Ch 20,21 Flashcards
Genetic engineering
Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Recombinant DNA
Combine DNA from 2 diff sources, often 2 species in vitro
Cloning-using bacteria and their plasmids to make multiple copies of a gene, what is a plasmid?
Small circular DNA molecule that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
Restriction enzymes
Cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites. Not random
Some restriction enzymes cut DNA in a _____ way, producing fragments with ____ends
Staggered, sticky
What seals the DNA strands together after 2 sticky ends pair up?
DNA ligase
In gene cloning the original plasmid is called a _______
Cloning vector
Cloning vector
DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there
Blue/white selection, which colony has the recombinant plasmid?
Blue
DNA cloning
4 things
SCLR
sequence of a gene
Compare genes and alleles bt ppl
Locate gene expression in a body
role of a gene in an organism
DNA cloning takes ____ time than pcr.
More
PCR polymerase chain reaction-3C
3 step cycle-heating, cooling, and replication brings chain reaction
Can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
Compared to cloning, pcr only takes about ____ hours
2-3
PCR heating (denaturation)
Separates strands
PCR cooling (annealing)
allow H bonds to form
PCR cycle 2 yields
4 molecules
PCR cycle 3 yields ____ molecules
8, 2 of which match the target sequence
Analyze DNA samples using gel electrophoresis
Uses gel as a molecular sieve to separate nucleus acids by size after applied current
Sequencing DNA: dideoxy chain termination method
ddNTP attach to synthesized DNA strands at specific location, each has distinct fluorescent label which can be read by spectrogram
PCR can be used in medical applications to detect genetic disorders, can also be tested using _____
Genetic markers
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
T
C
Single base pair sites
Useful genetic markers
Some cause changes in restriction sites
When a restriction enzyme is used, SNPs result in DNA fragments with diff lengths, or ______
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Recombinant can have disease marker but not have disease. T or F
T
Human gene therapy
Alteration of an afflicted individuals genes
Treats disorders traceable to single defective gene
Short tandem repeats (STR)
Variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences
Genomics
Study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
Bioinformatics
Computational methods of biological data
Three stages of human genome project
Linkage (genetic) mapping
Physical mapping
DNA sequencing
Linkage map (genetic map)
Maps location of several thousand genetic markers on each chromosome
Genetic marker
Gene or other identifiable DNA sequence
Physical map
Distance in base pairs between genetic markers
Whole genome shotgun approach
Skips genetic and physical mapping
Sequences random DNA fragments
The 3 stage genome approve takes longer to map, but the ____ is easier
Sequencing
Proteomics
Systematic study of all proteins encoded by a genome
-proteins, not genes carry out most of the activities of the cell
Within each domain there (is/is not) a relationship between genome size and phenotype.
Is not
____% does not code for proteins, rRNAs, or tRNAs
98.5
Most of eukaryotic genome consist of _____dna
Non coding
In the non coding regions there is high _____
Sequence conservation
Transposable elements
Move from one site to another in a cells DNA
Eukaryotic transposable elements (2)
Transposons-DNA
Retrotransposons-RNA
Transposons
Move via DNA intermediate
Copy paste or cut paste
Retrotransposons
Reverse transcribed into DNA
Multiple copies of similar transposable elements may facilitate recombination, or crossing over, between non homologous chromosomes, results in change in ___
Chromosome structure
Causes for changes in genome size and structure
Duplication of entire chromosome sets
Alterations of chromosome structure
Transposons
