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Medical Math And Intro To Pharm > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a Drug

A

A substance used as a medication or in the preparation of medication

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the interactions of drugs with living systems

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3
Q

Clinical Pharmacology

A

The application of pharmacology principles to patients

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4
Q

Pharmacy

A

The science of the preparation of drugs

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5
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisons and their treatments

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6
Q

Drug Physical Properties

A

Liquid or pill?
Tablet or capsule?
Size, color shape taste?

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7
Q

Drug Chemical Properties

A 
Fat soluble or water soluble? 
Bioavailability?
Storage and shelf-life
Frequency
      Time dependent vs concentration dependent
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8
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics- Theraputic uses of the drug

A

Rational
Empiric
Prophylactic
Extra-label

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics-What does the body do to the drug after it has been administered?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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10
Q

5 Pillars of Pharmacology

A

1) the drug
2) Pharmacokinetics
3) Pharmacodynamics
4) Pharmacotheraputics
5) Drug Toxicity

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11
Q

3 types of Drug Sources

A

1) Natural
2) semi-synthetic
3) Synthetic

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12
Q

Types of Natural drug

sources

A

Plant
Animal
Fungal
Bacterial

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13
Q

Alkaloids

A 
End in -ine 
-Basic nitrogenous substances that are insolvable in water
-their salts are solvable in water 
-have a bitter taste 
-can be participated by acids 
Ex: atropine, morphine
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14
Q

Glycosides

A

Sugars combined with other organic structures (aglycone or genie)
Ex: digitalis glycosides

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15
Q

Resins

A

Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils

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16
Q

Gums

A

Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees

Ex: acacia trees in Africa

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17
Q

Tannins

A

Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect
Ex: witch hazel

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18
Q

Fixed Oils

A

Stable oils that will not evaporate when exposed to air

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19
Q

Volatile Oils

A

Will evaportate readily when exposed to air

Ex: peppermint oil, turpentine oil

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20
Q

Animal drug sources

A

Blood, plasma, hormones

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21
Q

Fungal drug sources

A

Antibiotics

Ex: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines

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22
Q

Bacterial Drug sources

A

Antibiotics

Ex: Bactiracin

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23
Q

Semisynthetic sources

A

From natural and chemically treated sources

Ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine

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24
Q

Synthetic sources

A

Highly purified substances prepared synthetically

Ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic), but orphan old, aspirin

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25
General routes of administration
1) local 2) systemic: Oral 3) Systemic : Injection
26
Types of local administration
Skin, nasal, ocular(conjunctional, corneal), urinary tract (urethra, bladder), vaginal, rectal, mammary, lingual, sublingual, GI tract lining (mucosa), optic, epidural regional anesthesia, intra-spinal, intra-synovial or intra-articular (joint space), intra-medullary (bone marrow)
27
Oral Drug Administration: Advantages
- >Generally safe - >Convenient- can give at home - >Feeding tubes useful if non-compliant patient or multiple medications needed - > infection at site, not a concern
28
Oral Drug Administration: Disadvantages
- >slower onset of action - > Inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, or rumen microflora - > food or other drugs could affect absorption - >GI activity + integrity - > Irritant drugs may cause GI upset - > Palatability - > patient compliance - >owner compliance
29
IV- Advantages
- > Accurate - > Fast onset of action - > irritating, hypertonic, acidic/basic - > larger volumes
30
IV- Disadvantages
- > Dangerous | - > some drugs can irritate veins
31
IM-Advantages
- > rapid absorption. - > Duration of action is longer than IV - > suspensions can be given
32
IM- Disadvantages
- > Risk of tissue damage * Irritants * Hypertonic substances * acid or basic drugs - >Administration site infection possible
33
SQ- Advantages
- > Slow but constant absorption - > longer duration of action - > can give at home in some cases (insulin)
34
SQ-Disadvantages
- > slow onset - > irritating drugs cannot be used - > administration site infection possible
35
Factors affecting Route selection: Theraputic
- onset of action - duration of action - site of action - adverse reactions
36
Factors affecting route selection: Drug Factors
- irritating properties - solubility - pH
37
Class I
-Highest abuse potential -severe liability -No theraputic agents in the US Ex: heroin, LSD
38
Class II
-High abuse -Severe liability Ex: morphine, codeine
39
Class III
-Abuse potential is less than C1 and C2 -Moderate liability Ex: anabolic steroids
40
Class IV
-abuse potential is less than C1, C2, C3 -moderate liability Ex: but orphan old, diazepam
41
Class V
- least abuse potential | - limited liability
42
Prescription
An order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, to affix the directions and to sell the prescription to the client
43
Components of a prescription
1) Superscription 2) inscription 3) subscription 4) signa or transcription 5) signature
44
Superscription
-an abbreviation of the Latin work "recipe" means take
45
Inscription
Lists the names and amounts of drugs to be incorporated in the prescription
46
Subscription
Instructions to the pharmacist
47
Signa or transcription
Instructions for administration of the medication, which pharmacist is the write on the label
48
Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank (FARAD)
Computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food producing animals, official tolerances, and pharmacokinetics studies
49
compound medications
Any drug that has been created by combining or altering ingredients
50
Dosage forms
Solid, liquid, gas
51
S.i.d
Once a day
52
B.i.d
Twice a day
53
Q.O.D
Every other day
54
o.d or q.d
Every day
55
OS
Left eye
56
OD
Right eye
57
OU
Each eye
58
AS
Left ear
59
AD
Right ear
60
AU
Both ears
61
The smallest amount that has a theraputic effect
Minimal theraputic dose
62
The largest amount that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects
Maximal theraputic dose
63
The effective dose in 50% of the animals
ED50
64
The optimal dose, which lies between the minimal and maximal theraputic doses
Theraputic dose
65
Dose that causes theraputic effect in 99% of animals
ED99
66
The amount that produces undesirable clinical, hemological, biochemical, or pathological alterations
Toxic dose
67
Theraputic index equation
LD50/ED50
68
The wider the margin=safer the drug
Theraputic index
69
The study of doses
Posology
70
The amount of drug given to an animal to give a certain efffect
Dose
71
Expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1.
Standard safety margin
72
Drug dosage and response: factors related to the animal:
- species - breed - individual - body weight - Age - sex - temperament - idiosyncrasy - hypersensitivity - disease - tolerance
73
Drug dosage and response: Factors related to the drug
- route of administration - timing of administration - cumulation - drug-drug interactions
74
Drug dosage and response: factors related to the environment
- ambient temperature - Humidity - Oxygen - Exposure to light
75
Species differences that can cause drug dosage/response
- Anatomical - Physiological - Biochemical
76
Examples of factors related to species
- the digestive traction ruminants - vomiting in vomiting species - urine pH in different species - drug-metabolizing enzymes - plasma protein binding
77
Examples of factors related to breed
- collies are more sensitive to ivermectin | - boxers, bulldogs, pugs are sensitive to phenothiazines
78
Example of factors related to individual
-genetic differences
79
Examples of factors that relate to body weight
-obese, lean, or severely dehydrated, have to adjust the dose
80
Examples of factors that relate to Age
Pediatric vs geriatric
81
Examples of factors that relate to sex
Pregnancy, lactation, etc
82
Examples of factors that relate to temperament
Calmer animals may need lower doses of CNS depressants than aggressive animals
83
Examples of factors related to idiosyncrasy
-genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions
84
Types of Drug-Drug Interactions (4)
1) Summation (addition) 2) Potentiation (intensification) 3) Synergism 4) Antagonism
85
Summation (addition)
Is the sum of the effects of drug
86
Potentiation (intesification)
The combined effect is greater than the sum of the 2 drugs acting independently
87
Synergism
The exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action
88
Antagonism
Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug.
89
Enzyme Inducer= phenobarbital
Can decrease the effects of other drugs
90
Enzyme inhibitors= chloramphenicol
Increase effects of other drugs
91
What makes drugs more basic?
Sodium bicarbonate
92
What makes a drug more acidic?
Ammonium chloride

Medical Math And Intro To Pharm (3 decks)

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