Exam 4

Question 1

By what year did African Americans and women both have the constitutional right to vote?

1866
1920
1965
1980

Answer 1

1920

Question 2

By what year were African Americans and women actually able to vote in large numbers?

1866
1920
1965
1980

Answer 2

1965

Question 3

The practice of financial institutions refusing to lend money for housing mortgages for entire neighborhoods is called

exclusionary zoning.
financial zoning.
restrictive lending.
redlining.

Answer 3

redlining.

Question 4

In what case did the U.S. Supreme Court declare that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”?

Plessy v. Ferguson
Lawrence v. Texas
Gratz v. Bollinger
Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 4

Brown v. Board of Education

Question 5

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

Racially segregated schools can never be equal and therefore violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
States choosing to have segregated schools need to spend more money to make African American schools equal.
The federal judiciary, not Congress, has the power to enforce civil rights.
School segregation is unfair but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 5

Racially segregated schools can never be equal and therefore violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 6

When the Supreme Court decided in __________ that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages, schools were forced to take seriously the issue of sexual harassment.

Mendez v. Westminister
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
Loving v. Virginia
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

Answer 6

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

Question 7

What was the Supreme Court’s response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

It declared the act constitutional.
It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution only protects against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism.
The Supreme Court never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act.

Answer 7

It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution only protects against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.

Question 8

According to the authors of the textbook, what is the current status of school desegregation?

The Court has ruled that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to schools to achieve greater racial diversity, so one of the few strategies to promote racial integration has been eliminated.
As a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, school desegregation efforts have largely been achieved.
Schools in the South have been desegregated, but due to the courts’ reluctance to impose remedies for de facto segregation, schools in the North remain segregated.
Once again it seems that the Court, under the leadership of Chief Justice Roberts, is ready to start the so-called “third wave” of desegregation efforts.

Answer 8

The Court has ruled that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to schools to achieve greater racial diversity, so one of the few strategies to promote racial integration has been eliminated.

Question 9

To draw voting districts so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged is called

disenfranchisement.
gerrymandering.
busing.
logrolling.

Answer 9

gerrymandering.

Question 10

The Supreme Court has ruled that illegal immigrants are eligible for all of the following except

public education.
emergency medical care.
welfare benefits.
The government must provide all of these benefits to illegal immigrants.

Answer 10

welfare benefits.

Question 11

For the first hundred years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court interpreted the equal protection clause to

require public facilities be shared by whites and blacks.
permit a system of segregated social facilities.
maintain integrated private facilities.
make sure that black schools got equal funding.

Answer 11

permit a system of segregated social facilities.

Question 12

Affirmative action allows companies to

set quotas for the number of minorities they will hire.
guarantee that a minority must be hired for the next job opening.
consider minority status, all other things being equal.
set quotas for the number of women they will hire.

Answer 12

consider minority status, all other things being equal.

Question 13

____________ is defined as compensatory action to overcome the consequences of past discrimination.

Affirmative action    Reverse discrimination    Compensatory damages    Punitive damages

Answer 13

Affirmative action

Question 14

In 1990, Congress passed the ____________, which guarantees equal employment rights and access to public businesses for the disabled.

Civil Rights Act
Equal Access Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
Public Facilities Rehabilitation Act

Answer 14

Americans with Disabilities Act

Question 15

In their response to Brown v. Board of Education, southern states did all of the following except

pass laws requiring schools to remain segregated.
centralize school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.
protest the constitutionality of the Court’s decision.
quickly desegregate the schools.

Answer 15

quickly desegregate the schools.

Question 16

In cases of racial discrimination, the Supreme Court uses the ____________ test.

Lemon
community standards
strict scrutiny
intermediate scrutiny

Answer 16

strict scrutiny

Question 17

Which of the following best describes how to distinguish civil rights from civil liberties?

Unlike civil liberties, civil rights place positive obligations on the government to take action.
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights restrict and limit government action.
Unlike civil liberties, only state governments enforce civil rights.
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights protect corporations as well as individuals.

Answer 17

Unlike civil liberties, civil rights place positive obligations on the government to take action.

Question 18

The policy of “Don’t ask, don’t tell” concerned

prohibitions on asking about a woman’s marital status in job hiring.
not penalizing companies who fire older Americans.
permitting states and cities to determine their own policies on same-sex marriage.
allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military as long as they do not openly proclaim their sexual orientation or engage in homosexual activity.

Answer 18

allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military as long as they do not openly proclaim their sexual orientation or engage in homosexual activity.

Question 19

By far the most important piece of legislation passed by Congress fostering equal opportunity in the United States was the

Dred Scott law.
Equal Pay Act of 1963.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Civil Rights Act of 1991.

Answer 19

Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Question 20

Since 1975, Native Americans have

lost the right to speak their own languages.
successfully sued the federal government for illegally seizing Native American lands.
failed to gain federal recognition of their sovereignty.
used civil disobedience to regain tribal territories.

Answer 20

successfully sued the federal government for illegally seizing Native American lands.

Question 21

What Supreme Court case first restricted the use of racial quotas in university admissions?

University of California v. Bakke
Brown v. Board of Education
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
Hopwood v. University of Texas

Answer 21

University of California v. Bakke

Question 22

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

an important gathering that initiated the abolitionist movement
a convention of southern leaders in the 1850s debating succession
the convention that wrote and debated the Fourteenth Amendment
the convention that wrote and debated the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Answer 22

the convention that wrote and debated the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Question 23

What is the practice of restrictive covenants?

the practice of requiring separate public facilities for African Americans and whites
a type of literacy exam used in the South to keep African Americans from voting
the seller of a home adding a clause to the sales contract that requires the buyer to agree not to sell the home later to an African American, a Jew, etc.
a type of poll tax

Answer 23

the seller of a home adding a clause to the sales contract that requires the buyer to agree not to sell the home later to an African American, a Jew, etc.

Question 24

Legal segregation is called ____________ segregation.

de jure
de facto
state-sanctioned
discrimination

Answer 24

de jure

Question 25

Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery? Tenth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth

Answer 25

Thirteenth

Question 26

The decision in which court case established the principle of separate but equal? Dred Scott Brown v. Board of Education The Slaughterhouse Cases Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 26

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 27

“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” This is the wording of which amendment to the constitution? the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment the equal protection of the laws clause of the Fourteenth Amendment the Nineteenth Amendment There is no such clause in the U.S. constitution.

Answer 27

There is no such clause in the U.S. constitution.

Question 28

Against which group is it still legal to discriminate in hiring (in most states)? African Americans Older Americans Women It is illegal to discriminate against any of these groups in job hiring.

Answer 28

It is illegal to discriminate against any of these groups in job hiring.

Question 29

In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that Michigan Law School’s affirmative action policy was constitutional, since the Bakke decision allowed quotas. was constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota. was unconstitutional since race can never be a factor in admissions. was unconstitutional since diversity in education is not a compelling state interest.

Answer 29

was constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota.

Question 30

When hearing gender-related discrimination cases, the Court uses the doctrine of absolute scrutiny. strict scrutiny. intermediate scrutiny. selective scrutiny.

Answer 30

intermediate scrutiny.

Question 31

Ten years after the Brown decision, about ____________ percent of African American school-age children in the Deep South were attending schools with whites. 1 10 25 50

Answer 31

1

Question 32

This constitutional amendment guaranteed voting rights for African American men. Tenth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth

Answer 32

Fifteenth

Question 33

Most of the positive actions of government associated with the civil rights issue in the United States stem from application of the civil rights clause of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution. the commerce clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Answer 33

the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Question 34

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters. protect African Americans against disenfranchisement in the voting booth. expand the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to recent Asian immigrants. restore the lost civil rights for former Confederate soldiers and sympathizers.

Answer 34

protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters.

Question 35

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is enforced by the Supreme Court. the Surgeon General of the United States. state-level law enforcement agencies. the Department of Justice.

Answer 35

the Department of Justice.

Question 36

discrimination

Answer 36

the use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion.

Question 37

civil rights

Answer 37

obligation imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens.

Question 38

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 38

one of three Civil War amendments; it abolished slavery.

Question 39

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 39

one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process

Question 40

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 40

one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for African American men.

Question 41

Jim Crow laws

Answer 41

laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans.

Question 42

"separate but equal" rule

Answer 42

doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal.

Question 43

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 43

the 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine as fundamentally unequal. This case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions.

Question 44

strict scrutiny

Answer 44

a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.

Question 45

de jure

Answer 45

literally, "by law"; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s.

Question 46

de facto

Answer 46

literally, "by fact"; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today

Question 47

gerrymandering

Answer 47

the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.

Question 48

redlining

Answer 48

a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations

Question 49

affirmative action

Answer 49

government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities.

Question 50

equal protection clause

Answer 50

provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws."

Question 51

Americans have been more concerned with ensuring economic ____________ than with promoting economic ____________ democracy; liberty. equality; liberty. democracy; equality. liberty; equality.

Answer 51

liberty; equality.

Question 52

When was the last year that the U.S. government ran a budget surplus? 1964 1984 1997 2000

Answer 52

2000

Question 53

Which of the following approaches for coping with global warming seeks to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions? mitigation deregulation alternative technologies adaptation

Answer 53

mitigation

Question 54

Republicans in Congress opposed the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 because it had too many regulations attached to the bailouts. they opposed the supply-side economic strategy contained in the bill. they saw it as wasteful spending. it contained too many tax cuts.

Answer 54

they saw it as wasteful spending.

Question 55

In the past few decades, discretionary spending as a percentage of the budget has declined significantly. This means that the government is less able to use fiscal policy to counteract fluctuations in the business cycle. the government is more able to use fiscal policy to counteract fluctuations in the business cycle. the government is less able to use monetary policy to counteract fluctuations in the business cycle. the government is more able to use monetary policy to counteract fluctuations in the business cycle.

Answer 55

the government is less able to use fiscal policy to counteract fluctuations in the business cycle.

Question 56

Congress approved a $700 billion emergency bailout of financial institutions in October 2008. This bailout is known as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. the Emergency Financial Stability Act. the Troubled Asset Relief Program. the Wall Street Recovery Act.

Answer 56

the Troubled Asset Relief Program.

Question 57

When private corporations are required to be equal opportunity employers in order to receive government contracts, the government is creating an unfunded mandate. using reward and punishment to secure private-sector obedience. distributing grants-in-aid. practicing so-called coercive federalism.

Answer 57

using reward and punishment to secure private-sector obedience.

Question 58

Someone who believes in laissez-faire economics would most likely favor government regulation of business but no government fiscal policy. government protection of private property with few other government regulations. strong protections to favor equality. strong antitrust regulations and a progressive tax structure.

Answer 58

government protection of private property with few other government regulations.

Question 59

In terms of economic policy, monetarists believe that the government should use subsidies to reduce unemployment. use its tax powers to control recession. use its spending powers to control inflation. focus on regulating the money supply.

Answer 59

focus on regulating the money supply.

Question 60

Fiscal techniques of control concern government microeconomic policies. government taxing and spending powers. the Federal Reserve System. government regulation of the money supply.

Answer 60

government taxing and spending powers.

Question 61

Government involvement to regulate the business cycles was the idea of Adam Smith. John Maynard Keynes. Milton Friedman. Paul Samuelson.

Answer 61

John Maynard Keynes.

Question 62

In 2001, President Bush and Congress cut taxes significantly. Because of this and the cost of the Iraq war, the United States now has large surpluses. large deficits. low levels of mandatory spending. high levels of mandatory spending.

Answer 62

large deficits.

Question 63

Monetary policy seeks to influence the economy through taxing and spending. the availability of credit and money. foreign exchange of currency. administrative regulation.

Answer 63

the availability of credit and money.

Question 64

The interest rate the Federal Reserve System charges member banks is called the commercial interest rate. best-rate quote. the discount rate. the market leverage rate.

Answer 64

the discount rate.

Question 65

Monetary policy is handled largely by Congress. the president. the Department of the Treasury. the Federal Reserve System.

Answer 65

the Federal Reserve System.

Question 66

A consistent increase in the general level of prices is called price stabilization. macroeconomic policy. microeconomic theory. inflation.

Answer 66

inflation.

Question 67

Which event first prompted Americans to expect an active role for the federal government in the economy? the Great Depression of the 1930s World War II the economic crisis of the 1970s the Great Recession of 2008

Answer 67

the Great Depression of the 1930s

Question 68

The most powerful actors in influencing economic policy today are labor unions. consumer groups. corporations. professional economists.

Answer 68

corporations.

Question 69

The theories of which economist was used to help justify the increase in government spending during the New Deal? Adam Smith Milton Friedman Alan Greenspan John Maynard Keynes

Answer 69

John Maynard Keynes

Question 70

The government provides public goods, such as roads, because individuals could not afford to build them privately. the government is always much more efficient than the private sector. it is against the law for private companies to build roads. there has never been a successful highway built with private money.

Answer 70

individuals could not afford to build them privately.

Question 71

A proponent of supply-side economics would probably agree with which of the following economic policies? tax break to all Americans to create productive workers and induce personal investments lowering of interest rates to encourage economic growth program of government spending to jump-start the economy hands-off approach by government to allow market forces to foster growth and innovation

Answer 71

tax break to all Americans to create productive workers and induce personal investments

Question 72

In general, ____________ stress the importance of economic freedom for maintaining a healthy economy, whereas ____________ are often more willing to support economic regulation to attain social or environmental objectives. Republicans; Democrats the majority party; the minority party Democrats; Republicans the minority party; the majority party

Answer 72

Republicans; Democrats

Question 73

If citizens who earn less than $13,000 a year pay 10.9 percent of their income in taxes, and those with incomes over $229,000 pay 4.1 percent, this would be an example of a progressive tax policy. a regressive tax policy. a flat tax policy. the cost of regulation.

Answer 73

a regressive tax policy.

Question 74

If Senator Winfrey believed that the best way for the government to respond to the recession is to pump up the economy with tax cuts and spending, she would be considered a monetarist. laissez-faire. a Keynesian. a socialist.

Answer 74

a Keynesian.

Question 75

____________ are simply government grants of cash or other valuable commodities. Subsidies Regulations Regulatory taxation Foreign exchanges

Answer 75

Subsidies

Question 76

Although the primary purpose of the graduated income tax is to raise revenue, an important secondary objective is to collect revenue in such a way as to reduce the disparities of wealth between the lowest and the highest income brackets. We call this a policy of redistribution. microeconomic theory. Pareto optimality. economic pluralism.

Answer 76

a policy of redistribution.

Question 77

According to the textbook, what arose from the unprecedented prosperity of the 1960s? a middle class a laissez-faire attitude toward business social regulation labor laws

Answer 77

social regulation

Question 78

____________ are goods that are provided by the government because they either are not supplied by the market or are not supplied in sufficient quantities. Private goods Public goods Monopolistic goods Communalistic goods

Answer 78

Public goods

Question 79

In general, when the Federal Reserve Board raises interest rates, the economy slows down. it does so to increase the rate of inflation. borrowing for investment and consumption is encouraged. economic growth increases more rapidly.

Answer 79

the economy slows down.

Question 80

The ____________ is the index of the total output of goods and services produced in the economy. inflation rate interest rate consumer price index gross domestic product

Answer 80

gross domestic product

Question 81

The chairperson of the Federal Reserve Board is Leon Panetta. Alice Rivlan. David Stockton. Ben Bernanke.

Answer 81

Ben Bernanke.

Question 82

Economic inequality in the United States has improved in recent years. has worsened in recent years. has remained about the same in recent years. is much better today than in the 1970s.

Answer 82

has worsened in recent years.

Question 83

Which is true regarding income distribution and growth in the last twenty-five years? Both the rich and the poor have seen large income gains. Both the rich and the poor have seen large income gains as a percentage of their incomes, but since the rich are so much richer, their gains are much larger in dollar amounts. Incomes for the poor have fallen significantly, while incomes for the rich have risen dramatically. The poor have seen little income growth, while income for the rich has grown dramatically.

Answer 83

The poor have seen little income growth, while income for the rich has grown dramatically.

Question 84

Which of the following is a proposed consequence of global warming? re-freezing of the polar ice caps lower sea levels milder weather disease

Answer 84

disease

Question 85

In 2003, Congress and President Bush added what new benefit to Medicare? prescription drugs long-term disability full coverage for hospital stays short-term disability

Answer 85

prescription drugs

Question 86

Which is a 1974 program that augments benefits for the aged, blind, and disabled? Supplemental Security Income Medicaid food stamps Medicare

Answer 86

Supplemental Security Income

Question 87

The social welfare system in the United States has been an integral part of U.S. society since its inception. is a private system run by churches and other religious groups. became public after private groups were unable to handle the Great Depression. consists mostly of welfare and Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

Answer 87

became public after private groups were unable to handle the Great Depression.

Question 88

The “shadow welfare state” refers to the illegal market for prescription drugs. Americans who seek medical care in Canada. employer-provided benefits like health insurance and pensions. the inability of undocumented workers to access public benefits.

Answer 88

employer-provided benefits like health insurance and pensions.

Question 89

Liberals tend to believe that economic success is greater in America than in Europe. due to laissez-faire policies. not equally available to all Americans. based solely on an individual’s abilities.

Answer 89

not equally available to all Americans.

Question 90

According to the Social Security Administration, it won't be able to pay out full benefits to retirees starting in the year _______. 2010 2028 2036 2052

Answer 90

2036

Question 91

Which group is the most likely to be poor? the elderly children under 18 people between the ages of 25 and 50 divorced men

Answer 91

children under 18

Question 92

Which two government programs assist the working poor? Social Security and TANF Social Security and Medicaid Earned Income Tax Credit and food stamps food stamps and TANF

Answer 92

Earned Income Tax Credit and food stamps

Question 93

According to the authors of the textbook, when we study social policies from a group perspective, we can see that the elderly and the middle class receive the ____________ benefits from the government’s social policies and that children and the working poor receive the _____________ benefits. most; fewest fewest; most positive; negative active; passive

Answer 93

most; fewest

Question 94

Which of the following is not aimed at breaking the cycle of poverty? drug policies education policies employment training programs health policies

Answer 94

drug policies

Question 95

According to the authors of the textbook, the most important single force in the distribution and redistribution of opportunity in the United States is family status. income. education. gender.

Answer 95

education.

Question 96

Most of the education of the American people is provided by the national government. state and local governments. private schools. charter schools.

Answer 96

state and local governments.

Question 97

Since welfare reform was enacted in 1996, the number of people on welfare has dropped by about 10 percent. dropped by more than half. stayed about the same. increased by 15 percent.

Answer 97

dropped by more than half.

Question 98

The freedom to use whatever talents and wealth one has to reach one’s fullest potential is the definition of liberty. freedom. democracy. equality of opportunity.

Answer 98

equality of opportunity.

Question 99

With respect to government public welfare assistance, by 1933 the question was whether there was to be a public welfare system. whether we should keep the Social Security program. how generous or restrictive the system was going to be. whether to convert to socialism.

Answer 99

how generous or restrictive the system was going to be.

Question 100

A procedure that requires applicants to show a financial need for assistance is the definition of means testing. determining eligibility. poverty. red tape.

Answer 100

means testing.

Question 101

A program that provides extended medical services to all low-income persons who have already established eligibility through means testing under TANF is Medicare. Medicaid. Medihealth. Medihelp.

Answer 101

Medicaid.

Question 102

The primary source of cash assistance for the nonworking poor is Social Security. Supplemental Security Income. TANF. food stamps.

Answer 102

TANF.

Question 103

To pay for Social Security and Medicare, the government automatically withholds _____ percent of the first $106,800 of earnings for Social Security and _____ percent of all earnings for Medicare. 5; 5 6. 2; 1.45 9. 9; 3.9 9. 9; 5.8

Answer 103

6.2; 1.45

Question 104

Entitlements such as Social Security and Medicare account for a small percentage of the federal budget. the vast majority of the federal budget. more than half of the federal budget. about 25 percent of the federal budget.

Answer 104

more than half of the federal budget.

Question 105

Which of the following are examples of contributory welfare programs? Social Security and Medicare Medicare and TANF food stamps and TANF Social Security and Medicaid

Answer 105

Social Security and Medicare

Question 106

The most important national education policies were developed in the late 1800s. just after the Revolution of 1776. in response to World War I. after World War II.

Answer 106

after World War II.

Question 107

Under which president was comprehensive health care reform passed? Lyndon Johnson Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama

Answer 107

Barack Obama

Question 108

Noncash goods and services that would otherwise have to be paid for in cash by the beneficiary is the definition of grants-in-aid. Medicare. Social Security. in-kind benefits.

Answer 108

in-kind benefits.

Question 109

An example of a tax expenditure is Social Security. the ability to deduct mortgage-interest payments from federal taxable income. education spending. Medicaid.

Answer 109

the ability to deduct mortgage-interest payments from federal taxable income.

Question 110

The Supreme Court case Goldberg v. Kelly held that government benefits cannot be taken away without due process of law. the beneficiary had a “right” to government benefits. people cannot be entitled to receive government benefits. the regressive nature of Social Security taxes was unconstitutional.

Answer 110

government benefits cannot be taken away without due process of law.

Question 111

In 1996, President Clinton signed a law reforming the welfare system. This law put time limits on how long a person could receive government aid. created a lifetime limit of ten years. imposed new education requirements. expanded Medicaid benefits for those working full-time but who still fell below the poverty line.

Answer 111

put time limits on how long a person could receive government aid.

Question 112

Entitlements account for _____________ percent of the total federal budget. 25 37 46 61

Answer 112

61

Question 113

Health care policy is an important topic to many Americans and public officials since, in 2010, approximately _____ percent of nonelderly Americans received health insurance through their employers. 10 20 60 85

Answer 113

60

Question 114

Which is the only advanced industrial nation without universal access to health care? Canada The United States Mexico Great Britain

Answer 114

The United States

Question 115

The _____ created stronger federal requirements for testing and school accountability, requiring that every child in grades three through eight be tested yearly for proficiency in math and reading. No Child Left Behind Act Elementary and Secondary Education Act National Defense Education Act Nation at Risk Education Reform Act

Answer 115

No Child Left Behind Act

Question 116

Funds to pay for the growth in social programs like Social Security and Medicaid has come disproportionately from payroll taxes. corporate taxes. user fees. consumption taxes.

Answer 116

payroll taxes

Question 117

efforts to regulate the economy through the manipulation of the supply of money and credit.

Answer 117

monetary policy

Question 118

a system of 12 Federal Reserve banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation. (page 655)

Answer 118

Federal Reserve System

Question 119

the amount of liquid assets and ready cash that banks are required to hold to meet depositors' demands for their money. (page 656)

Answer 119

reserve requirement

Question 120

taxation that hits upper income brackets more heavily. (page 657)

Answer 120

progressive taxation

Question 121

taxation that hits lower income brackets more heavily. (page 657)

Answer 121

regressive taxation

Question 122

a policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints on the conduct of individuals or private institutions. (page 664)

Answer 122

deregulation

Question 123

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference. (page 672

Answer 123

)laissez-faire capitalism

Question 124

followers of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes, who argued that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes. (page 673)

Answer 124

Keynesians

Question 125

followers of economic theories that contend that the role of the government in the economy should be limited to regulating the supply of money. (page 673)

Answer 125

monetarists

Question 126

social programs financed in whole or in part by taxation or other mandatory contributions by their present or future recipients. (page 694)

Answer 126

contributory programs

Question 127

a contributory welfare program into which working Americans contribute a percentage of their wages and from which they receive cash benefits after retirement. (page 694)

Answer 127

Social Security

Question 128

a form of national health insurance for the elderly and the disabled. (page 694)

Answer 128

Medicare

Question 129

periodic process of adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increases in the cost of living. (page 694)

Answer 129

indexing

Question 130

changes made to the level of benefits of a government program based on the rate of inflation. (page 694)

Answer 130

cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs)

Question 131

social programs that provide assistance to people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made. (page 694)

Answer 131

noncontributory programs

Question 132

a procedure by which potential beneficiaries of a public-assistance program establish their eligibility by demonstrating a genuine need for the assistance. (page 694)

Answer 132

means testing

Question 133

a federally and state-financed, state-operated program providing medical services to low-income people. (page 696)

Answer 133

Medicaid

Question 134

the largest anti-poverty program, which provides recipients with a debit card for food at most grocery stores; formerly known as food stamps. (page 696)

Answer 134

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Question 135

amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year. (page 660)

Answer 135

budget deficit

Question 136

the amount that government spending exceeds the government's revenue in any year. (page 677)

Answer 136

national debt