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Bio 210 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive:sperm and eggs, half half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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1
Q

Somatic cells

A

Non reproductive, have 2 sets of chromosomes. Ex: 46 in humans

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2
Q

What are the phases in a cell cycle

A

Mitotic, interphase

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3
Q

In which phase is DNA replicated

A

S phase

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4
Q

How are chromosome separated during mitosis

A

Kinetichures pull apart in anaphase

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5
Q

How do plant cells differ from animal cells in the process of cell division

A

Form cell wall

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6
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Mitosis:division of nucleus
Cytokinesis:division of cytoplasm

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7
Q

Interphase phases

A

G1 (1st gap)
S (synthesis) DNA replication
G2 (2nd gap) prepare for division

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8
Q

Mitosis 5 phases

A 
Prophase
Pro metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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9
Q

Centrosomes

A

Microtubules organizing center

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Narrow waist of duplicated chromosome

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11
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters. Controls chromosome movement

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12
Q

If no cytokinesis occurs

A

No division, number of chromosomes doubles

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13
Q

What signals regulate the cell cycle?

A

Internal and external

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14
Q

What molecules are involved in cell cycle control

A

Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

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15
Q

Consequences of uncontrolled cell cycle

A

Cancer

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16
Q

External signals

A

Growth factors
Density dependent inhibition
Anchorage dependencw

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17
Q

The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to

A

The degradation of cyclin

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18
Q

Units of heredity, made up of segments of DNA

A

Gene

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19
Q

Specific location on a certain chromosome

A

Locus

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20
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Very similar. 1 each from mother and father.

21
Q

Meiosis reduces number of chromosome sets from ____ to ______

A

Diploid to haploid

22
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes

  • 2 haploid daughter cells
  • reductional division
23
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Separation of sister chromatids

  • 4 haploid daughter cells
  • equational division
24
Q

Meiosis 4 phases PMAT

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and cytokinesis

25
Q

Meiosis prophase 1

A

90% of time
Synapsis=unique
Chiasmata: x shaped regions with crossing over

26
Q

Meiosis metaphase 1

A

Tetrads line up at metaphase plate, microtubules attach to each side

27
Q

Differences bt mitosis and meiosis

A

Meiosis has 2 cycles. (1 and 2). 4 haploid, genetically different

Mitosis has 1 division. 2 haploid, same as parent

28
Q

3 things unique to meiosis

A

Synapsis and crossing over

Tetrads

29
Q

Synapsis and crossing over in prophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic infirmation

30
Q

Tetrads

A

Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

31
Q

Law of segregation

A

2 alleles for a heritable character seperate and end up in different gametes

32
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles for a character

33
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

34
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance

35
Q

Genotype

A

Geneticmakeup

36
Q

One character of F1 offspring produce

A

Mono hybrids, heterozygous forone character

37
Q

Crossing 2 true breed parents differing in 2 characters produces

A

Dihybrids, YyRr examle

38
Q

If 2 genes are always inherited together, then the dihybrid offspring ratio will be

A

3 to 1

39
Q

If 2 genes are inherited independent, then the dihybrid offspring ratio will be

A

9:3:3:1

40
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregate independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

41
Q

Ind assor only applies to genes on diff, nonhomologous chromosomes. Genes near each other on same chromosome tend to:

A

Be inherited together

42
Q

Genes are located on

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

A gene located on either sex chromosome is called

A

A sex linked gene

44
Q

Sex linked genes are usually on the x chr, recessive sex linked disorders are more common in males because:

A

A male only needs one copy of the recessive allele since they only have 1 x chr

45
Q

Linked genes

A

On same chr and tend to inherit together. Do not follow inheritance pattern. Ind assor only applies to unlinked genes

46
Q

The production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent

A

Genetic recombination

47
Q

A ___% Frequency of recombination is observed for any two genes on different chromosomes

A

50

48
Q

The reason for recombinants is

A

Crossing over

49
Q

The farther apart two genes are the _______ the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency

A

Higher

50
Q

Extranuclear genes are usually inherited ______ because zygotes cytoplasm comes from the egg

A

Maternally

51
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Silence of certain stamped gene

Bio 210 (2 decks)

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