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Biology Lecture > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Charles Darwin do for 5 years

A

a voyage through Southern Hemisphere

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2
Q

Who founded paleontology

A

Georges Cuvier

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3
Q

What is paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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4
Q

Catastrophism

A

explains appearance of new forms as replacing old forms due to local catastrophe

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5
Q

explains appearance of new forms as replacing old forms due to local catastrophe

A

catastrophism

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6
Q

not supported

A

people who were blinded in an accident would have blind children

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7
Q

people who were blinded in an accident would have blind children

A

not supported

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8
Q

modern genetics

A

pheonotypics changes accquired during the lifetime do not result in genetic changes that can passed to offspring

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9
Q

pheonotypic changes accquired during the lifetime do not result in genetic changes that can passed to offsprings

A

modern genetics

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10
Q

Biogeography

A

study of the distribution of life-forms on earth

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11
Q

study of the distribution of life-forms on earth

A

biogeography

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12
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species- occured because the isolated population evovled independently of the mainland population

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13
Q

formation of a new species- occured because the isolated population evovled independently of the mainland population

A

speciation

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14
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population

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15
Q

reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population

A

fitness

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

humans choose particular traits

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17
Q

humans choose particular traits

A

artificial selection

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18
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A

that all living things have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life

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19
Q

archaeopteryx

A

fossils intermediate between reptiles and birds

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20
Q

adaptations

A

any characteristics that makes an organism more suited to its environment

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21
Q

any characteristics that makes an organisms more suited to its environment

A

adaptations

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22
Q

Vestigial structures

A

anatomial features that are fully developed in one group of organism but reduce and nonfunctional in other similar group.
most birds have well-developed wings; ostriches do not.
whales and snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs.
humans have a tailbone.
Presences explained by common descent hypothesis.

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23
Q

anatomial features that are fully developed in one group of organism but reduce and nonfunctional in other similar group.
most birds have well-developed wings; ostriches do not.
whales and snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs.
humans have a tailbone.
Presences explained by common descent hypothesis.

A

Vestigial structures

24
Q

Homologous structure

A

anatomically similar structures are explainable by inheritance from a common ancestors.
all vertebrate forelimbs contains the same set of bones organized in similar ways despite dissimilar functions.

25
Q

anatomically similar structures are explainable by inheritance from a common ancestors.
all vertebrate forelimbs contains the same set of bones organized in similar ways despite dissimilar functions.

A

homologous structure

26
Q

analogous structures

A

structures serve the same function but are not constructed similarly- bird and insect wings

27
Q

Homology

A

shared by vertebrates extends to their embryological development

28
Q

shared by vertebrates extends to their embryological development

A

homology

29
Q

what is Cytochrome c

A

a molecule used in the election transport chain of all organisms

30
Q

a molecule used in the election transport chain of all organisms

A

Cytochrome c

31
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process resulting in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonlinving) environments

32
Q

the process resulting in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environments

A

Natural Selection

33
Q

Variation

A

the members of a population differ from one another

34
Q

Inheritance

A

many of these differences are heritable genetic differences

35
Q

Increased fitness

A

individual that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce, and their fertile offspring will make up a greater population of the next generation

36
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored
  • extreme phenotypes selected against
  • individuals near the average favored
  • most common form of selection b/c the average individual is well adapted to its environment
  • swiss starlings lay four to five eggs b/c this method has the highest survival rate for their young
37
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored
  • distribution curve shifts in that direction
  • can occurs when a population is adapting to a changing environment
  • industrial melanism
  • drug resistance in bacteria
  • pesticide resistance in insects
  • Malaria: Plasmodium becoming resistant to chloroquine and mosquitoes resistant to DDT
  • Equus adapting from foret conditions to grassland conditions
38
Q

Disruption Selection

A
  • two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype
  • British land snails are found in fields and forest
  • in fields, thrushes eat the snails with dark shell that lack light bands
  • in forests, thrushes feeds mainly on snails with light-banded shells
39
Q

Maintenance of variations

A

-populations always shows some genotypic variations
- population with limited variation may not be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions
-forces promoting variation constantly at work
>mutations, recombiination, independent assortment, and fertilization create new combinations
>gene flow
> natural selection favors certain phenotypes, but other remain

40
Q

expressed

A

caused phenotypic differences

41
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

when natural selection favors the ratio of two or more phenotypes in generation after generation

42
Q

what is malaria caused by

A

parasite that invades and destroys normal red blood cell

43
Q

Microevolution

A

small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation

44
Q

gene pool

A

the various alleles at all the gene Ioci in all individuals of a population

45
Q

What does Hardy-Weinberg principles states?

A

states that an eqilibrium of allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain in equilibrium as long as five conditions are met:

  • no mutations
  • no gene flow
  • random mating
  • no genetic drift
  • no selection
46
Q

Genetic Mutations

A
  • ultimate source for allele differences
  • without mutation there would be no new variations among members of a population for natural selection to act on
  • adaptive value of mutation depends on current conditions
47
Q

Gene flow

A
  • also called gene migration
  • movement of alleles among populations by migration of breeding individuals
  • can increase variation within a population by introducing novel alleles from another population
  • continued gene flow reduces differences among populations- can prevent speciation
48
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

-selection of mate according to genotype or phenotype (not chance)
-assortative mating- tend to mate with individuals with the same phenotype
=>homozygotes increases in frequency
-sexual selection- favors characteristics that increase the likelihood of obtaining mates

49
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • refers to change in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance
    -allele frequencies “drift” over time depending on which members die, survive, reproduce
    -more likely in small populations
    -more likely to lose rare alleles
    -two types:
    => bottleneck effect
    => founder effect
50
Q

bottleneck effect

A

-species suffers a near extinction and only a few survivors go on to produce the next generations
=>infertility due to inbreeding

51
Q

Founder effects

A
  • rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population
  • alleles carried by founders are dictated by chance alone
  • Amish- 1 in 14 carries recessive allele for unusual form of dwarfism compared to 1 in 1000 in most population
52
Q

photosynthesis

A

transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates

53
Q

producers

A

feed themselves and all of the consumers (most other living organisms on Earth

54
Q

Chloroplast

A

-double membrane surrounds stroma
-third membrane forms thyrakoids
=>Grana- stacks
- thylakoid space
-chlorophyll and other pigments reside within thylakoid membrane
-pigments absorb solar energy
-carbon dioxide will be reduced in the stroma into carbohydrates
-glucose in the chief organic energy source for most organisms

55
Q

light reaction

A
  • occurs in thylakoid membrane
  • chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and energizes electron
  • water is oxidized, releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen
  • ATP produced in electron transport chain
56
Q

Calvin cycle reactions

A
  • occurs in stroma
  • CO2 taken up
  • ATP and NADPH used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate
57
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

most photosynthesizing cells have chlorophylls and carotenoids

Biology Lecture (3 decks)

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