms of numbers of synapses, what kind of reflex is a patellar reflex?
monosynaptic reflex
44
after surgery, patients leave the operating room and are transferred to an area called the "recovery room." Correlate the meaning of the word recovery?
nerves must go from a hyporeflexic state when the body was numbed/ put to sleep during surgery. Nerves need to wake up to get back to a normal state of response.
45
punctate distribution
uneven distribution of sense receptors
46
modality
light, heat, sound, pressure, and specific chemicals
47
stimulus
environmental input
48
receptors
receiving units of the body that respond to stimuli. transform signals to neural signals that are transmitted by sensory nerves and neural tracts to the brain which interprets message. perception of stimuli cannot occur without this sensory chain
49
photoreceptors
light
50
thermoreceptors
temperature
51
proprioreceptors
tension
52
nociceptors
pain
53
mechanoreceptors
mechanical stimuli (touch and hearing)
54
baroreceptors
pressure
55
chemoreceptors
chemical environment (taste and smell)
56
phasic receptors
adapt to a stimulus
57
tonic receptors
constantly perceive pain
58
adaptation to a stimulus
reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it. can then shift focus to other stimuli
59
proprioception
perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body
60
referred pain
the perception of pain in one area of the body when the pain is actually somewhere else
61
an area with a great number of nerve endings is the upper lip. what can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?
it will have a strong capacity to distinguish two points.
62
pacinian corpuscles
meissner corpuscles
pain receptors
- sense pressure
- sense light touch
- naked nerve endings that sense pain
63
what perception is sensed when cleaning out a freezer?
cool pain receptors
64
are there more cool receptors or warm receptors in the skin? what advantage might there be for the unequal number of receptors?
more warm receptors. allows us to adjust to the changing temp. conditions around us and be able to survive in the cold without feeling pain and allows us to maintain body temp.
65
adaptation occurs in some sensory stimulation. why do you think this is important?
because it is necessary for us to be able to adapt to our situations. ex. the weather
66
why do pain receptors function as tonic receptors?
because tonic receptors constantly perceive stimuli
67
what kind of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up?
baroreceptors or proprioceptors
68
in reference to the sense organs, what is modality?
no perception without environmental stimulus or input.
69
what kind of receptor (phasic/tonic) adapts to low light in a darkened movie theater?
phasic
70
gustation
sense of taste. perceived by taste buds in tongue
71
olfaction
sense of smell. originates when particles stimulate hair cells in the olfactory epithelium and is transmitted by the olfactory nerves
72
why does material have to be in a solution for it to be sensed as taste?
because taste buds are located in depressions on the sides of the papillae of the tongue
73
what are the primary classes of taste?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
74
what nerves transmit the sense of smell to the brain?
olfactory nerve
75
what nerves transmit the sense of taste to the brain?
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
76
where are the taste buds located?
in papillae
77
what is the adaptation for having taste buds that determine unpleasant bitter compounds in many species?
bitter compounds are often poisonous in plants (alkaline, bitter)
78
some people with severe sinus infections can lose their sense of smell. how can an infection that spreads from the frontal or maxillary sinus impair the sense of smell? what structure or structures might be affected?
ethmoid bone, that is where olfactory nerves are housed
79
how does a cold (rhinovirus) influence our perception of taste?
increase in mucus production and reduces the amount of material that comes in contact with the epithelium reducing the sense of smell.
80
does adaptation to one smell influence adaptation to another smell?
no
81
some smells that we perceive as two separate smells are actually identical. What other cues do we use to distinguish between these two smells?
sight
82
optic nerve (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
83
levator palpebrae superioris (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
84
lateral rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
85
superior rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
86
medial rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
87
superior oblique (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
88
trochlea (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
89
optic nerve (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
90
levator palpebrae superioris (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
91
trochlea (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
92
superior oblique (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
93
superior rectus (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
94
lateral rectus (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
95
inferior oblique (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
96
1- lacrimal gland
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
97
2- lacrimal ducts
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
98
3- lacrimal canaliculi
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
99
4- lacrimal sac
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
100
5- nasolacrimal duct
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
101
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
figure 22.4
102
smooth muscle to tarsal plate
figure 22.4
103
superior rectus muscle
figure 22.4
104
inferior rectus muscle
figure 22.4
105
inferior oblique muscle
figure 22.4
106
eyebrow
figure 22.4
107
orbicularis occult muscle
figure 22.4
108
superior conjunctival fornix
figure 22.4
109
bulbar conjunctiva
figure 22.4
110
palpebral conjunctiva
figure 22.4
111
tarsal (meibomian) gland
figure 22.4
112
tarsal plate
figure 22.4
113
cornea
figure 22.4
114
eyelash
figure 22.4
115
palpebral fissure
figure 22.4
116
skin
figure 22.4
117
areolar connective tissue (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
118
orbicularis occult muscle (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
119
tarsal plate (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
120
palpebral conjunctiva (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
121
inferior conjunctival fornix
figure 22.4
122
sclera
figure 22.5
123
choroid
figure 22.5
124
retina
figure 22.5
125
ciliary muscle ( ciliary body)
figure 22.5
126
ciliary ring (ciliary body)
figure 22.5
127
ciliary processes (ciliary body)
figure 22.5
128
suspensory ligament
figure 22.5
129
capsule of the lens
figure 22.5
130
lens
figure 22.5
131
conjunctiva
figure 22.5
132
scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)
figure 22.5
133
iris
figure 22.5
134
posterior chamber
figure 22.5
135
anterior chamber
figure 22.5
136
cornea
figure 22.5
137
outer epithelium
figure 22.5
138
inner epithelium
figure 22.5
139
vitreous chamber (filled with vitreous humor)
figure 22.6
140
central retinal artery and vein
figure 22.6
141
optic nerve
figure 22.6
142
vitreous humor
figure 22.6
143
retina (nervous tunic)
figure 22.6
144
choroid (vascular tunic)
figure 22.6
145
sclera (fibrous tunic)
figure 22.6
146
conjunctiva
figure 22.6
147
cornea (fibrous tunic)
figure 22.6
148
anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor)
figure 22.6
149
posterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor)
figure 22.6
150
iris (vascular tunic)
figure 22.6
151
pupil
figure 22.6
152
lens
figure 22.6
153
suspensory ligaments
figure 22.6
154
ciliary body (vascular tunic)
figure 22.6
155
what is the consensual reflex of the pupil?
one pupil is not exposed to light while the other one is
156
how does vitreous humor differ from aqueous humor in terms of location and viscosity?
V- located in posterior cavity and is thicker
| A- located in anterior cavity and is more watery
157
what tunic of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?
retina
158
what nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain?
optic nerve
159
what is another name for the sclera?
white of the eye
160
how would you define an extrinsic muscle of the eye?
attaches to the sclera and moves the eyeball
161
what gland produces tears?
lacrimal gland
162
what is the name of the transparent layer of they eye in front of the anterior chamber?
cornea
163
the iris of the eye has what function?
control size of pupil
164
where is vitreous humor located?
posterior cavity
165
what is the function of the choroid?
nourish the eye
166
is the lens anterior or posterior to the iris?
posterior
167
which retinal cells are responsible for vision in dim light?
rods
168
how would you define the near point of the eye?
minimum focusing distance of eye
169
what do the numbers 20/100 mean for visual acuity?
a person can sweat 20 ft. when average person can see at 100 ft.
170
what is astigmatism?
defect in cornea or lens that causes an uneven bending of light ray in that area of the eye.
171
in what area of the eye is the blind spot located?
optic nerve
172
auricle (external ear)
figure 23.1
173
external auditory meatus
figure 23.1
174
tympanic membrane (middle ear)
figure 23.1
175
three ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
176
cochlea (inner ear)
figure 23.1
177
auditory (eustachian) tube
figure 23.1
178
tympanic cavity (inner ear)
figure 23.1
179
vestibulocochlear nerve (inner ear)
figure 23.1
180
lobule (external ear)
figure 23.1
181
temporal bone (external bone)
figure 23.1
182
external auditory canal (external ear)
figure 23.1
183
malleus (auditory ossicles in the middle ear)
figure 23.1
184
incus (auditory ossicles in the middle ear)
figure 23.1
185
stapes (auditory ossicles in the middle ear)
figure 23.1
186
chorda tympani (middle ear)
figure 23.1
187
semicircular canals (inner ear)
figure 23.1
188
oval windows (inner ear)
figure 23.1
189
vestibulocochlear nerve (inner nerve)
figure 23.1
190
cochlear nerve (inner ear)
figure 23.1
191
vestibule (inner ear)
figure 23.1
192
posterior ligament of incus
figure 23.2
193
chorda tympani nerve
figure 23.1
194
stapedius muscle
figure 23.1
195
superior ligament of malleus
figure 23.1
196
head of malleus
figure 23.1
197
anterior ligament of malleus
figure 23.1
198
tensor tympani membrane
figure 23.1
199
handle of malleus
figure 23.1
200
in terms of receptor density, describe why it is difficult to find the same location on the forearm when your eyes are closed.
due to the fact that there are not as many nerve endings in the forearm, its harder to locate the precise location
201
what are the three general regions of the ear?
outer, inner, middle ear
202
the pinna of the ear consists of what two main parts?
the auricle and the lobule
203
the ear is what kind of receptor?
mechanoreceptor
204
the ear performs two major sensory functions. what are they?
hearing and balance
205
what structure separates the external ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
206
function of the cochlea
hearing
207
what is the name of the nerve that takes information about balance and hearing to the brain?
vestibulocochlear nerve
208
what units are used to measure sound energy?
decibles
209
what part of the inner ear is involved in perceiving static balance?
the vestibule
210
name the parts of the ear that might be impaired if a person demonstrates conduction deafness.
the tympanic membrane or ear ossicles
211
what is the name of the tube that runs from the auricle to the tympanic membrane?
external auditory meatus
212
the auditory tube connects what two cavities?
tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx
213
what tube is responsible for the equalization of pressure when you change elevation?
auditory tube
214
what is the name of the space that encloses the ear ossicles?
tympanic cavity
215
place the ear ossicles in sequence from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window
216
olfactory tract
figure 17.7
217
optic chiasm
figure 17.7
218
temporal lobe
figure 17.7
219
pituitary gland
figure 17.7
220
mammillary body
figure 17.7
221
pons
figure 17.7
222
olive of medulla oblongata
figure 17.7
223
cerebellum
figure 17.7
224
corpus callosum
figure 17.7, 17.8 17.9
225
corpus callosum
figure 17.8
226
genu
figure 17.8
227
thalamus (dienephalon)
figure 17.8
228
hypothalamus (diencephalon)
figure 17.8
229
optic chiasm
figure 17.8
230
pituitary gland
figure 17.8
231
tectum
figure 17.8
232
cerebral aqueduct
figure 17.8
233
arachnoid granulations
figure 17.8
234
cerebral vein
figure 17.8
235
superior colliculus
figure 17.8
236
arbor vitae
figure 17.8
237
choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
figure 17.8
238
medulla oblongata
figure 17.8
239
cerebrum
figure 17.9
240
corpus callosum
figure 17.9
241
lateral ventricle
figure 17.9
242
thalamus
figure 17.9
243
gray matter (cerebral cortex)
figure 17.9
244
white matter
figure 17.9
245
third ventricle
figure 17.9
246
hypothalamus
figure 17.9
247
infundibulum
figure 17.9
248
basal nuclei (gray matter)
figure 17.9
249
optic tract
figure 17.9
250
dural venous sinus (superior sagital sinus)
figure 17.1
251
periosteal dura & meningeal dura (one functional layer)
figure 17.1
252
subdural space
figure 17.1
253
arachnoid mater
figure 17.1
254
subarachnoid space
figure 17.1
255
vessels in subarachnoid space
figure 17.1
256
pia mater (directly attached to brain surface and not removable)
figure 17.1
257
cerebrum
figure 17.1
258
cerebrum
figure 17.1
259
anterior horn of lateral ventricle
figure 17.3
260
interventricular foramen
figure 17.3
261
third ventricle
figure 17.3
262
inferior horn of lateral ventricle
figure 17.3
263
posterior horn of lateral ventricle
figure 17.3
264
cerebral aqueduct
figure 17.3
265
fourth ventricle
figure 17.3
266
central canal of spinal cord
figure 17.3
267
I (1)
olfactory bulb (sensory)
268
II (2)
optic nerve (sensory)
269
III (3)
oculomotor nerve (motor)
270
IV (4)
trochlear nerve (motor)
271
V (5)
trigeminal nerve (both)
272
VI (6)
abducens nerve (motor)
273
VII (7)
facial nerve (both)
274
VIII (8)
vestibulocochlear nerve (sensory)
275
IX (9)
glossopharyngeal nerve (both)
276
X (10)
vagus nerve (both)
277
XII (12)
hypoglossal nerve (motor)
278
XI (11)
accessory nerve (motor)
279
which one of the meninges is just superficial to the surface of the brain?
pia mater
280
what fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain?
cerebrospinal fluid
281
into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct?
fourth ventricle
282
what structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
283
what is the function of the cerebellum?
muscle coordination and maintenance of posture.
284
anterior tongue
facial
285
ear
vestibulocochlear nerve
286
mandible
trigeminal
287
eye
optic
288
stomach
vagus
289
lateral rectus muscle of the eye
abducens
290
cervical enlargement
figure 18.1
291
lumbosacral enlargement
figure 18.1
292
level of second lumbar vertebra
figure 18.1
293
brain
figure 18.1
294
level of foramen magnum
figure 18.1
295
roots of spinal nerves
figure 18.1
296
spinal nerves
figure 18.1
297
spinal cord
figure 18.1
298
conus medullaris
figure 18.1
299
cuada equina
figure 18.1
300
film terminale
figure 18.1
301
posterior median sulcus
figure 18.2
302
dorsal (posterior) column (white matter)
figure 18.2
303
ventral (anterior) column (white matter)
figure 18.2
304
lateral column (white matter)
figure 18.2
305
dorsal root
figure 18.2
306
dorsal root ganglion
figure 18.2
307
spinal nerve
figure 18.2
308
ventral root
figure 18.2
309
rootlets
figure 18.2
310
anterior median fissure
figure 18.2
311
white commissure
figure 18.2
312
anterior (ventral) horn (gray matter)
figure 18.2
313
lateral horn (gray matter)
figure 18.2
314
posterior (dorsal) horn (gray matter)
figure 18.2
315
central canal
figure 18.2
