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Plant Pathology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Prevent entry of pathogen into growing area

A

Exclusion

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2
Q

Prevent contact between pathogen and host

A

Avoidance/Evasion

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3
Q

Reduce pathogen population

A

Eradication

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4
Q

Prevent infection by means of toxicant or barrier

A

Protection

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5
Q

Increase host resistance to the pathogen

A

Resistance (Immunization)

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6
Q

Cure plants that are already infected

A

Therapy

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7
Q

6 Principles of Disease Control

A 
Exclusion
Avoidance/Evasion
Eradication
Protection
Resistance (Immunization)
Therapy
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8
Q

What 2 disease control principles interrupt attachment?

A

Protection, Avoidance

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9
Q

What 3 disease control principles interrupt penetration?

A

Avoidance, Protection, Resistance

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10
Q

What disease control principle interrupts infection?

A

Resistance

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11
Q

What 2 disease control principles interrupt colonization?

A

Resistance, Therapy

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12
Q

What disease control principle interrupts survival/

A

Eradication

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13
Q

What 2 disease control principles interrupt dissemination?

A

Exclusion, Eradication

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14
Q

What disease control principle interrupts inoculation?

A

Avoidance

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15
Q

What is the impact of reducing initial inoculum in a polycyclic disease?

A

Rate/time drive the equation so inoculum doesn’t matter (exponential)

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16
Q

Manipulation of the growing system

A

Cultural control

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17
Q

3 characteristics of cultural control

A

Create an environment less favorable to disease development
Reduce pathogen load
Prevent/inhibit spread of organisms

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18
Q

4 Cultural Control Tactics

A

Ground preparation
Seed and Planting
Irrigation Practices
Site Management

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19
Q

Which cultural control tactic involves tillage, bedding, mulching, cover cropping, and solarization?

A

Ground preparation

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20
Q

Which cultural control tactic involves seed selection, seed treatment, planting date?

A

Seed and planting

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21
Q

Which cultural control tactic involves type, placement, and timing?

A

Irrigation practices

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22
Q

Which cultural control tactic involves eradication of alternate hosts, biodiversity islands?

A

Site management

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23
Q

3 elements of regulatory control (pathogen exclusion)?

A

Quarantine
Inspection
Destruction

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24
Q

Careful selection of propagation material (“Pathogen-free seed”) and seed certifications are examples of…

A

pathogen avoidance

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25
Q

Crops grown when/where no other crops of the same species are planted

A

Crop isolation

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26
Q

Crop grown when and where climatic conditions favor the host more than pathogen

A

Crop suitable to climate

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27
Q

What is the goal of pathogen eradication?

A

Reduction of inoculum

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28
Q

7 methods of pathogen eradication

A 
Sanitation
Host eradication
Crop rotation
Irrigation and drainage
Soil sterilization and solarization
Propagation material treatments
Vector control
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29
Q

Which eradication method targets infected plant material, infested soil, and laborers and tools?

A

Sanitation

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30
Q

Which host is eradicated when infected plants and volunteers are destroyed?

A

Primary host

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31
Q

In regards to host eradication, rusts are what kind of host?

A

Alternate

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32
Q

Eradicating secondary inoculum hosts and overwintering hosts are examples of what kind of hosts?

A

Alternative

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33
Q

In regards to host eradication, ______ include fields, cull piles, and manure.

A

Volunteers

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34
Q

4 concerns with host eradication

A

Labor
Cost
Politics
Efficacy

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35
Q

Why is alternating crops an effective method of disease control?

A

Different pathogens, airborne vs. soilborne, soil survivors vs. soil inhabitants

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36
Q

4 things to consider regarding irrigation

A

Manner
Timing
Frequency
Water Source

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37
Q

3 methods of drainage

A

Slope
Raised beds
Drainage systems

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38
Q

What is used for soil sterilization?

A

Steam, fumigant

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39
Q

What is used for solarization?

A

Field with plastic and sunlight

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40
Q

How is hot water used for seed treatment as a propagation method?

A

48-52 C, 20-30 minutes

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41
Q

What are 3 factors involved with propagation material treatments?

A

Risk of plant damage
Labor
Equipment and safety

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42
Q

4 methods of vector control

A

Exclusion
Sticky traps
Reflective mulch
Chemical & biological controls

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43
Q

Vector control ____ ____, but does not ____ ____ ____ _____.

A

Reduces disease; break the disease cycle

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44
Q

3 methods of host “immunization”

A

Optimizing plant health
Breeding for resistance
Chemical & biological

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45
Q

Which chemical control product has an irreversible inhibition of the pathogen resulting in death or inactivation?

A

-cides

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46
Q

Which chemical control product has a reversible inhibition of the pathogen resulting in a slower or temporary halt of the growth?

A

-stats

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47
Q

Which chemical control kills all life?

A

Fumigant

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48
Q

What is the most common type of chemical control?

A

Contact (Protectant)

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49
Q

What type of chemical control is a chemical barrier on the surface of the plant and prevents penetration?

A

Conact (Protectant)

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50
Q

Contact (protectant) control does/does not move into or through host tissues.

A

Does not

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51
Q

Which 4 steps could a contact (protectant) control prevent?

A

Spore germination
Germ tube elongation
Penetration
Colony formation

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52
Q

Which type of chemical control involves an active ingredient moving through plant tissues?

A

Systemic, Pentrant

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53
Q

What type of penetrant spreads across the waxy surface?

A

Local penetrant

54
Q

What type of penetrant moves through the leaf lamina?

A

Translaminar

55
Q

What type of penetrant moves in water, between cells and via xylem in a generally upward direction?

A

Apoplastic

56
Q

What type of penetrant moves from cell to cell and in phloem in a generally downward direction? (Rare)

A

Symplastic

57
Q

What type of penetrant moves both in an upward and downward direction?

A

Amphimobile

58
Q

Which systemic activity stops further development of early infections (usually less than 72 hrs)?

A

Curative

59
Q

Which systemic activity reduces/halts sporulation from existing lesions?

A

Antisporulant

60
Q

What are some problems with “coverage” chemical applications?

A

Spray pattern, canopy & boundary layer penetration, mechanical abrasion, rainfall, irrigation, UV, wind, tissue expansion (growth)

61
Q

When the target pest is no longer controlled under normal application rates

A

Pesticide resistance

62
Q

5 keys to resistance management

A 
Reduce number of applications
Use early, before log phase
Alternate chemistries
Mix chemistries
Substitute or combine with non-chemical controls
63
Q

What is the industry and government cooperative classifies fungicides into groups by mode of action?

A

FRAC

64
Q

FRAC Code

9 groups, by metabolic process inhibited

A

A-I

65
Q

FRAC Code

Plant defense inducers

A

P

66
Q 
FRAC Code
Unknown MOA (transient)
A

U

67
Q

FRAC Code

Multi-site inhibitors

A

M

68
Q

Fungicide registration is based on which 3 things?

A

Toxicology
Persistence in environment
Persistence on/in food

69
Q

What 3 ingredients are shown on a product label for chemical control products?

A

Active ingredient
Formulated product
Adjuvants

70
Q

Which adjuvant improves spreading?

A

Surfactant

71
Q

Which adjuvant improves adherence?

A

Sticker

72
Q

What is the length of time after application before workers may reenter a site?

A

Restricted entry interval

73
Q

What is the length of time required between final application and harvest?

A

Pre-harvest interval

74
Q

What is required and recommended clothing and gear for chemical safety?

A

Personal protective equipment

75
Q

Which type of inorganic chemical is phytotoxic at high rates or in cool wet weather? It also has poor solubility.

A

Copper (Bordeaux mixture)

76
Q

Which type of inorganic chemical is phytotoxic in hot, dry weather or in some combination with other products (oils, etc)?

A

Sulfur

77
Q

4 examples of inorganic chemicals

A

Copper
Sulfur
Carbonate
Phosphate/phosphonate

78
Q

Two types of organic chemicals

A

Contact protective

Systemic

79
Q

Antibiotics are only effective _____ ____ ______.

A

Before pathogen penetration

80
Q

Antibiotics are primarily used for which two pathogens?

A

Fire blight, bacterial spot of peach

81
Q

Which type of chemical control is broad spectrum, and therefore used to kill nematodes, insects, fungi, bacteria, weed seeds and many other things?

A

Soil fumigants

82
Q

Using one or more living organisms to reduce disease caused by a pathogenic organism

A

Biological control

83
Q

How does biological control reduce disease? (4)

A

Decrease pathogen population (inoculum)
Prevent pathogen from reaching infection court
Prevent infection of the host
Activate host defenses to slow or halt colonization

84
Q

3 advantages to biological control

A

Environmental concerns
Durability
Cost?

85
Q

What was one of the first methods of biological control?

A

Cats for pest control, Egypt 2000 BC

86
Q

Insect predation was used in China in 324 BC for what?

A

Weaver ants for citrus insect pest control

87
Q

Insect parasitism was used in the US in 1883 how?

A

Parasitic wasp imported from Europe to control cabbageworm

88
Q

Fungal biocontrol was used in the US in 1884 how?

A

First release of mass produced fungi for control of weevil in sugar beet

89
Q

Bacterial control was used in 1938 how?

A

First commercial preparation of B. thuringiensis

90
Q

Progression of Biocontrol (5)

A

Animal Predation –> Insect predation –> Insect parasitism –> Fungi –> Bacteria

91
Q

4 ways biocontrol agents work

A

Predation/parasitism
Competition
Antibiosis
Indirect effects

92
Q

Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism uses the target organism as food?

A

Predation/parasitism

93
Q

Trichoderma harzianum uses appressoria to prey on other fungi (sclerotinia). What MOA is this?

A

Predation/parastism

94
Q

Coniothyrium minitans eats sclerotia hyphae and replaces it with its own. What MOA is this?

A

Predation/parasitism

95
Q

Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism out-competes the target organism for a limited resource?

A

Competition

96
Q

What 3 resources are commonly targets for competition?

A

Space
Nutrients
Water

97
Q

How does Pseudomonas fluorescens function in competition?

A

Siderophore, chelates/binds iron tightly so other organisms cannot access it

98
Q

Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism produces a substance that inhibits the target organism?

A

Antibiosis

99
Q

Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism has an effect on another organism or on the environment which results in control of the target organism?

A

Indirect effects

100
Q

3 ways indirect effects work

A

Induced resistance in a host
Modulation of pH
Interference with signaling

101
Q

3 types of biological control application

A

Classical
Augmentative
Conservation

102
Q

What type of biological control application is characterized by the target pest/pathogen is introduced (non-native), search for natural enemies in the target’s native range, import and test control organism, and release control organism?

A

Classical

103
Q

What type of biological control application is characterized by the target pathogen/pest is native or introduced, natural enemies are native, biocontrol agent is grown elsewhere and introduced to the system?

A

Augmentative biocontrol

104
Q

Type of augmentative biocontrol in which small numbers of the agent are released

A

Inoculative

105
Q

Type of augmentative biocontrol in which large numbers of the agent are released

A

Inundative

106
Q

What type of biological control application includes cultural techniques used to enhance populations of indigenous control agents?

A

Conservation biocontrol

107
Q

What does it take to be a good biocontrol agent? (6)

A 
Easy to grow
Easy to store
Specific to your problem organism
Adapted to the site of use
Competes well with other organisms
Active at the same time as the target
108
Q

Which problem with biocontrol is when the biocontrol agent is effective against target pest/pathogen, but also effective against non-target organisms?

A

Lack of specificity

109
Q

Which problem with biocontrol is when the agent survives well, but is active at the same time? It can also be when a biocontrol fungus doesn’t survive or compete well in the same place as the target organism.

A

Poorly adapted to site of use

110
Q

Efficacy of biocontrol depends on which 4 factors?

A

Environmental factors
Presence of food source
Presence of competitors
Presence of predators/parasites

111
Q

Which problem with biocontrol involves living organisms vs. chemicals, formulations, and storage requirements?

A

Shelf life

112
Q

Which problem with biocontrol involves use of fungicides and interactions among biocontrols?

A

Interactions with other controls

113
Q

Which problem with biocontrol includes the “silver bullet” problem and IPM?

A

User expectations

114
Q

What are the 6 problems with biocontrol?

A 
Lack of specificity
Poorly adapted to site of use
Variability in efficacy
Shelf life
Interactions with other controls
User expectations
115
Q

What pathogenic control method integrates cultural, biological, and chemical control techniques?

A

IPM

116
Q

IPM recognizes…

A

Pest & disease problems cannot be eliminated but may be managed.

117
Q

The point at which loss from damage exceeds cost of control

A

Economic injury level

118
Q

IPM decisions are based on ____ ____ ____.

A

Economic injury level

119
Q

3 goals of IPM

A

Manage disease, pest, and weed problems
Achieve control with lowest possible inputs
Achieve control with least possible impact on environment

120
Q

7 examples of IPM control measures

A 
Planting material selection
Site selection and preparation
Planting date
Crop nutrition and irrigation
Sanitation
Monitoring
Judicious use of chemical controls
121
Q

Applications of chemicals made only when certain criteria are met is known as an

A

action threshold

122
Q

Action thresholds rely on which two things?

A

Monitoring, knowledge base

123
Q

Efficacy of monitoring for IPM…(2)

A

When curative treatments are available

When spread of pathogen can be halted

124
Q

In IPM monitoring, when preventative controls are available but not curative or pathogens spread rapidly

A

Sentinel plots

125
Q

___ ____ track progress of disease on the landscape level.

A

Sentinel plots

126
Q

IPM or Non-IPM?

Applications of pesticide based on the disease triangle

A

IPM

127
Q

IPM or Non-IPM?

Applications of pesticide based on a schedule

A

Non-IPM

128
Q

4 Advantages of IPM

A

Can reduce cost of inputs
Can reduce environmental impacts of farming
Can reduce worker risk exposure
Can encourage more sustainable practices

129
Q

What are two cases in which IPM may be necessary?

A

No effective chemical controls

Repeated chemical applications are cost-prohibitive

130
Q

2 problems with IPM

A

Requires extensive knowledge of pathogen biology and epidemiology
May involve increased labor

131
Q

How does IPM affect chemical control?

A

Reduced chemical applications can increase resistance development

Plant Pathology (5 decks)

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