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Biology Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does multicellular organisms begin life?

A

Multicellular organisms begin life as a single cell life

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Doesn’t require sperm and egg

Require in sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Why is cellular reproduction necessary?

A

production of both new cells and new organisms

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4
Q

Cell division

A

parent cell contents divides into two daughter cells

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5
Q

Cell Growth

A

cell duplicates its contents (including DNA and organelles)

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6
Q

Chromation

A

DNA and associated proteins have the appearance of thin threads

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7
Q

DNA

A

periodically wound around histones to form nucleosomes

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8
Q

How many chromosomes does humans have

A

46 Chromosomes

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9
Q

What is sister Chromatids

A

Duplicated chromosomes are composed of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

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10
Q

What does each sister chromatid have

A

Identical DNA

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11
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes are visible under microscope in condensed pairs

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cells

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14
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

two distinct cells are visible under the microscope

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15
Q

what happens mitosis begins?

A

DNA is replicated

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16
Q

what does each chromosomes consists of?

A

two sister chromatids attached at a centromere

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17
Q

Mitosis differs in plants and animals

A

Plant- have centrosomes but lacks centrioles

Animals- each centromoses has two centrioles and an sister (array of microtubules)

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18
Q

Cell plate

A

newly formed plasma membrane

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19
Q

G1 check point

A

cell committed to divide after this point

can enter G0 if checkpoint not passed

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20
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Verifies that DNA replicated

DNA damage repaired

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21
Q

Mitotic stage checkpoint

A

Between metaphase and anaphase

all chromosomes must be attached to spindle to pass

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22
Q

Signal

A

a molecule that stimulates or inhibits an events

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23
Q

External signals

A

comes from outside the cell

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24
Q

internal signals

A

come from inside the cell

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25
Q

Kinases

A

removes a phosphate from ATP and add it to other molecules

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26
Q

Cyclins

A

internal signals present only during certain stages of the cell cycle

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27
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

(EGF) stimulates skin near an injury to finish cell cycle and repair injury

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28
Q

Hormone estrogen

A

stimulates lining of the uterus to divide and prepare for egg implantation

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29
Q

Contact inhibition

A

cells stop dividing when they touch

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30
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and inhibits apoptosis. They are often likened to the gas pedal of a car because they accelerate the cell cycle

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31
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

code for proteins that inhibits the cell and promote apoptosis

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32
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

development of cancer

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33
Q

Benign

A

contained within a capsule

34
Q

Malignant

A

invasion and may spread

35
Q

Two major functions of meiosis

A

reducing chromosome number

shuffling chromosomes in the cell to produce genetically different gametes

36
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

members of a pair of chromosomes
have the same size, shape, and construction
contain the same genes for the same traits

37
Q

Alleles

A

alternate forms of a gene

38
Q

Msiosis I

A

homologous pairs line up during synapsis resulting in tetrad

homologous chromosomess of each pair then separate

39
Q

Meiosis II

A

No duplication chromosomes
chromosomes are dyads- composed of two sisters chromatids
sister chromatids are separated
two daughter nuclei separate

40
Q

tetrad

A

consists of two chromosomes, with each chromosome containing two chromatids,
for a total of 4 chromatids

41
Q

Meiosis

A

two consecutive nuclear divisions; mitosis- only one nuclear divisions

42
Q

What occurs prophase I of meiosis

A

synapsis

43
Q

What happens during metaphase I

A

tetrad align at the spindle equator, with homologous chromosomes facing opposite spindle pole and paired chromosomes have a total of four chromatids each

44
Q

What does not happen in anaphase I

A

sister chromatids do not separate

45
Q

Trisomy

A

three copies of a chromosomes

46
Q

Monosomy

A

single copy of a chromosome

47
Q

Turner syndrome

A

absence of second sex chromosomes

female

48
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

extra X inactivated as Barr body

Male

49
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Austrian monk

worked with garden pea plants in 1890s

50
Q

One- trait inheritance

A

original parents called P generation

51
Q

Punnett square

A

shows all possible combinations of egg and sperm offspring may inherit

52
Q

testcross

A

used to determine whether or not an individual with the dominant trait has two dominant factors for a particular trait

53
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

occurs on homologous chromosomes at a particular location called the gene locus

54
Q

Genotype

A

alleles the individual receives at fertilization

55
Q

Homozygous

A

two identical alleles
homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive

56
Q

Heterozygous

A

two different alleles

57
Q

Phenotype

A

physical appereance of the individual

mostly determined by genotype

58
Q

Mendel’s First law of inheritance

A

Law of segregation

59
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Each individual has two factors for each trait
The factors segregate (separate) during the formation of the gametes
Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait

60
Q

Alleles

A

Dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele
For the most part, an individual’s traits are determined by the alleles inherited.
Alleles occur on homologous chromosomes at a particular location called the gene locus

61
Q

Mendel’s Second Law of Heredity

A

Law of independent assortment

62
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of factors segregates (assorts) independently of the other pairs.
All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.

63
Q

Punnett squares assumes

A

each gamete contains one allele for each trait

64
Q

Pedigree

A

Chart of a family’s history in regard to a particular genetic trait
Males are squares
Females are circles
Shading represents individuals expressing disorder
Horizontal line between circle and square is a union
Vertical line down represents children of that union

65
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

lack enzyme to convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin

66
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive disorder
Most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in U.S.
Chloride ion channel defect causes abnormally thick mucus

67
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles
Each dominant allele has a quantitative effect on phenotype and effects are additive
Result in continuous variation—bell-shaped curve

68
Q

Multifactorial traits

A

polygenic traits subject to environmental effects
Cleft lip, diabetes, schizophrenia, allergies, cancer
Due to combined action of many genes plus environmental influences

69
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Single genes have more than one effect

70
Q

Gene linkage

A

two traits on same chromosome

71
Q

Linked alleles stay together

A

heterozygote forms only two types of gametes, produces offspring only with two phenotypes

72
Q

what is the first stage of Mitosis

A

Prophase

73
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes are visible under microscope in condensed pairs

74
Q

what is the second stage of Mitosis

A

Metaphase

75
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate (middle)

76
Q

what is the third stage of Mitosis

A

Anaphase

77
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cell (apart)

78
Q

What is the final stage of Mitosis

A

Telophase

79
Q

Telophase

A

two distinct cells are visible under the microscopes

80
Q

What is Mitosis usually followed by

A

cytokinesis

81
Q

How do plant and animal cells differ from each other

A

Plant- have centrosomes but lack centrioles

Animal- each centrosomes has two centrioles and an aster (array of microtubules)

Biology Lecture (3 decks)

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