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Medical Math And Intro To Pharm > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of a Drug

A

A substance used as a medication or in the preparation of medication

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the interactions of drugs with living systems

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3
Q

Clinical Pharmacology

A

The application of pharmacology principles to patients

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4
Q

Pharmacy

A

The science of the preparation of drugs

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5
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisons and their treatments

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6
Q

Drug Physical Properties

A

Liquid or pill?
Tablet or capsule?
Size, color shape taste?

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7
Q

Drug Chemical Properties

A 
Fat soluble or water soluble? 
Bioavailability?
Storage and shelf-life
Frequency
      Time dependent vs concentration dependent
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8
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics- Theraputic uses of the drug

A

Rational
Empiric
Prophylactic
Extra-label

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics-What does the body do to the drug after it has been administered?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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10
Q

5 Pillars of Pharmacology

A

1) the drug
2) Pharmacokinetics
3) Pharmacodynamics
4) Pharmacotheraputics
5) Drug Toxicity

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11
Q

3 types of Drug Sources

A

1) Natural
2) semi-synthetic
3) Synthetic

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12
Q

Types of Natural drug

sources

A

Plant
Animal
Fungal
Bacterial

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13
Q

Alkaloids

A 
End in -ine 
-Basic nitrogenous substances that are insolvable in water
-their salts are solvable in water 
-have a bitter taste 
-can be participated by acids 
Ex: atropine, morphine
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14
Q

Glycosides

A

Sugars combined with other organic structures (aglycone or genie)
Ex: digitalis glycosides

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15
Q

Resins

A

Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils

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16
Q

Gums

A

Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees

Ex: acacia trees in Africa

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17
Q

Tannins

A

Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect
Ex: witch hazel

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18
Q

Fixed Oils

A

Stable oils that will not evaporate when exposed to air

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19
Q

Volatile Oils

A

Will evaportate readily when exposed to air

Ex: peppermint oil, turpentine oil

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20
Q

Animal drug sources

A

Blood, plasma, hormones

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21
Q

Fungal drug sources

A

Antibiotics

Ex: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines

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22
Q

Bacterial Drug sources

A

Antibiotics

Ex: Bactiracin

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23
Q

Semisynthetic sources

A

From natural and chemically treated sources

Ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine

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24
Q

Synthetic sources

A

Highly purified substances prepared synthetically

Ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic), but orphan old, aspirin

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25
Q

General routes of administration

A

1) local
2) systemic: Oral
3) Systemic : Injection

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26
Q

Types of local administration

A

Skin, nasal, ocular(conjunctional, corneal), urinary tract (urethra, bladder), vaginal, rectal, mammary, lingual, sublingual, GI tract lining (mucosa), optic, epidural regional anesthesia, intra-spinal, intra-synovial or intra-articular (joint space), intra-medullary (bone marrow)

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27
Q

Oral Drug Administration: Advantages

A
  • > Generally safe
  • > Convenient- can give at home
  • > Feeding tubes useful if non-compliant patient or multiple medications needed
  • > infection at site, not a concern
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28
Q

Oral Drug Administration: Disadvantages

A
  • > slower onset of action
  • > Inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, or rumen microflora
  • > food or other drugs could affect absorption
  • > GI activity + integrity
  • > Irritant drugs may cause GI upset
  • > Palatability
  • > patient compliance
  • > owner compliance
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29
Q

IV- Advantages

A
  • > Accurate
  • > Fast onset of action
  • > irritating, hypertonic, acidic/basic
  • > larger volumes
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30
Q

IV- Disadvantages

A
  • > Dangerous

- > some drugs can irritate veins

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31
Q

IM-Advantages

A
  • > rapid absorption.
  • > Duration of action is longer than IV
  • > suspensions can be given
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32
Q

IM- Disadvantages

A
  • > Risk of tissue damage
    * Irritants
    * Hypertonic substances
    * acid or basic drugs
  • > Administration site infection possible
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33
Q

SQ- Advantages

A
  • > Slow but constant absorption
  • > longer duration of action
  • > can give at home in some cases (insulin)
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34
Q

SQ-Disadvantages

A
  • > slow onset
  • > irritating drugs cannot be used
  • > administration site infection possible
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35
Q

Factors affecting Route selection: Theraputic

A
  • onset of action
  • duration of action
  • site of action
  • adverse reactions
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36
Q

Factors affecting route selection: Drug Factors

A
  • irritating properties
  • solubility
  • pH
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37
Q

Class I

A

-Highest abuse potential
-severe liability
-No theraputic agents in the US
Ex: heroin, LSD

38
Q

Class II

A

-High abuse
-Severe liability
Ex: morphine, codeine

39
Q

Class III

A

-Abuse potential is less than C1 and C2
-Moderate liability
Ex: anabolic steroids

40
Q

Class IV

A

-abuse potential is less than C1, C2, C3
-moderate liability
Ex: but orphan old, diazepam

41
Q

Class V

A
  • least abuse potential

- limited liability

42
Q

Prescription

A

An order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, to affix the directions and to sell the prescription to the client

43
Q

Components of a prescription

A

1) Superscription
2) inscription
3) subscription
4) signa or transcription
5) signature

44
Q

Superscription

A

-an abbreviation of the Latin work “recipe” means take

45
Q

Inscription

A

Lists the names and amounts of drugs to be incorporated in the prescription

46
Q

Subscription

A

Instructions to the pharmacist

47
Q

Signa or transcription

A

Instructions for administration of the medication, which pharmacist is the write on the label

48
Q

Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank (FARAD)

A

Computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food producing animals, official tolerances, and pharmacokinetics studies

49
Q

compound medications

A

Any drug that has been created by combining or altering ingredients

50
Q

Dosage forms

A

Solid, liquid, gas

51
Q

S.i.d

A

Once a day

52
Q

B.i.d

A

Twice a day

53
Q

Q.O.D

A

Every other day

54
Q

o.d or q.d

A

Every day

55
Q

OS

A

Left eye

56
Q

OD

A

Right eye

57
Q

OU

A

Each eye

58
Q

AS

A

Left ear

59
Q

AD

A

Right ear

60
Q

AU

A

Both ears

61
Q

The smallest amount that has a theraputic effect

A

Minimal theraputic dose

62
Q

The largest amount that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects

A

Maximal theraputic dose

63
Q

The effective dose in 50% of the animals

A

ED50

64
Q

The optimal dose, which lies between the minimal and maximal theraputic doses

A

Theraputic dose

65
Q

Dose that causes theraputic effect in 99% of animals

A

ED99

66
Q

The amount that produces undesirable clinical, hemological, biochemical, or pathological alterations

A

Toxic dose

67
Q

Theraputic index equation

A

LD50/ED50

68
Q

The wider the margin=safer the drug

A

Theraputic index

69
Q

The study of doses

A

Posology

70
Q

The amount of drug given to an animal to give a certain efffect

A

Dose

71
Q

Expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1.

A

Standard safety margin

72
Q

Drug dosage and response: factors related to the animal:

A
  • species
  • breed
  • individual
  • body weight
  • Age
  • sex
  • temperament
  • idiosyncrasy
  • hypersensitivity
  • disease
  • tolerance
73
Q

Drug dosage and response: Factors related to the drug

A
  • route of administration
  • timing of administration
  • cumulation
  • drug-drug interactions
74
Q

Drug dosage and response: factors related to the environment

A
  • ambient temperature
  • Humidity
  • Oxygen
  • Exposure to light
75
Q

Species differences that can cause drug dosage/response

A
  • Anatomical
  • Physiological
  • Biochemical
76
Q

Examples of factors related to species

A
  • the digestive traction ruminants
  • vomiting in vomiting species
  • urine pH in different species
  • drug-metabolizing enzymes
  • plasma protein binding
77
Q

Examples of factors related to breed

A
  • collies are more sensitive to ivermectin

- boxers, bulldogs, pugs are sensitive to phenothiazines

78
Q

Example of factors related to individual

A

-genetic differences

79
Q

Examples of factors that relate to body weight

A

-obese, lean, or severely dehydrated, have to adjust the dose

80
Q

Examples of factors that relate to Age

A

Pediatric vs geriatric

81
Q

Examples of factors that relate to sex

A

Pregnancy, lactation, etc

82
Q

Examples of factors that relate to temperament

A

Calmer animals may need lower doses of CNS depressants than aggressive animals

83
Q

Examples of factors related to idiosyncrasy

A

-genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions

84
Q

Types of Drug-Drug Interactions (4)

A

1) Summation (addition)
2) Potentiation (intensification)
3) Synergism
4) Antagonism

85
Q

Summation (addition)

A

Is the sum of the effects of drug

86
Q

Potentiation (intesification)

A

The combined effect is greater than the sum of the 2 drugs acting independently

87
Q

Synergism

A

The exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action

88
Q

Antagonism

A

Administration of a drug results in decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug.

89
Q

Enzyme Inducer= phenobarbital

A

Can decrease the effects of other drugs

90
Q

Enzyme inhibitors= chloramphenicol

A

Increase effects of other drugs

91
Q

What makes drugs more basic?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

92
Q

What makes a drug more acidic?

A

Ammonium chloride

Medical Math And Intro To Pharm (3 decks)

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