Exam 4 Flashcards
The study and science of poisons
Toxicology
Any substance when applied or introduced into the body that may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal
Toxicant
Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Exposure
- species susceptibility
- species sensitivity
- sources of toxicity
Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Toxicokinetics
- mechanism of action
- metabolism
- excretion
- half-life
Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Prognosis
- risk to other animals
- risk to people or public health
Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Diagnosis
- clinical findings
- laboratory findings
- specific lesions
Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Treatment
- decontamination
- specific antidote (if indicated)
- organs affected
Is toxicology related to Physiology, Biochem, and anatomy?
Yes
How is toxicology related to pathology and histology?
Will help to understand specific lesions
How are toxicology, clinical medicine, and infectious diseases related?
All need understanding to generate differential list
How is toxicology and pharmacology related?
Theraputic index, LD50, human medications
True or False. Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs
True. The difference is the dose!
Foreign chemicals that the body does NOT produce
Xenobiotics
Drugs and poisons are both __________.
Xenobiotics
_______, __________, and __________ follow the same principles.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and structure-activity relationship
The toxicologist and the clinician are both interested in _________.
Drug toxicity, toxicity due to other chemicals
A poison from a biological process
Biotoxin
Zootoxin/animal toxin, phytoxin/ plant toxin, bacterial toxin/mycotoxin are examples of what?
Biotoxin
_________ is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of a poison.
Toxic
The disease caused by exposure to a toxin.
Toxicosis
the amount of poison that under certain circumstances will cause a toxicity
Toxicity
Effect of a single dose or multiple dose over 24 hrs
Acute toxicity
Effect produced by daily exposure from 1 to 30 days
Subacute toxicity
Effect exposed from daily exposure from 30-90 days
Subchronic toxicity
Effect produced by daily exposure from 3 months or more
Chronic toxicity
Several factors that influence the toxicity of any substance:
-species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure
The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50
Chronicity factor
Rapidly metabolized compounds have ______ chronicity factor
Low
Development of tolerance due to _______ metabolism will ______ the chronicity factor
Increase, decrease
Compounds with a cumulative effect will have a ______ chronicity factor.
High
A chronicity factor ___ than 2 indicates a relatively cumulative toxin.
Greater
The highest or largest dose, which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations
Highest non-toxic dose (HNTD)
Similar to the highest non-toxic dose
Maximum tolerated dose or Minimal toxic dose (MTD)
The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death
Toxic low dose
The dose which produces alterations and administering twice will result in death
Toxic high dose
The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any death, illness or toxic alterations in any animal for the stated period
No effect level
Dose that causes death in any animal during a period of observation
Lethal dose
Does not give info about severity of clinical signs
All or none response
LD0
Highest dose that does not cause death
LD50
Median lethal dose, dose that kills 50% of animals in group
LD100
Lowest dose that kills all animals in group
The danger from possibility of exposure
Hazard
true or false. A poison may be highly toxic but not poisonous.
True. Using a lower dose and not used very much
How can the risk level be calculated?
The ratio between toxicity and use level.
More toxic = ______ dose
Lower
Ex: 20:1
Higher risk= ______ risk
Higher
Ex: ratio 3:1
(Better odds)
1ppm =
1mg/kg =1mg/L
Ppm –> %
4 to the left
% –> to ppm.
4 to the right
