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Medical Math And Intro To Pharm > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The study and science of poisons

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

Any substance when applied or introduced into the body that may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

A

Toxicant

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3
Q

Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Exposure

A
  • species susceptibility
  • species sensitivity
  • sources of toxicity
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4
Q

Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Toxicokinetics

A
  • mechanism of action
  • metabolism
  • excretion
  • half-life
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5
Q

Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Prognosis

A
  • risk to other animals

- risk to people or public health

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6
Q

Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Diagnosis

A
  • clinical findings
  • laboratory findings
  • specific lesions
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7
Q

Important aspects of clinical toxicology: Treatment

A
  • decontamination
  • specific antidote (if indicated)
  • organs affected
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8
Q

Is toxicology related to Physiology, Biochem, and anatomy?

A

Yes

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9
Q

How is toxicology related to pathology and histology?

A

Will help to understand specific lesions

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10
Q

How are toxicology, clinical medicine, and infectious diseases related?

A

All need understanding to generate differential list

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11
Q

How is toxicology and pharmacology related?

A

Theraputic index, LD50, human medications

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12
Q

True or False. Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs

A

True. The difference is the dose!

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13
Q

Foreign chemicals that the body does NOT produce

A

Xenobiotics

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14
Q

Drugs and poisons are both __________.

A

Xenobiotics

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15
Q

_______, __________, and __________ follow the same principles.

A

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and structure-activity relationship

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16
Q

The toxicologist and the clinician are both interested in _________.

A

Drug toxicity, toxicity due to other chemicals

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17
Q

A poison from a biological process

A

Biotoxin

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18
Q

Zootoxin/animal toxin, phytoxin/ plant toxin, bacterial toxin/mycotoxin are examples of what?

A

Biotoxin

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19
Q

_________ is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of a poison.

A

Toxic

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20
Q

The disease caused by exposure to a toxin.

A

Toxicosis

21
Q

the amount of poison that under certain circumstances will cause a toxicity

A

Toxicity

22
Q

Effect of a single dose or multiple dose over 24 hrs

A

Acute toxicity

23
Q

Effect produced by daily exposure from 1 to 30 days

A

Subacute toxicity

24
Q

Effect exposed from daily exposure from 30-90 days

A

Subchronic toxicity

25
Q

Effect produced by daily exposure from 3 months or more

A

Chronic toxicity

26
Q

Several factors that influence the toxicity of any substance:

A

-species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure

27
Q

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

A

Chronicity factor

28
Q

Rapidly metabolized compounds have ______ chronicity factor

A

Low

29
Q

Development of tolerance due to _______ metabolism will ______ the chronicity factor

A

Increase, decrease

30
Q

Compounds with a cumulative effect will have a ______ chronicity factor.

A

High

31
Q

A chronicity factor ___ than 2 indicates a relatively cumulative toxin.

A

Greater

32
Q

The highest or largest dose, which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations

A

Highest non-toxic dose (HNTD)

33
Q

Similar to the highest non-toxic dose

A

Maximum tolerated dose or Minimal toxic dose (MTD)

34
Q

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

A

Toxic low dose

35
Q

The dose which produces alterations and administering twice will result in death

A

Toxic high dose

36
Q

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any death, illness or toxic alterations in any animal for the stated period

A

No effect level

37
Q

Dose that causes death in any animal during a period of observation

A

Lethal dose

38
Q

Does not give info about severity of clinical signs

A

All or none response

39
Q

LD0

A

Highest dose that does not cause death

40
Q

LD50

A

Median lethal dose, dose that kills 50% of animals in group

41
Q

LD100

A

Lowest dose that kills all animals in group

42
Q

The danger from possibility of exposure

A

Hazard

43
Q

true or false. A poison may be highly toxic but not poisonous.

A

True. Using a lower dose and not used very much

44
Q

How can the risk level be calculated?

A

The ratio between toxicity and use level.

45
Q

More toxic = ______ dose

A

Lower

Ex: 20:1

46
Q

Higher risk= ______ risk

A

Higher
Ex: ratio 3:1
(Better odds)

47
Q

1ppm =

A

1mg/kg =1mg/L

48
Q

Ppm –> %

A

4 to the left

49
Q

% –> to ppm.

A

4 to the right

Medical Math And Intro To Pharm (3 decks)

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