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Behavioral Neuroscience > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: many animals communicate with one another

A

true

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2
Q

some animals suspected of having language potential:

A

great apes, cetaceans, parrots, dogs

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3
Q

gene related to language

A

FoxP2

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4
Q

FoxP2 location

A

on chromosome 7

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5
Q

FoxP2 mutation associated with

A

disrupted speech production and comprehension

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6
Q

link between KE family FoxP2 mutation and abnormality in this area

A

caudate nucleus and putamen (basal ganglia) -has to do with procedural stuff-

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7
Q

FoxP2 is a transcription factor, meaning …

A

it regulates expression of many other genes (has ripple effects)

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8
Q

humans have a site for phosphorylation by

A

protein kinase C (PKC)

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9
Q

activation of PKC may phosphorylate FoxP2 and cause downstream changes in regulation/production of other proteins. T or F?

A

true

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10
Q

FoxP2 knock-outs (in mice) led to

A
  • developmental delays
  • deficits in ultrasonic vocalizations
  • altered basal ganglia
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11
Q

Humanized FoxP2 knock-ins (in mice) led to

A
  • generally healthy
  • different USV
  • less exploratory behavior
  • less dopamine
  • increased dendrite length and synaptic plasticity in basal ganglia
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12
Q

mice with humanized FoxP2 exhibited

A

enhanced ability to make transitions from a declarative to a procedural mode of learning

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13
Q

a language learned at a young age is retained better. T or F?

A

true

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14
Q

infants younger than 8 months can

A

distinguish all speech sounds

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15
Q

by 11 months can distinguish

A

only native language

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16
Q

bilingualism seems to be associated w a number of positive outcomes. such as …

A
  • children perform better on tests of executive control
  • higher density of gray matter
  • associated w a delay in the onset of age-related dementia
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17
Q

serious speech deficit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively; caused by damage to the brain

A

aphasia

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18
Q

most common cause for aphasias =

A

strokes

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19
Q

type of aphasia:

lack of ability to speak clearly

A

Broca’s aphasia (aka productive or generative aphasia)

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20
Q

type of aphasia:

speech is rapid and fluent but meaningless

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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21
Q

type of aphasia:

speech remains fluent, and comprehension is fairly food, difficulty repeating speech

A

conduction aphasia

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22
Q

type of aphasia:

los of all language functions

A

global aphasia

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23
Q

type of aphasia:

fluent, grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired

A

transcortical aphasia

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24
Q

language area in the left inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s area

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25
Q

difficulty retrieving correct words for ideas they wish to express

A

anomia

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26
Q
  • speech production and writing deficits
  • speech is slow and effortful
  • anomia
  • comprehension intact
  • singing still intact
A

broca’s aphasia

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27
Q

located just below superior temporal gyrus

A

Wernicke’s area

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28
Q
  • comprehension for both spoken and written word impaired
  • speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless
  • seem unaware they make no sense
  • neologisms common
A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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29
Q

mash up words together that don’t normally go together

A

neologisms

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30
Q

damage to arcuate fasciculus causes difficulties with repetition of sentences

A

conduction aphasia

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31
Q
  • dorsolateral PFC and SMA damage
  • affects higher cognitive and attentional functions related to language production
  • initiation of speech disrupted
  • unable to produce verbs related to particular nouns (e.g., car - drive)
A

transcortical motor aphasia

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32
Q

intersection of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

  • affects ability to understand meaning of words
  • speech is grammatical and fluent, strong repetition
  • echolalia (repeating questions rather than answering)
A

transcortical sensory aphasia

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33
Q

recovery from aphasia

A
  • the younger you are the more/better you improve/recover

- most improvement in 1st year

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34
Q

language production and comprehension almost always in _______ hemisphere

A

left

right hemisphere can take over functions if damage occurs early in life

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35
Q

______ hemisphere usually plays role in prosody

A

right

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36
Q

musical quality of language (ex raising pitch at end of sentence to ask a question)

A

prosody

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37
Q

intonation, emphasis, and rhythm to convey meaning

A

prosody

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38
Q

3 language models:

A
  • Wernicke’-Geschwind model
  • contemporary model
  • dual stream models
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39
Q

language model:

Broca’s area is responsible for speech, Wernicke’s area is responsible for comprehension

A

Wernicke-Geschwind model

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40
Q

language model:

  • three interacting components
  • language implementation, mediational system, conceptual system
A

Contemporary model

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41
Q

language model:

ventral and dorsal pathway for language processing

A

dual stream models

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42
Q

dual stream language models:

dorsal stream

A

-interfaces sensory/phonological networks with motor-articulatory systems

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43
Q

dual stream language models:

ventral stream

A

-interface sensory/phonological networks with conceptual semantic systems

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44
Q

reading impairments

A

alexia

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45
Q

writing impairments

A

agraphia

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46
Q

inability to spell or write

damage to motor control areas

A

agraphia

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47
Q

unable to sound out new, nonsense, or difficult words

A

phonological agraphia

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48
Q

can’t form visual images of words to be spelled but can spell only phonetically (e.g., phone = fone)

A

orthographic agraphia

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49
Q
  • impairment in reading despite normal intelligence and exposure
  • 10-30% of population
  • high heritability: 40% chance sibling is also dyslexic
  • difficulty discriminating rapidly presented stimuli
A

dyslexia

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50
Q

-visual-perceptual difficulties (reading a word backwards, confusing mirror image letters, trouble fixating on printed words)

A

symptoms of dyslexia

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51
Q

dyslexia in the brain: planum temporale

A

does NOT show typical hemispheric asymmetry

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52
Q

dyslexia in the brain:
cells in planum temorale lack normal layering and arrangement of columns, may have migrated into superficial layer. T or F?

A

true

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53
Q
  • producing repetitions or prolonging of sounds

- primarily genetic in origin

A

stuttering

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54
Q

stuttering treatments

A
  • reducing rates at which speech is produced and stress associated w the disorder
  • learning special breathing techniques, soft voice onsets, and prolongation of syllables
  • dopamine antagonists (aimed at basal ganglia)
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55
Q

schizophrenia and language

A

many symptoms associated w interpretation and organization of language

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56
Q

schizophrenia and language:

creating/contracting new words for complex ideas

A

neologisms

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57
Q

schizophrenia and language:

unintelligible mixture of words and phrases

A

word salad

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58
Q

schizophrenia and language:

pathological repetition of the same response for different questions

A

perserveration

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59
Q

schizophrenia and language:

using words similar in sound, but not meaning

A

clang associations

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60
Q

schizophrenia and language:

repeating of words or phrases of one person by another

A

echolalia

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61
Q

positive effect of an object or condition has on the user

A

reward

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62
Q

major reward pathway

A

mesolimbocortical dopamine system

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63
Q

mesocortical pathway

A

VTA to PFC

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64
Q

burst of activity of the VTA during an

A

unexpected reward

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65
Q

burst of spike activity =

A

high levels of dopamine release

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66
Q

burst activity of the VTA predicting reward

A

increases attention toward stimuli that signals rewards

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67
Q

burst activity in VTA decreases with delay: no or short delay

A

highest firing and dopamine release from VTA

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68
Q

burst activity in VTA decreases with delay: long delay

A

lower firing and dopamine from VTA

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69
Q

dopamine and instant gratification

A

dopamine –> more impulsive decisions / short term gain over waiting for a larger reward

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70
Q

the mesolimbic pathway

A

VTA to NA via MFB

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71
Q

large white matter contracting fibers from: VTA to NA

  • olfactory regions
  • peri-amygdalaloid regions
  • septal area
A

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

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72
Q

one of hottest reward areas

A

MFB

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73
Q

stimulation of brain areas can cause pleasure. T or F?

A

true

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74
Q

electric self-stimulation of mesolimbic pathway related to

A

dopamine

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75
Q

if dopamine antagonist infused to nucleus accumbens, then reward effect of self-stimulation of MFB (or VTA) is

A

blocked

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76
Q

“the pleasure center”

A

nucleus accumbens

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77
Q

drugs of abuse increase dopamine in

A

nucleus accumbens

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78
Q

human participants: stimulation of septal area

A

intense, pleasant sexual feelings

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79
Q

human participants:

stimulation of medial thalamus

A

unpleasant tactile irritation

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80
Q

the intentional initiation of hostile or destructive acts toward another individual
-when not inhibited violence can result

A

aggression

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81
Q

genetics and aggression
-can be bred in animals
-within-species aggression related to dominance
T or F

A

true

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82
Q
  • attacks to kill (w/ the intent to harm)
  • against diff species for food
  • few vocalizations, attack head or neck
  • no activity in sympathetic nervous system
A

predatory aggression

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83
Q
  • just for show (“all bark, no bite”)
  • intimidation. does not kill for food
  • makes vocalizations, threatening posture
  • high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity
A

affective aggression

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84
Q

removal of cerebral hemispheres but not hypothalamus causes

A

sham rage

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85
Q

constant aggression mode =

A

sham rage

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86
Q

stimulation of medial hypothalamus causes

A

affective aggression

87
Q

stimulation of lateral hypothalamus causes

A

predatory aggression

88
Q

stimulation of amygdala can cause aggression (including some temporal lobe seizures) T or F?

A

true

89
Q

damage to amygdala causes

A

tameness/calmness

-Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

90
Q

T or F: drug and alcohol use is strongly associated with human aggression

A

true

91
Q

alcohol reduces the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the __________ and _________ cortices

A

cingulate and frontal cortices

92
Q

___________ increases reactivity to threatening stimuli

A

testosterone

93
Q

T or F: prenatal exposure to testosterone is correlated w higher aggressiveness

A

true

94
Q

decreased ____________ in amygdala correlated w increased aggression in rats

A

serotonin

95
Q

lower serotonin —>

A

more aggression

96
Q

low serotonin =

A

lower inhibition

97
Q

serotonin associated with

A

empathy

98
Q

rhesus monkeys low in social hierarchy had _____ levels of serotonin compared to dominant monkeys

A

low

99
Q

does brain damage cause aggression?

A

in some cases, maybe

100
Q

does mental illness cause aggression?

A

doubtful

101
Q

subjective experiences that arise spontaneously and unconsciously in response to internal and external events

A

emotion

102
Q

psychological component of emotions

A

“feelings” accompanied by characteristic behavior or facial expression

103
Q

physiological component of emotions

A

increase or decrease in activity levels

104
Q

individual differences influences on emotion

A
  • overall level of reactivity differs

- temperament

105
Q

environmental influences on emotion

A

presence of others influences intensity of emotional expression

106
Q

two continuums of emotions

A
  • valence (pos or neg)

- arousal level

107
Q

primary emotions (6)

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • anger
  • fear
  • disgust
  • surprise
108
Q

3 components of emotion

A
  • autonomic response
  • subjective feelings
  • cognitions about the experience
109
Q

emotion autonomic response

A

increased heart rate

-hypothalamus and associated structures

110
Q

emotion subjective feelings

A

fear

-amygdala and part of frontal lobes

111
Q

emotion cognitions about the experience

A

cerebral cortex

112
Q

blood vessels in face feed back temperature and muscle info to the brain, altering our experience of emotion

  • smiling makes you happier
  • frowning makes you more sad
A

facial feedback hypothesis

113
Q

motor cranial nerves involved in facial expression

A
  • VII (facial)

- V (trigeminal)

114
Q

cranial nerve VII (facial)

A

superficial muscles attached to skin

115
Q

cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

A

deep muscles attached to bones of head

116
Q

facial nerve nuclei located

A

in pons near midline

117
Q

2 pathways control expressions

A
  • voluntary

- spontaneous/involuntary

118
Q

voluntary control of expression

A
  • contralateral motor cortex

- forced or fake smile (choose to smile)

119
Q

spontaneous/involuntary control of expression

A

-basal ganglia
-genuine happy smile
(reflexive smile)

120
Q

T or F: blind and sighted individuals produce same facial response to winning/losing

A

true, meaning this isn’t a learned response

121
Q

specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to specific emotions

A

the James-Lange Theory of emotion

122
Q

physiological arousal contributes to emotion’s intensity, while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal

A

the Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

123
Q
  • almond-shaped collection of nuclei located within the limbic system
  • plays a role in emotional behaviors
A

amygdala

124
Q

receives input from all sensory systems, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus

A

amygdala

125
Q

sends projections primarily to frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, brainstem

A

amygdala

126
Q

stimulation of amygdala

A

produces fear and anxiety

127
Q

damage to amygdala

A

difficulty identifying fear and anger

128
Q

imaging of amygdala

A

more active when viewing expressions of fear

129
Q

chemistry of amygdala

A

contains many benzodiazepine receptors (anxiolytics)

130
Q

behavior of amygdala

A

involved in fear conditioning

131
Q

pathology of amygdala

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome reduces fear

132
Q

bilateral temporal lobectomy

  • decreased emotional reactivity
  • hyper-orality: putting random things in mouth
  • hyper-sexuality
A

kulver-bucy syndrome

133
Q

roles in emotion, attention, cognitive processing, consciousness

A

anterior cingulate cortex

134
Q

gateway between limbic structures and PFC

A

anterior cingulate cortex

135
Q

active when we express our emotions

same regions activated by physical and emotional pain

A

anterior cingulate cortex

136
Q

contributes to social behavior; damage may be implicated in sociopathy

A

anterior cingulate cortex

137
Q
  • inability to experience and express their own emotions and to recognize the emotional expression of others
  • apathy and loss of initiative or drive
  • inability to plan and organize, leading to poor decision-making
A

effects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotional behavior

138
Q

major subareas of this include orbitofrontal and ventromedial cortexes

A

the prefrontal cortex

139
Q

right hemisphere processes emotional facial expression better and faster

A

true, so left side = more attractive

140
Q
  • very strong belief that a loved one has been replaced with an identical imposter
  • visual recognition without emotional connection
  • no SCR, no arousal
A

capgras delusion

141
Q

a condition in the environment that makes unusual demands on the organism and strains ability to cope effectively

A

stress

142
Q

an unpleasant and disruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat
once danger has been perceived and identified, a predictable series of reactions is set into motion

A

stress

143
Q

_______ is caused by an existing stress-causing factor or stressor

A

stress

144
Q

________ is stress that continues ager the stressor is gone

A

anxiety

145
Q

stress response includes activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which is largely under control of the

A

hypothalamus

146
Q

stress hormones

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol

147
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine stress hormones

A
  • increase output from heart

- liberate glucose from muscles for additional energy

148
Q

cortisol stress hormone

A
  • increases energy by converting proteins to glucose, increasing fat availability, and increasing metabolism
  • long-term energy increase for sustained stress
149
Q

responds very quickly to a stressor by releasing epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands into the circulation

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM system)

150
Q

results in the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands

A

the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

151
Q

long term effects of cortisol

A

increases amount of calcium entering cells

increases amount of neurotransmitter released

152
Q

T or F: too much calcium can be excitotoxic to neurons and cause apoptosis (cell death)
neurons in hippocampus are particularly likely to die

A

true

153
Q

the body’s defense against malignant cells or invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms (pathogens) and substances (antigens)

A

immune system

154
Q

________ stress may be beneficial

A

acute

155
Q

increases cells and cell products that kill infected and malignant cells and protect the body against foreign substances, including bacteria and viruses
may increase neurogenesis

A

acute stress

156
Q

negative effects of stress

A

colds
people are more likely to get a cold (rhinovirus) when significantly stressed
social support can help offer protection

157
Q

________ or prolonged stress compromises the immune system

A

chronic

158
Q

the cardiovascular system is particularly vulnerable to stress. T or F?

A

true

159
Q

stress increases blood pressure, and prolonged high BP can damage the heart or cause a stroke. T or F

A

true

160
Q

good stress management

A

maintain good health habits
face to face social networking
cognitive restructuring

161
Q

good stress management: good health habits:

A

sleep
balanced diet
aerobic exercise

162
Q

a specialty field within clinical psychology that seeks to understand and treat patients w cognitive impairments

A

neuropsychology

163
Q

headache: pain is behind browbone and/or cheekbones

A

sinus headache

164
Q

headache: pain is in and around one eye

A

cluster headache

165
Q

headache: pain is like a band squeezing the head

A

tension headache

166
Q

headache: pain, nausea and visual changes are typical of classic form

A

migraine

167
Q

sinus headache linked to

A

environment

168
Q

cluster headache linked to

A

circadian rhythm

169
Q

tension headache linked to

A

stress

170
Q

migraines linked to

A

neurovascular pressure/serotonin

171
Q

migraines impacts 28% of population and is a neurovascular disorder. T or F?

A

True

172
Q

characterized by recurrent headaches. usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia. preceded by aura.
can be triggered by specific stimuli in environment

A

migraines

173
Q

migraines: vascular theory

A

increased blood flow in brain distends blood vessels, which exert pressure on surrounding tissue

174
Q

migraines: serotonin theory

A

serotonin acts to constrict blood vessels = reduced levels of serotonin, more blood flow

175
Q

both migraines and depression are more common in men or women?

A

women

176
Q

both migraines and depression are linked to reduced ___________

A

serotonin

177
Q

migraine treatments

A
  • OTC pain relief
  • SSRIs and Triptans (5HT receptor agonists)
  • behavioral changes and avoiding triggers can decrease frequency and severity
178
Q

brain is about 2% of body mass but uses how much of blood?

A

about 16%

179
Q

a stroke occurs when the brain’s blood supply is interrupted by either:

A
  • cerebral hemorrhage

- the sudden blockage of a blood vessel

180
Q

what falls under cerebral hemorrhage?

A

aneurysms

181
Q

what falls under the sudden blockage of a blood vessel?

A
  • ischemia and transient ischemic attacks
  • infarct / penumbra
  • thrombosis vs embolism
182
Q

bursting of a blood vessel

A

aneurysms

183
Q

type of stroke:

  • about 20% of cases
  • caused by high BP and vascular abnormalities
  • usually fatal
A

hemorrhage

184
Q

type of stroke:

  • about 80% of cases
  • caused by arteriosclerosis and blood clots
  • outcomes = infarct of varying size and changes in consciousness, sensation, and movement
A

ischemia

185
Q

cerebral hemorrhage may result from:

A
  • hypertension (high BP)
  • structural defects in blood vessels
  • aneurysms rupturing
  • blood diseases like leukemia
186
Q

description of hemorrhages:

inside brain

A

intracerebral

187
Q

description of hemorrhages:

in middle of meninges

A

subarachnoid

188
Q

description of hemorrhages:

between dura and brain

A

subdural

189
Q

description of hemorrhages:

between dura and skull

A

epidural

190
Q

blockage of CNS vasculature leads to ________, or low oxygen levels (80% of all strokes)
may lead to the death of neural tissue

A

ischemia

191
Q

death of neural tissue

A

infarct

192
Q

causes of ischemic events:

a clot that stays at point of origin

A

thrombosis

193
Q

causes of ischemic events:

a clot that passes to smaller vessels until it stops

A

embolism

194
Q

core region of tissue death due to lack of oxygen. early damage < 6 mins

A

infarct

195
Q

area of neural tissue susceptible to damage that surrounds an infarct. delayed damage. (area of secondary damage)

A

penumbra

196
Q

what is a mini-stroke

A
  • transient ischemic attacks: stroke symptoms lasting < 24 hours
  • caused by temporary state of reduced blood flow in a portion of the brain
197
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

stroke symptoms lasting < 24 hours

198
Q

standard treatments for vascular accidents

A
  • blood thinners

- exercise/diet changes

199
Q

new treatments to reduce excitotoxicity to decrease penumbra

A
  • block glutamate (antagonist or Mg)

- hypothermia for 48-72 hours by 4 degrees C

200
Q

head injuries:

A
  • traumatic brain injuries (open head injuries and concussions)
  • chronic traumatic brain injuries (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
201
Q

concussion coup =

A

point of impact that hits first

202
Q

concussion countercoup =

A

reverberating force on opposite side of brain than the primary coup.

203
Q

concussion and neuronal damage

A

may result in hematoma and white matter damage

204
Q

symptoms of a concussion (varies)

A
  • headache or a feeling of pressure in the head
  • temporary loss of consciousness
  • confusion or feeling as if in a fog
  • amnesia surrounding the traumatic event
  • dizziness
  • ringing in ears
  • nausea or vomiting
  • slurred speech
  • fatigue
205
Q

permanent damage from repeated mild head injuries, resulting in slurred speech, memory impairment, personality changes, lack of coordination, and Parkinson-like syndromes

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

206
Q

E4 variant of APOE gene may make people more vulnerable to

A

CBTI

and Alzheimer’s disease

207
Q

E4 is about 15% in population

A

true

208
Q

independent growth of new tissue that lacks purpose

A

tumor

209
Q

type of tumor likely to return after removal

A

malignant

210
Q

occurs when malignant tumors shed cells that grow tumors in other areas

A

metastasis

211
Q

tumors are not likely to recur after removal, do not metastasize

A

benign

212
Q

types of brain tumors:

develop in glial cells. >70% of brain tumors

A

gliomas

213
Q

types of brain tumors:

are typically encapsulated and generally do not recur following surgery

A

meningiomas

214
Q

treatment of brain tumors

A
  • surgical removal
  • chemotherapy
  • thalidomide to starve tumors of blood supply
  • angiogenesis inhibitors
  • delivery of stem cells with anticancer genes
  • radiation via gamma knife

Behavioral Neuroscience (4 decks)

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