exam 4 Flashcards
order of meninges
dura mater
subarachnoid mater
pia mater
location of CSF in meninges
located in subarachnoid space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater
direction of CSF flow
lateral ventricles (interventricular foramina) third ventricle (cerebral aqueduct) fourth ventricle (central canal of spinal cord & brain) (subarachnoid space) venous sinuses (circulatory system)
explain clinical significance of the cauda equina
when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement ????
parts of the meninges of the spinal cord in figure 18.3
dura mater subdural space denticulate ligament arachnoid mater subarachnoid space pia mater epineurium of spinal nerve dorsal root ganglion spinal nerve ventral root
number of each type of spinal nerve
cervical- 8 thoracic- 12 lumbar-5 sacral- 5 coccygeal- 1
identify or match the four major plexuses of the body
cervical- C1-4, phrenic
brachial- C5-T1, radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, axillary
lumbar- L1-4, femoral, obturator
sacral- L4-S4, sciatic (tibial & common fibular)
axillary
arm
radial
arm
musculocutaneous
arm
ulnar
arm
median
arm
obturator
leg
femoral
leg
tibial
trunk
fibular
trunk
anterior gray horn
posterior gray horn
ascending spinal tracts
descending spinal tracts
motor sensory sensory motor agm, asm
what causes the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?
nerve supply to upper extremities.
where is the filmum terminale located?
coccyx
what is the conus medullaris?
lumbar enlargement; end of spinal cord
what is the cuada equina?
parallel fibers in the lumbar/sacral regions that resemble a horses tail
in the spinal cord, which is deep to the other? white/gray
gray is deep to white
what is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord?
gray commissure
nerve plexuses: cervical brachial lumbar sacral
- phrenic nerve
- radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, axillary nerves
- femoral and obturator nerve
- sciatic nerve
in terms of functions, how does the dorsal spinal root vary from the ventral spinal root?
dorsal- carries sensory info to spinal cord
ventral- carries motor info away from spinal cord
what is the endoneurium
the sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber
how do tracts differ from nerves?
nerve-PNS
tract-CNS
the diaphragm’s contractions are regulated by what nerve?
phrenic nerves
patellar reflex
tests the condition of the femoral nerve. leg kicks out when hitting knee relaxed.
triceps brachii reflex
tests the radial nerve twitched when pinched on tricep brachii reflex
biceps brachii reflex
tests the musculocutaneous nerve. contraction of brachii muscle due to tapping of tendon. fingers will tap
calcaneal tendon reflex
tests calcaneal tendon reflex. plantar flexion of foot after hitting calcaneal tendon relaxed.
eye reflexes (blink and corneal)
automatic blink of eye keeps material out outer layer of eye, cornea. blinking when fingers close to eye, air across eye, can you inhibit corneal reflex
hyperrflexic
showing an exaggerated response
hyporeflexic
movement of an inch or two
define threshold voltage in nerve conduction
the minimum voltage needed for nerve conduction
define minimum recruitment voltage in nerve conduction
voltage needed to produce a maximal muscle contraction
what structure receives a stimulus from the external environment and relays it to the sensory neuron?
receptor
what is another name for an efferent neuron?
motor neuron
define reflex
a motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought
in what kind of reflex are there just two neurons?
monosynaptic reflex arc
polysynaptic reflexes have a neuron specific to them. what is the name of that neuron?
interneuron or association neuron
in terms of numbers of synapses, what kind of reflex is a patellar reflex?
monosynaptic reflex
after surgery, patients leave the operating room and are transferred to an area called the “recovery room.” Correlate the meaning of the word recovery?
nerves must go from a hyporeflexic state when the body was numbed/ put to sleep during surgery. Nerves need to wake up to get back to a normal state of response.
punctate distribution
uneven distribution of sense receptors
modality
light, heat, sound, pressure, and specific chemicals
stimulus
environmental input
receptors
receiving units of the body that respond to stimuli. transform signals to neural signals that are transmitted by sensory nerves and neural tracts to the brain which interprets message. perception of stimuli cannot occur without this sensory chain
photoreceptors
light
thermoreceptors
temperature
proprioreceptors
tension
nociceptors
pain
mechanoreceptors
mechanical stimuli (touch and hearing)
baroreceptors
pressure
chemoreceptors
chemical environment (taste and smell)
phasic receptors
adapt to a stimulus
tonic receptors
constantly perceive pain
adaptation to a stimulus
reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it. can then shift focus to other stimuli
proprioception
perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body
referred pain
the perception of pain in one area of the body when the pain is actually somewhere else
an area with a great number of nerve endings is the upper lip. what can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?
it will have a strong capacity to distinguish two points.
pacinian corpuscles
meissner corpuscles
pain receptors
- sense pressure
- sense light touch
- naked nerve endings that sense pain
what perception is sensed when cleaning out a freezer?
cool pain receptors
are there more cool receptors or warm receptors in the skin? what advantage might there be for the unequal number of receptors?
more warm receptors. allows us to adjust to the changing temp. conditions around us and be able to survive in the cold without feeling pain and allows us to maintain body temp.
adaptation occurs in some sensory stimulation. why do you think this is important?
because it is necessary for us to be able to adapt to our situations. ex. the weather
why do pain receptors function as tonic receptors?
because tonic receptors constantly perceive stimuli
what kind of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up?
baroreceptors or proprioceptors
in reference to the sense organs, what is modality?
no perception without environmental stimulus or input.
what kind of receptor (phasic/tonic) adapts to low light in a darkened movie theater?
phasic
gustation
sense of taste. perceived by taste buds in tongue
olfaction
sense of smell. originates when particles stimulate hair cells in the olfactory epithelium and is transmitted by the olfactory nerves
why does material have to be in a solution for it to be sensed as taste?
because taste buds are located in depressions on the sides of the papillae of the tongue
what are the primary classes of taste?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
what nerves transmit the sense of smell to the brain?
olfactory nerve
what nerves transmit the sense of taste to the brain?
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
where are the taste buds located?
in papillae
what is the adaptation for having taste buds that determine unpleasant bitter compounds in many species?
bitter compounds are often poisonous in plants (alkaline, bitter)
some people with severe sinus infections can lose their sense of smell. how can an infection that spreads from the frontal or maxillary sinus impair the sense of smell? what structure or structures might be affected?
ethmoid bone, that is where olfactory nerves are housed
how does a cold (rhinovirus) influence our perception of taste?
increase in mucus production and reduces the amount of material that comes in contact with the epithelium reducing the sense of smell.
does adaptation to one smell influence adaptation to another smell?
no
some smells that we perceive as two separate smells are actually identical. What other cues do we use to distinguish between these two smells?
sight
optic nerve (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
levator palpebrae superioris (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
lateral rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
superior rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
medial rectus (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
superior oblique (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
trochlea (superior/horizontal view)
figure 22.2 identify
optic nerve (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
levator palpebrae superioris (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
trochlea (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
superior oblique (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
superior rectus (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
lateral rectus (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
inferior oblique (lateral view)
figure 22.2 identify
1- lacrimal gland
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
2- lacrimal ducts
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
3- lacrimal canaliculi
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
4- lacrimal sac
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
5- nasolacrimal duct
identify figure 22.3, lacrimal apparatus
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
figure 22.4
smooth muscle to tarsal plate
figure 22.4
superior rectus muscle
figure 22.4
inferior rectus muscle
figure 22.4
inferior oblique muscle
figure 22.4
eyebrow
figure 22.4
orbicularis occult muscle
figure 22.4
superior conjunctival fornix
figure 22.4
bulbar conjunctiva
figure 22.4
palpebral conjunctiva
figure 22.4
tarsal (meibomian) gland
figure 22.4
tarsal plate
figure 22.4
cornea
figure 22.4
eyelash
figure 22.4
palpebral fissure
figure 22.4
skin
figure 22.4
areolar connective tissue (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
orbicularis occult muscle (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
tarsal plate (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
palpebral conjunctiva (lower eyelid- inferior palpebra)
figure 22.4
inferior conjunctival fornix
figure 22.4
sclera
figure 22.5
choroid
figure 22.5
retina
figure 22.5
ciliary muscle ( ciliary body)
figure 22.5
ciliary ring (ciliary body)
figure 22.5
