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MHS 1600 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does physical activity include?

A

exercise as well as activities of daily living

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2
Q

What is physical activity?

A

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that causes energy expenditure

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3
Q

What is exercise?

A

intentional physical exertion

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4
Q

What are the short-term benefits of being physically active?

A
  1. helps people lose body fat
  2. builds muscle mass
  3. helps people become physically fit
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5
Q

What are the long-term benefits of being physically active?

A
  1. Maintain healthy body weight
  2. Reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain cancers
  3. Lowers risk of premature death
  4. Manages stress
  5. Reduces anxiety and depression
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6
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

ability to perform moderate to vigorous activity without undue fatigue

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7
Q

What 4 types of physical exercise does the ACSM recommend to promote health and prevent diseases?

A
  1. Resistance
  2. Cardiorespiratory
  3. Neuromotor
  4. Flexibility
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8
Q

What is resistance exercise good for?

A

increases muscle strength, improves body compositions, and promotes bone health

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9
Q

What is cardiorespiratory exercise good for?

A

increases the heart rate and promotes use of oxygen

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10
Q

What is neuromotor exercise good for?

A

incorporates balance, coordination, and agility

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11
Q

What is flexibiility exercise good for?

A

promotes the ability to move joins through whole span of movement

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12
Q

What are the 2 main sources for energy?

A
  1. carbohydrates (glucose)

2. fats (fatty acids)

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13
Q

What do energy substrates provide fuel for?

A

working muscles

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14
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

in chemical bonds of glucose and fatty acids

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15
Q

What is the body’s energy currency?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is the usable form of energy?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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17
Q

How are glucose and fatty acids used for energy?

A

Chemical bonds broken to release usable form of energy called ATP

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18
Q

What are the 2 energy producing systems?

A
  1. anaerobic

2. aerobic

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19
Q

What is anaerobic?

A

not requiring energy

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20
Q

What is aerobic?

A

requiring oxygen

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21
Q

How many systems produce ATP in the body?

A

3

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22
Q

What types of systems produce ATP?

A

2 anaerobic, 1 aerobic

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23
Q

How do the energy systems work to produce ATP?

A

Provide overlapping coverage to replenish ATP over the short, medium and long terms

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24
Q

Where do aenaerobic energy-systems occur?

A

cytosol of the cell

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25
Q

What does anaerobic energy fuel?

A

higher intensity, shorter duration exercise

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26
Q

What are the 2 anaerobic energy systems?

A
  1. phosphagen system

2. glycolysis

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27
Q

What is the phosphagen system?

A

create phosphate in muscle into ATP

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28
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

glucose in blood or muscle converted into ATP

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29
Q

Where does the aerobic energy system occur in the cell?

A

mitochondria

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30
Q

What does aerobic energy fuel?

A

longer lasting, lower intensity activities

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31
Q

What does the aerobic energy system use?

A

pyruvate generated by glycolysis as well as fatty acids released from triglycerides

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32
Q

What is aerobic energy critical for?

A

endurance exercise performance

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33
Q

What do the energy contributions from anaerobic and aerobic energy systems depend on?

A

the intensity and duration of activity

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34
Q

What does the contribution of glucose or fat during exercise depend on?

A

intensity and duration

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35
Q

What do higher intensity activity burn more of?

A

carbs

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36
Q

What do lower intensity activity burn more of?

A

fat

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37
Q

What determines the intensity of exercise?

A

a person’s fitness and aerobic capacity

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38
Q

What are measures of exercise intensity?

A
  1. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) at peak of intense aerobic exercise
  2. Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale
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39
Q

What is VO2max?

A

uses heart rate to measure as increases along with oxygen consumption

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40
Q

What does VO2max estimate?

A

maximum heart rate

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41
Q

What is the equation to estimate MHR?

A

208-(age*0.7)

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42
Q

What is the targate heart rate zone for moderate intensity activity?

A

65-76% of MHR

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43
Q

What is the most significant factor leading to exhaustion?

A

depletion of muscle glycogen during aerobic exercise

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44
Q

How does the body store glucose and where?

A

as glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver

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45
Q

What can glycogen fuel up to?

A

2000 calores of activity or 1.5-2.5 horus of activity

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46
Q

What is a nickname for depleted glycogen stores?

A

hit the wall

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47
Q

Who must make sure to replenish glycogen stores daily?

A

athletes

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48
Q

How should athletes replenish glycogen stores?

A

carbohydrates

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49
Q

What should daily carbohydrate intake increase by?

A

training time and intensity increase

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50
Q

What does carb loading do?

A

increases muscle glycogen stores and delays fatigue

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51
Q

How should someone carb load?

A

Consume 10 to 12 g/kg body weight/day 1-2 days prior to competition while reducing training volume and intensity

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52
Q

What places females at risk of Female Athlete Triad?

A

extended periods of low energy intake

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53
Q

What are the interrelationships of Female Athlete Triad?

A

low-energy intake, menstrual dysfunction (amenorrhea), bone loss (osteoprosis)

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54
Q

What combination supports muscle growth?

A

protein combined with exercise and sufficient calorie intake

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55
Q

What does resistance training do?

A

increases muscle mass and strength

boots growth of muscle fibers

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56
Q

What can excess protein intake increase the risk of?

A

dehydration

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57
Q

Does protein intake above recommended intake levels still cause muscle growth?

A

no

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58
Q

What are people who do intense training and female atheles at risk of?

A

suboptimal iron status

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59
Q

What do athletes who meet nutrient needs eat?

A

adequate, balanced, and varied diet

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60
Q

What group needs more fluids?

A

athletes

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61
Q

What are 2 ways athletes lose fluids?

A
  1. perspiration

2. respiration

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62
Q

What are the 2 goals of fluid consumption?

A
  1. limit fluid loss to 2% of body weight

2. Begin training sessions fully hydrated

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63
Q

What are ways to monitor hydration status?

A
  • Weigh before and after training
  • Urine should be pale yellow
  • One pound of weight loss = ~16 oz. of water
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64
Q

Why shoudl adults engage in regular moderate-intensity activities?

A

promote health and reduce risk of disease

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65
Q

What does the HHS recommend for adults for exercise?

A
  1. At least 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate- intensity exercise per week or 75 minutes of high-intensity exercise per week
  2. muscle strengthening activities
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66
Q

What does at least 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate- intensity exercise per week or 75 minutes of high-intensity exercise per week reduce the risk of?

A

chronic disease and weight gain

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67
Q

What can even modest amounts of exercise reduce the risk of?

A

cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

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68
Q

What time period does pregnancy encompass?

A

time between fertilization and birth

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69
Q

What is pregnancy divided into?

A

trimesters

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70
Q

What are some of the physical and nutritional changes during pregnancy?

A 
○ Increased heart and breathing rate
○ Increased blood volume
○ Decreased gastrointestinal motility
○ Increased energy demands and needs
○ Increased use of fatty acids as fuel
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71
Q

What is appropriate weight gain during pregnancy important for?

A

the health of mother and baby

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72
Q

What is inadequate or excessive weight gain during pregnancy cause?

A

consequences for mother and baby

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73
Q

What does being underweight and insufficient weight gain increases the risk of for babies?

A

preterm or SGA

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74
Q

What is preterm?

A

younger than 37 weeks

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75
Q

What is SGA?

A

small for gestational age

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76
Q

What is considered SGA?

A
  • Birth weight below 10th percentile
  • At higher risk for stillbirth and dying
  • Increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease as adults
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77
Q

What increases the risk of low birth weight baby?

A

insufficient energy and nutrient intake

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78
Q

What are the 4 main factors that influence birth weight?

A
  1. duration of pregnancy
  2. weight status of mother before conception
  3. amount of weight gained during pregnancy
  4. whether the mother smoked during pregnancy
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79
Q

What includes a healthy prenatal lifestyle?

A
  • being physically active
  • eating well
  • making responsible choices
  • not smoking
  • getting regular medical care
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80
Q

When should a woman start establishing a healhty lifestyle if she is wanting to get pregnant?

A

before conception

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81
Q

What improves fertility?

A

healthy lifestyle

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82
Q

How should a woman increase her calorie intake when pregnant?

A

gradually using nutrient-dense foods

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83
Q

Do energy needs increase during early pregnancy?

A

no

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84
Q

How many more kcal/day in the second trimester?

A

340

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85
Q

How many more kcal/day in the third trimester?

A

450

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86
Q

Would would need to increase their calories more when pregnant?

A

underweight women

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87
Q

Who would needs to decrease calorie increase when pregnant?

A

overweight women

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88
Q

What is an appropriate gauge of intake?

A

weight gain

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89
Q

What is a poor gauge of appropriate calorie intake?

A

calorie counting

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90
Q

How can most pregnant women meet their nutritional requirements?

A

through food

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91
Q

What is a universally recommended supplement for pregnant women?

A

iron

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92
Q

Whose advice should you follow if pregnant and taking dietary supplement?

A

doctor or midwife

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93
Q

What are prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplements good for?

A

inadequate diet or high-risk pregnancies

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94
Q

What should pregnant women avoid when taking supplements?

A

taking more than recommended intake levels

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95
Q

What supplements should pregnant vegans take?

A

vitamin D, iron, vitamin B12

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96
Q

What nutrients do pregnant women have an increased need for?

A

protein, folate, zinc, iodine, iron

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97
Q

What does consuming inadequate nutrients or excess amounts can put the baby at risk for?

A

birth defects and other anomalies, especially during critical periods

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98
Q

What are times of accelerated growth during pregnancy called?

A

critical periods

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99
Q

What are critical periods?

A

Genetically determined pathways that direct the development of specific cell types, organs and tissues that occur primarily in the first trimester

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100
Q

What is the key nutrient before and during pregnancy for new cell development?

A

folate

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101
Q

How much folate do women need when not pregnant?

A

400 mcg/day

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102
Q

How much folate do women need when pregnant?

A

600 mcg/day

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103
Q

What does folate deficiency lead to in pregnant women?

A

Birth defects, fetal growth problems, autism, neural tube defects

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104
Q

What is the synthetic form of folate called?

A

folic acid

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105
Q

When did the US FDA start requiring grain fortification of folate?

A

1998

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106
Q

What can inadequate vitamin A impact during pregnancy?

A

development

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107
Q

What can too much vitamin A during pregnancy increase the risk of?

A

birth defects

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108
Q

What is the most common nutritional inadequacy in pregnancy?

A

iron deficiency

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109
Q

How much more iron do you need in pregnancy?

A

50% more

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110
Q

Why do iron needs increase in pregnancy?

A

increases in maternal hemoglobin production and storage by fetus

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111
Q

How much iron do pregnant women need vs. adult women?

A

27 vs. 18

112
Q

How much iron do women normally consume?

A

half of recommended amount

113
Q

What iron recommendation is made during pregnancy?

A

supplement 30 mg/day during second and third trimesters

114
Q

What does inadequate iron intake during pregnancy increase the risk of?

A

iron-deficiency anemia in mothers and babies with low birth weight

115
Q

What are 3 nutrients important for a healthy pregnancy?

A

calcium, vitamin D, iodine

116
Q

What does iron deficiency in pregnant affect?

A

brain development and associated with lower IQs

117
Q

What are omega-3 fatty acids critical for in pregnancy?

A

development of the fetal brain

118
Q

What is the amount of omega-3 in teh fetus correlated with?

A

amount in mother’s diet

119
Q

What are the recommendations for omega-3 in pregnancy?

A

no recommendations

120
Q

What amount of fish do they recommend you eat in pregnancy?

A

8-12 oz fish/week

121
Q

What type of fish should pregnant women eat?

A

low-mercury fish

122
Q

What does excess mercury during pregnancy increase the risk of?

A

CNS defects and slows cognitive development

123
Q

What are issues that may compromise nutrition and health during pregnancy?

A
  1. morning sickness
  2. pica
  3. gestational diabetes
124
Q

What does morning sickness result from?

A

hormonal changes

125
Q

What are symptoms of morning sickness?

A

nausea and vomiting, food aversions

126
Q

What is pica?

A

Eating disorder characterized by ingestion of nonfood substances

127
Q

What could pica be a sign for?

A

anemia

128
Q

How many pregnancies result in gestational diabetes?

A

18%

129
Q

When does gestational diabetes normally resolve?

A

after pregnancy

130
Q

What does gestational diabetes put the fetus at risk of?

A

type 2 diabetes later in life

131
Q

What does gestational diabetes increase the risk of?

A

large-for-gestational age infant

132
Q

What happens in gestational diabetes?

A

elevated blood glucose passes to fetus

133
Q

What can alcohol intake during pregnancy cause?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

134
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

physical and mental defects observed in infants born to mothers who consumed a significant amount of alcohol during pregnancy

135
Q

What is the CDC’s recommendation for alcohol during pregnancy?

A

There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

136
Q

Should pregnant women limit caffine consumption?

A

yes

137
Q

How much more likely are women to develop listeriosis?

A

20

138
Q

Why are women more likely to develop listeriosis?

A

During pregnancy the immune system is suppressed, placing women at increased risk for foodborne illness

139
Q

What does the AAP recommend for breast feeding?

A

breast feed exclusively through 6 months

140
Q

What is lactation?

A

the production and secretion of milk from the mammary glands

141
Q

What does the composition of breast milk vary by?

A

depending on the stage of lactation, milk volume, feeding frequency, and differences between women

142
Q

Who does breast feeding benefit?

A

baby and mother

143
Q

What do women who breast need to do to produce enough nutrient-rich milk?

A

eplenish nutrient stores and remain healthy

144
Q

How much do energy demands increase by in the first 6 months after birth?

A

600 calores/day

145
Q

How much more should breast feeding women eat?

A

330 calores

146
Q

What is the remaining energy needed for breast feeding supplied from?

A

fat stored during pregnancy

147
Q

How much more should breast feeding women eat after 6 months?

A

400 calories/day

148
Q

What should energy intake equal when breast feeding?

A

energy in milk produced

149
Q

What type of foods should breast feeding women focus on eating?

A

nutrient-dense foods

150
Q

What is a nutritious alternative to breast milk?

A

formula feeding

151
Q

what is formula design to duplicate?

A

breast milk

152
Q

What does formula lack?

A

Lacks antibodies and other components in breast milk

153
Q

What do infact nutritional recommendations vary by?

A

age

154
Q

What should newborns get an injection of at birth?

A

vitamin K

155
Q

What should newborns be fed from 0-6 months?

A

breastmilk and vitamin D supplements

156
Q

How much vitmain D should newborns get?

A

400 IU daily

157
Q

What should 6-12 month olds eat?

A

solid food and breast milk

158
Q

How much should infant’s weight increase by at the end of their first year?

A

triple

159
Q

How much should an infants height increase by at the end of their first year?

A

50%

160
Q

What is the role of solid foods in an infant’s diet?

A

complement breast milk, not replace it

161
Q

When should you start feeding your infant solid foods?

A

when they show certain signs of readiness

162
Q

It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that children ages 2 to 11 years should…

A
  1. achieve optimal physical and cognitive development
  2. maintain healthy weights
  3. enjoy food
  4. reduce the risk of chronic disease through appropriate eating habits and participation in regular physical activity
163
Q

what is an indication of adequate nutrition in children?

A

age appropriate growth rates

164
Q

What are growth standards expressed in for children?

A

percentiles with lowest and highest warranting

165
Q

What are used instead of BMI for children?

A

growth standards

166
Q

How fast do you grow in infancy? How does it change through adolescence

A

rapid to slow

167
Q

What are growth spurts?

A

periods of accelerated physical development

168
Q

what fluctuates during growth spurts

A

hunger levels

169
Q

Why can children vary in height, weight and build during school years?

A

genetics, nutrition, exercise patterns

170
Q

What is puberty?

A

a dynamic time of development with periodic growth spurts

171
Q

US children’s diets are typically…

A

high energy-density, low nutrient-density, low fiber

172
Q

Compared with meals and snacks prepared at home, food prepared away from home _______ caloric intake of children

A

increases

173
Q

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans established the foundation for what nutrition standards?

A

USDA National School Lunch Program

174
Q

What is the USDA National School Lunch Program?

A

Federally assisted program that provides nutritionally balanced, low cost or free meals

175
Q

What do the AMDR’s for children establish?

A

healthful ranges of nutrient intake for growth and development

176
Q

Who plays a critical role in shaping children’s eating behavior?

A

parents

177
Q

How can parents foster positive eating behavior and habits in their children?

A
  1. Provide a variety of nutritious foods
  2. Repeat exposure to nutritious foods
  3. Encourage but do not force nutritious foods
  4. Model good eating behaviors
178
Q

What determines a child’s relationship with food later in life?

A

parental influence

179
Q

Eating behavior is influenced by what two environments?

A

physical and social environments

180
Q

What are parents responsible for when offering food to their children?

A

what, when and how food is offered to child; quality, frequency and environment

181
Q

What fosters healthful food choices?

A

an appropriate eating environment

182
Q

What are food jags?

A

1 Habits or rituals formed by children
2 Generally outgrown with patience and guidance
3 Hunger may fluctuate with growth patterns

183
Q

Why are food jags developed in children?

A

strive for more independence in food choice

184
Q

What are nutrients of concern in children?

A

calcium, iron, fiber, vitamin D

185
Q

What is calcium important for in children?

A

bone health and optimizing bone mass

186
Q

What is iron important for in children?

A
  1. Prevents iron-deficiency anemia
  2. Supports growth
  3. Replaces iron lost through menstruation in adolescent girls
187
Q

What is fiber important for in children?

A
  1. Prevents constipation

2. Role in prevention of chronic disease

188
Q

What is Vitamin D important for in children?

A
  1. Crucial for skeletal health and optimal bone development

2. Role in prevention of chronic disease

189
Q

What is a food allergy?

A

a reproducible, adverse reaction to a food caused by activation of an immune response

190
Q

Are more or less people getting food allergies? why?

A

more, don’t know why

191
Q

What percentage of food allergic reaction are caused by the big 8?

A

90%

192
Q

What are food allergens?

A

Elicit an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals

193
Q

What are the Big Eight food allergens?

A
  1. Cow’s milk
  2. Eggs
  3. Peanuts
  4. Tree nuts
  5. Wheat
  6. Soy
  7. Fish
  8. Crustacean shellfish
194
Q

How much of a food allergen can be life-threatening to a susceptible individual?

A

a minute amount

195
Q

What is a food intolerance?

A

a reproducible adverse reaction to a food that is not a direct result of an immune response

196
Q

What is an example of a food intolerance?

A

lactose intolerance

197
Q

What are characteristics of food intolerances?

A
  1. not usually life-threatening

2. can induce allergy like symptoms

198
Q

How can someone avoid their food allergy allergen?

A

through awareness and reading labels

199
Q

What are ways in which the college years are a time of food-related transition?

A
  1. Change in eating patterns
  2. Change in eating environment
  3. More responsible for food choices
  4. Peer influence
200
Q

How much weight gain is the norm for college students

A

3-4 lbs

201
Q

What are the critical times for growth and development?

A

Adolescence (ages 13 to 17 years) and late adolescence/young adulthood (ages 18 to 21 years)

202
Q

What do adolescence tend to consume?

A
  • More fast food, processed food, and sugar-sweetened beverages
  • Fewer vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and milk, Calcium, iron, and fiber
203
Q

What is alcohol the common name for?

A

ethanol

204
Q

What is ethanol?

A

Potentially intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor with drug like effects, acting as a central nervous system depressant

205
Q

What energy does ethanol provide?

A

7 kcal/gm

206
Q

Is alcohol a nutrient?

A

no

207
Q

What is a standard alcoholic drink?

A

Comprises 14 grams (0.6 fluid ounces) of pure alcohol (ethanol)

  • 12 ounces of beer
  • 5 ounces of wine
  • 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits or liquor
208
Q

What is moderate alcohol consumption for men?

A

2 drinks per day

209
Q

What is moderate alcohol consumption for women?

A

1 drink per day

210
Q

How is alcohol absorbed?

A

into the bloodstream and transported to the body’s cells and tissues

211
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed?

A

in stomach and small intestine into bloodstream through diffusion

212
Q

Where is alcohol dispersed?

A

throughout the

water-containing portions of the body

213
Q

How long does alcohol stay in the blood and body fluids?

A

until the liver is able to metabolize (or detoxify) all that has been consumed

214
Q

How much alcohol can the liver metabolize?

A

about 1 ounce of alcohol an hour, regardless of how much has been consumed

215
Q

What are some factors that influence the intoxicating effects of alcohol?

A

gender, body weight, food intake before or during alcohol consumption, the use of drugs or prescription medications, and even genetic influences

216
Q

Women experience a _____ rapid rise in blood alcohol levels than do men of the same size with similar alcohol intakes

A

more

217
Q

Women experience intoxicating effects (↑BAC) with ____ amounts of alcohol than men in a _____ amount of time

A

lower, shorter

218
Q

What is the different in alcohol’s effects in men and women primarily based on?

A

body composition differences

219
Q

What mirrors the concentration of alcohol in the blood?

A

alcohol in the breath and urine

220
Q

What is the legal limit for intoxication for divers 21 years and older?

A

BAC of 0.08%

221
Q

What percentage of all alcohol consumed is by underaged people?

A

20%

222
Q

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize for alcohol?

A
  1. Emphasize that people should not begin drinking, and if they do drink, to do so in moderation
  2. Recommends no more than 5% of total calories from alcohol
  3. Alcohol consumption associated with increased risk of some types of cancer, so there is no safe intake
223
Q

what is moderate alcohol intake associated with?

A
  • Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, abdominal obesity, and dementia
  • Increased high-density lipoprotein “good” cholesterol (HDL)
  • Lower overall mortality
  • May also be related to other lifestyle choices
224
Q

What does chronic use and abuse of alcohol have adverse effects on?

A

organs and body system

225
Q

What can alcohol intake during pregnancy cause?

A

fetal alcohol sydrome

226
Q

Who should never consume alcohol?

A
  • children and adolescents
  • pregnant women
  • Individuals who plan to drive or operate machinery or take part in activities that require attention, skill, or coordination
  • Individuals with certain medical conditions or on certain medications
  • Individuals with a family history of alcohol abuse or disorder
227
Q

Why should children not drink alcohol?

A
  • Possible permanent impairment in cognitive function
  • Possible increased risk of fatal and nonfatal injuries
  • Five times more likely to become alcohol dependent
  • More likely to engage in risky behavior
228
Q

Why should pregnant women not drink alcohol?

A
  • No safe amount
  • Possibility of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
  • Decrease in IQ of the child
229
Q

what is considered heavy drinking?

A

8 or more drinks a week for women and 15 or more drinks a week for men

230
Q

What percentage of the population binge drinks?

A

17%

231
Q

What percentage of college students binge drink?

A

40%

232
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men within about 2 hours

233
Q

What is alcohol abuse?

A

a pattern of drinking that has negative consequences on health, relationships, and academic and work performance

234
Q

What is Alcohol Abuse Disorder?

A

Medical diagnosis given to individuals who have severe problems with alcohol consumption and meet certain diagnostic criteria

235
Q

What is alcohol poisoning?

A

Life-threatening condition due to excess alcohol consumption; a medical emergency

236
Q

What is alcohol poisoning characterized by?

A

mental confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow or irregular breathing, and low body temperature

237
Q

What are eating disorders characterized by?

A

an unhealthy and abnormal relationship with food and weight that threaten health and interferes with many areas of life

238
Q

What emotional and psychological issues are eating disorders associated with?

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Perfectionism
  • Low-self esteem
  • Distorted body image
239
Q

When is the prevalence of eating disorders more prevalent?

A

greater during the college years

240
Q

What percentage of college age women have an eating disorder?

A

10-20%

241
Q

What percentage of college men have an eating disorder?

A

4-10%

242
Q

What may eating disorder arise in response to?

A

life stressors or traumatic events

243
Q

What are cultural influences on eating disorders?

A

Social and cultural environment with emphasis on appearance and body weight can add to feelings of insecurity and low-self esteem

244
Q

What are potential causes of eating disorder?

A
  • Genetics and predisposition
  • Psychological and personality issues
  • Social norms and cultural environmental factors
  • Unrealistic ideals for body shape and size as well as eating and exercise patterns
  • Low self-esteem
  • Past dieting behaviors
245
Q

What is a common risk factor in developing an eating disorder?

A

food restriction (dieting)

246
Q

What are some ways dieting is a common risk factor in developing an eating disorder?

A
  • Dietary restraint and weight loss as risk factors for eating pathology.
  • Weight gain, dietary restraint, and disordered eating in the freshman year of college.
  • Contributions of mindful eating, intuitive eating, and restraint to BMI, disordered eating, and meal consumption in college students.
247
Q

What are ways the media influences body image?

A

Unrealistic body shapes and sizes dominant the media

248
Q

What identifies the criteria for eating disorders?

A

DSM-5

249
Q

What are the two new categories for DSM-5?

A
  • Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)

- Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder (UFED)

250
Q

What percentage of adolescent girls and young women meet the criteria for anorexia?

A

0.5-1%

251
Q

What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?

A
  • Distorted body image
  • Excessive dietary restriction
  • Severe weight loss
  • Pathological fear of weight gain
252
Q

What percentage of anorexics are women?

A

90-95&

253
Q

What is the mortality rate for anorexia?

A

5-20%

254
Q

What are warning signs of anorexia?

A
  • Dramatic weight loss
  • Preoccupation with weight, calories, food, fat grams, dieting
  • Frequent comments about feeling “fat” or overweight despite weight loss
  • Anxiety about weight gain or being “fat”
  • Self-esteem overly related to body image
  • Denial of hunger
  • Consistent excuses to avoid eating
  • Withdrawal from friends and activities
  • Excessive and compulsive exercise
  • Perfectionism
255
Q

What percentage of older adolescent girls and young women meet the criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?

A

.5-1&

256
Q

What is bulimia characterized by?

A

Frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate purging behaviors

257
Q

What percentage of bulimics are women?

A

80%

258
Q

What do bulimic people look like?

A

average body weight

259
Q

What may bulimics struggle with?

A

impulsive behaviors and mood dysregulation

260
Q

What are warning signs of bulimia?

A
  • Evidence of binge eating
  • Evidence of purging behaviors
  • Visits to the bathroom after meals
  • Abuse of laxatives, diet pills and/or diuretics
  • Excessive, rigid exercise routine
  • Signs of self-induced vomiting
  • Discoloration or staining of the teeth
  • Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
  • Sore throat and enlarged glands around jaw line
  • Self-esteem overly related to body image
  • Withdrawal from friends and activities
261
Q

What is Binge Eating Disorder characterized by?

A
  • Recurring episodes of eating significantly more food in a short period than most people would eat under similar circumstances, with feelings of lack of control
  • Binge eating of at least once a week for three months
  • Often eat alone
  • A feeling of loss of control and marked distress over binge behavior
262
Q

What percentage of BED people women?

A

60%

263
Q

What do those with BED suffer frpm?

A

overweight or obese

264
Q

What is the purpose of the new DSM-5 categories?

A

to better recognize disordered eating conditions that do not meet all the diagnostic criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa or BED

265
Q

What are the health and lifestyle consequences of eating disorders?

A

Affects quality of life, relationships, and the ability to function day to day, and can be life threatening

266
Q

What are health and lifestyle consequences of binge eating disorder?

A

Conditions and chronic diseases related to obesity

267
Q

What are the health and lifestyle consequences of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • Dehydration, fatigue, low body temperature, hair loss, demineralization of bone, low blood pressure, and loss of cardiac muscle
  • Hormonal imbalances and cessation of menstruation
268
Q

What are the health and lifestyle consequences of bulimia?

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances possibly resulting in life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Self-induced vomiting possibly leading to dehydration, teeth erosion, and esophageal damage or tears
269
Q

What is orthorexia nervosa used to describe?

A
  • Obsession with eating “right”
  • Rigid eating and exercise patterns
  • Affects quality of life and relationships
  • Can negatively affect physical and emotional health
270
Q

How can individuals overcome eating disorders according to the American Psychological Association?

A

with aggressive, appropriate, multidisciplinary, and compassionate intervention

271
Q

What are psychological intervention and treatment options for those with eating disorders?

A

include family therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy

272
Q

What is the most effective approach to treating eating disorders?

A

multidisciplinary approach?

273
Q

What is the multidisciplinary approach to treating eating disorders?

A

including primary care practitioner, psychologist, psychiatrist, registered dietitian nutritionist and other health care providers

274
Q

When are results best for eating disorder treatments?

A

Results are best when the disorder is treated early, but many deny problems exist and postpone treatment for years

275
Q

What may be helpful in adjunct to therapy for eating disorders?

A

psychiatric medications

276
Q

What are the goals of eating disorder treatment?

A
  • Different approach and goals for the different disorders
  • Restoration of healthy body weight and overall health
  • Normalize eating and exercise patterns
  • Help restore healthy attitudes and behaviors toward eating, exercise, and body weight

MHS 1600 (4 decks)

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