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Bio 210 > Ch 20,21 > Flashcards

Ch 20,21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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1
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Combine DNA from 2 diff sources, often 2 species in vitro

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2
Q

Cloning-using bacteria and their plasmids to make multiple copies of a gene, what is a plasmid?

A

Small circular DNA molecule that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

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3
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites. Not random

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4
Q

Some restriction enzymes cut DNA in a _____ way, producing fragments with ____ends

A

Staggered, sticky

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5
Q

What seals the DNA strands together after 2 sticky ends pair up?

A

DNA ligase

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6
Q

In gene cloning the original plasmid is called a _______

A

Cloning vector

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7
Q

Cloning vector

A

DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

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8
Q

Blue/white selection, which colony has the recombinant plasmid?

A

Blue

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9
Q

DNA cloning
4 things
SCLR

A

sequence of a gene
Compare genes and alleles bt ppl
Locate gene expression in a body
role of a gene in an organism

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10
Q

DNA cloning takes ____ time than pcr.

A

More

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11
Q

PCR polymerase chain reaction-3C

A

3 step cycle-heating, cooling, and replication brings chain reaction
Can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

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12
Q

Compared to cloning, pcr only takes about ____ hours

A

2-3

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13
Q

PCR heating (denaturation)

A

Separates strands

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14
Q

PCR cooling (annealing)

A

allow H bonds to form

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15
Q

PCR cycle 2 yields

A

4 molecules

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16
Q

PCR cycle 3 yields ____ molecules

A

8, 2 of which match the target sequence

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17
Q

Analyze DNA samples using gel electrophoresis

A

Uses gel as a molecular sieve to separate nucleus acids by size after applied current

18
Q

Sequencing DNA: dideoxy chain termination method

A

ddNTP attach to synthesized DNA strands at specific location, each has distinct fluorescent label which can be read by spectrogram

19
Q

PCR can be used in medical applications to detect genetic disorders, can also be tested using _____

A

Genetic markers

20
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

T
C

A

Single base pair sites
Useful genetic markers
Some cause changes in restriction sites

21
Q

When a restriction enzyme is used, SNPs result in DNA fragments with diff lengths, or ______

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

22
Q

Recombinant can have disease marker but not have disease. T or F

A

T

23
Q

Human gene therapy

A

Alteration of an afflicted individuals genes

Treats disorders traceable to single defective gene

24
Q

Short tandem repeats (STR)

A

Variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences

25
Q

Genomics

A

Study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

26
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Computational methods of biological data

27
Q

Three stages of human genome project

A

Linkage (genetic) mapping
Physical mapping
DNA sequencing

28
Q

Linkage map (genetic map)

A

Maps location of several thousand genetic markers on each chromosome

29
Q

Genetic marker

A

Gene or other identifiable DNA sequence

30
Q

Physical map

A

Distance in base pairs between genetic markers

31
Q

Whole genome shotgun approach

A

Skips genetic and physical mapping

Sequences random DNA fragments

32
Q

The 3 stage genome approve takes longer to map, but the ____ is easier

A

Sequencing

33
Q

Proteomics

A

Systematic study of all proteins encoded by a genome

-proteins, not genes carry out most of the activities of the cell

34
Q

Within each domain there (is/is not) a relationship between genome size and phenotype.

A

Is not

35
Q

____% does not code for proteins, rRNAs, or tRNAs

A

98.5

36
Q

Most of eukaryotic genome consist of _____dna

A

Non coding

37
Q

In the non coding regions there is high _____

A

Sequence conservation

38
Q

Transposable elements

A

Move from one site to another in a cells DNA

39
Q

Eukaryotic transposable elements (2)

A

Transposons-DNA

Retrotransposons-RNA

40
Q

Transposons

A

Move via DNA intermediate

Copy paste or cut paste

41
Q

Retrotransposons

A

Reverse transcribed into DNA

42
Q

Multiple copies of similar transposable elements may facilitate recombination, or crossing over, between non homologous chromosomes, results in change in ___

A

Chromosome structure

43
Q

Causes for changes in genome size and structure

A

Duplication of entire chromosome sets
Alterations of chromosome structure
Transposons

Bio 210 (2 decks)

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