Exam 1 Flashcards
Definition of a Drug
A substance used as a medication or in the preparation of medication
Pharmacology
The study of the interactions of drugs with living systems
Clinical Pharmacology
The application of pharmacology principles to patients
Pharmacy
The science of the preparation of drugs
Toxicology
The study of poisons and their treatments
Drug Physical Properties
Liquid or pill?
Tablet or capsule?
Size, color shape taste?
Drug Chemical Properties
Fat soluble or water soluble?
Bioavailability?
Storage and shelf-life
Frequency
Time dependent vs concentration dependentPharmacotherapeutics- Theraputic uses of the drug
Rational
Empiric
Prophylactic
Extra-label
Pharmacokinetics-What does the body do to the drug after it has been administered?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
5 Pillars of Pharmacology
1) the drug
2) Pharmacokinetics
3) Pharmacodynamics
4) Pharmacotheraputics
5) Drug Toxicity
3 types of Drug Sources
1) Natural
2) semi-synthetic
3) Synthetic
Types of Natural drug
sources
Plant
Animal
Fungal
Bacterial
Alkaloids
End in -ine -Basic nitrogenous substances that are insolvable in water -their salts are solvable in water -have a bitter taste -can be participated by acids Ex: atropine, morphine
Glycosides
Sugars combined with other organic structures (aglycone or genie)
Ex: digitalis glycosides
Resins
Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils
Gums
Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
Ex: acacia trees in Africa
Tannins
Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect
Ex: witch hazel
Fixed Oils
Stable oils that will not evaporate when exposed to air
Volatile Oils
Will evaportate readily when exposed to air
Ex: peppermint oil, turpentine oil
Animal drug sources
Blood, plasma, hormones
Fungal drug sources
Antibiotics
Ex: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines
Bacterial Drug sources
Antibiotics
Ex: Bactiracin
Semisynthetic sources
From natural and chemically treated sources
Ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine
Synthetic sources
Highly purified substances prepared synthetically
Ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic), but orphan old, aspirin
General routes of administration
1) local
2) systemic: Oral
3) Systemic : Injection
Types of local administration
Skin, nasal, ocular(conjunctional, corneal), urinary tract (urethra, bladder), vaginal, rectal, mammary, lingual, sublingual, GI tract lining (mucosa), optic, epidural regional anesthesia, intra-spinal, intra-synovial or intra-articular (joint space), intra-medullary (bone marrow)
Oral Drug Administration: Advantages
- > Generally safe
- > Convenient- can give at home
- > Feeding tubes useful if non-compliant patient or multiple medications needed
- > infection at site, not a concern
Oral Drug Administration: Disadvantages
- > slower onset of action
- > Inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, or rumen microflora
- > food or other drugs could affect absorption
- > GI activity + integrity
- > Irritant drugs may cause GI upset
- > Palatability
- > patient compliance
- > owner compliance
IV- Advantages
- > Accurate
- > Fast onset of action
- > irritating, hypertonic, acidic/basic
- > larger volumes
IV- Disadvantages
- > Dangerous
- > some drugs can irritate veins
IM-Advantages
- > rapid absorption.
- > Duration of action is longer than IV
- > suspensions can be given
IM- Disadvantages
- > Risk of tissue damage
* Irritants
* Hypertonic substances
* acid or basic drugs - > Administration site infection possible
SQ- Advantages
- > Slow but constant absorption
- > longer duration of action
- > can give at home in some cases (insulin)
SQ-Disadvantages
- > slow onset
- > irritating drugs cannot be used
- > administration site infection possible
Factors affecting Route selection: Theraputic
- onset of action
- duration of action
- site of action
- adverse reactions
Factors affecting route selection: Drug Factors
- irritating properties
- solubility
- pH
Class I
-Highest abuse potential
-severe liability
-No theraputic agents in the US
Ex: heroin, LSD
Class II
-High abuse
-Severe liability
Ex: morphine, codeine
Class III
-Abuse potential is less than C1 and C2
-Moderate liability
Ex: anabolic steroids
Class IV
-abuse potential is less than C1, C2, C3
-moderate liability
Ex: but orphan old, diazepam
Class V
- least abuse potential
- limited liability
Prescription
An order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, to affix the directions and to sell the prescription to the client
Components of a prescription
1) Superscription
2) inscription
3) subscription
4) signa or transcription
5) signature
Superscription
-an abbreviation of the Latin work “recipe” means take
Inscription
Lists the names and amounts of drugs to be incorporated in the prescription
Subscription
Instructions to the pharmacist
Signa or transcription
Instructions for administration of the medication, which pharmacist is the write on the label
Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank (FARAD)
Computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food producing animals, official tolerances, and pharmacokinetics studies
compound medications
Any drug that has been created by combining or altering ingredients
Dosage forms
Solid, liquid, gas
S.i.d
Once a day
B.i.d
Twice a day
Q.O.D
Every other day
o.d or q.d
Every day
OS
Left eye
OD
Right eye
OU
Each eye
AS
Left ear
AD
Right ear
AU
Both ears
The smallest amount that has a theraputic effect
Minimal theraputic dose
The largest amount that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects
Maximal theraputic dose
The effective dose in 50% of the animals
ED50
The optimal dose, which lies between the minimal and maximal theraputic doses
Theraputic dose
Dose that causes theraputic effect in 99% of animals
ED99
The amount that produces undesirable clinical, hemological, biochemical, or pathological alterations
Toxic dose
Theraputic index equation
LD50/ED50
The wider the margin=safer the drug
Theraputic index
The study of doses
Posology
The amount of drug given to an animal to give a certain efffect
Dose
Expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1.
Standard safety margin
Drug dosage and response: factors related to the animal:
- species
- breed
- individual
- body weight
- Age
- sex
- temperament
- idiosyncrasy
- hypersensitivity
- disease
- tolerance
Drug dosage and response: Factors related to the drug
- route of administration
- timing of administration
- cumulation
- drug-drug interactions
Drug dosage and response: factors related to the environment
- ambient temperature
- Humidity
- Oxygen
- Exposure to light
Species differences that can cause drug dosage/response
- Anatomical
- Physiological
- Biochemical
Examples of factors related to species
- the digestive traction ruminants
- vomiting in vomiting species
- urine pH in different species
- drug-metabolizing enzymes
- plasma protein binding
Examples of factors related to breed
- collies are more sensitive to ivermectin
- boxers, bulldogs, pugs are sensitive to phenothiazines
Example of factors related to individual
-genetic differences
Examples of factors that relate to body weight
-obese, lean, or severely dehydrated, have to adjust the dose
Examples of factors that relate to Age
Pediatric vs geriatric
Examples of factors that relate to sex
Pregnancy, lactation, etc
Examples of factors that relate to temperament
Calmer animals may need lower doses of CNS depressants than aggressive animals
Examples of factors related to idiosyncrasy
-genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions
Types of Drug-Drug Interactions (4)
1) Summation (addition)
2) Potentiation (intensification)
3) Synergism
4) Antagonism
Summation (addition)
Is the sum of the effects of drug
Potentiation (intesification)
The combined effect is greater than the sum of the 2 drugs acting independently
Synergism
The exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action
Antagonism
Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug.
Enzyme Inducer= phenobarbital
Can decrease the effects of other drugs
Enzyme inhibitors= chloramphenicol
Increase effects of other drugs
What makes drugs more basic?
Sodium bicarbonate
What makes a drug more acidic?
Ammonium chloride
