Exam 4 Flashcards
By what year did African Americans and women both have the constitutional right to vote?
1866
1920
1965
1980
1920
By what year were African Americans and women actually able to vote in large numbers?
1866
1920
1965
1980
1965
The practice of financial institutions refusing to lend money for housing mortgages for entire neighborhoods is called
exclusionary zoning.
financial zoning.
restrictive lending.
redlining.
redlining.
In what case did the U.S. Supreme Court declare that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Lawrence v. Texas
Gratz v. Bollinger
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education
Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?
Racially segregated schools can never be equal and therefore violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
States choosing to have segregated schools need to spend more money to make African American schools equal.
The federal judiciary, not Congress, has the power to enforce civil rights.
School segregation is unfair but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.
Racially segregated schools can never be equal and therefore violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
When the Supreme Court decided in __________ that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages, schools were forced to take seriously the issue of sexual harassment.
Mendez v. Westminister
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
Loving v. Virginia
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
What was the Supreme Court’s response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
It declared the act constitutional.
It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution only protects against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism.
The Supreme Court never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act.
It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution only protects against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
According to the authors of the textbook, what is the current status of school desegregation?
The Court has ruled that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to schools to achieve greater racial diversity, so one of the few strategies to promote racial integration has been eliminated.
As a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, school desegregation efforts have largely been achieved.
Schools in the South have been desegregated, but due to the courts’ reluctance to impose remedies for de facto segregation, schools in the North remain segregated.
Once again it seems that the Court, under the leadership of Chief Justice Roberts, is ready to start the so-called “third wave” of desegregation efforts.
The Court has ruled that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to schools to achieve greater racial diversity, so one of the few strategies to promote racial integration has been eliminated.
To draw voting districts so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged is called
disenfranchisement.
gerrymandering.
busing.
logrolling.
gerrymandering.
The Supreme Court has ruled that illegal immigrants are eligible for all of the following except
public education.
emergency medical care.
welfare benefits.
The government must provide all of these benefits to illegal immigrants.
welfare benefits.
For the first hundred years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court interpreted the equal protection clause to
require public facilities be shared by whites and blacks.
permit a system of segregated social facilities.
maintain integrated private facilities.
make sure that black schools got equal funding.
permit a system of segregated social facilities.
Affirmative action allows companies to
set quotas for the number of minorities they will hire.
guarantee that a minority must be hired for the next job opening.
consider minority status, all other things being equal.
set quotas for the number of women they will hire.
consider minority status, all other things being equal.
____________ is defined as compensatory action to overcome the consequences of past discrimination.
Affirmative action Reverse discrimination Compensatory damages Punitive damages
Affirmative action
In 1990, Congress passed the ____________, which guarantees equal employment rights and access to public businesses for the disabled.
Civil Rights Act
Equal Access Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
Public Facilities Rehabilitation Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
In their response to Brown v. Board of Education, southern states did all of the following except
pass laws requiring schools to remain segregated.
centralize school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.
protest the constitutionality of the Court’s decision.
quickly desegregate the schools.
quickly desegregate the schools.
In cases of racial discrimination, the Supreme Court uses the ____________ test.
Lemon
community standards
strict scrutiny
intermediate scrutiny
strict scrutiny
Which of the following best describes how to distinguish civil rights from civil liberties?
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights place positive obligations on the government to take action.
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights restrict and limit government action.
Unlike civil liberties, only state governments enforce civil rights.
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights protect corporations as well as individuals.
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights place positive obligations on the government to take action.
The policy of “Don’t ask, don’t tell” concerned
prohibitions on asking about a woman’s marital status in job hiring.
not penalizing companies who fire older Americans.
permitting states and cities to determine their own policies on same-sex marriage.
allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military as long as they do not openly proclaim their sexual orientation or engage in homosexual activity.
allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military as long as they do not openly proclaim their sexual orientation or engage in homosexual activity.
By far the most important piece of legislation passed by Congress fostering equal opportunity in the United States was the
Dred Scott law.
Equal Pay Act of 1963.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Civil Rights Act of 1991.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Since 1975, Native Americans have
lost the right to speak their own languages.
successfully sued the federal government for illegally seizing Native American lands.
failed to gain federal recognition of their sovereignty.
used civil disobedience to regain tribal territories.
successfully sued the federal government for illegally seizing Native American lands.
What Supreme Court case first restricted the use of racial quotas in university admissions?
University of California v. Bakke
Brown v. Board of Education
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
Hopwood v. University of Texas
University of California v. Bakke
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
an important gathering that initiated the abolitionist movement
a convention of southern leaders in the 1850s debating succession
the convention that wrote and debated the Fourteenth Amendment
the convention that wrote and debated the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
the convention that wrote and debated the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
What is the practice of restrictive covenants?
the practice of requiring separate public facilities for African Americans and whites
a type of literacy exam used in the South to keep African Americans from voting
the seller of a home adding a clause to the sales contract that requires the buyer to agree not to sell the home later to an African American, a Jew, etc.
a type of poll tax
the seller of a home adding a clause to the sales contract that requires the buyer to agree not to sell the home later to an African American, a Jew, etc.
Legal segregation is called ____________ segregation.
de jure
de facto
state-sanctioned
discrimination
de jure
Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery?
Tenth
Thirteenth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth
Thirteenth
The decision in which court case established the principle of separate but equal?
Dred Scott
Brown v. Board of Education
The Slaughterhouse Cases
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson
“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” This is the wording of which amendment to the constitution?
the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
the equal protection of the laws clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
the Nineteenth Amendment
There is no such clause in the U.S. constitution.
There is no such clause in the U.S. constitution.
Against which group is it still legal to discriminate in hiring (in most states)?
African Americans
Older Americans
Women
It is illegal to discriminate against any of these groups in job hiring.
It is illegal to discriminate against any of these groups in job hiring.
In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that Michigan Law School’s affirmative action policy
was constitutional, since the Bakke decision allowed quotas.
was constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota.
was unconstitutional since race can never be a factor in admissions.
was unconstitutional since diversity in education is not a compelling state interest.
was constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota.
When hearing gender-related discrimination cases, the Court uses the doctrine of
absolute scrutiny.
strict scrutiny.
intermediate scrutiny.
selective scrutiny.
intermediate scrutiny.
Ten years after the Brown decision, about ____________ percent of African American school-age children in the Deep South were attending schools with whites.
1
10
25
50
1
This constitutional amendment guaranteed voting rights for African American men.
Tenth
Thirteenth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth
Fifteenth
Most of the positive actions of government associated with the civil rights issue in the United States stem from application of
the civil rights clause of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution.
the commerce clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution.
the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to
protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters.
protect African Americans against disenfranchisement in the voting booth.
expand the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to recent Asian immigrants.
restore the lost civil rights for former Confederate soldiers and sympathizers.
protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is enforced by
the Supreme Court.
the Surgeon General of the United States.
state-level law enforcement agencies.
the Department of Justice.
the Department of Justice.
discrimination
the use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion.
civil rights
obligation imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens.
Thirteenth Amendment
one of three Civil War amendments; it abolished slavery.
Fourteenth Amendment
one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process
Fifteenth Amendment
one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for African American men.
Jim Crow laws
laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans.
“separate but equal” rule
doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal.
Brown v. Board of Education
the 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine as fundamentally unequal. This case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions.
strict scrutiny
a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.
de jure
literally, “by law”; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s.
de facto
literally, “by fact”; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today
gerrymandering
the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.
redlining
a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations
affirmative action
government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities.
equal protection clause
provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.”
Americans have been more concerned with ensuring economic ____________ than with promoting economic ____________
democracy; liberty.
equality; liberty.
democracy; equality.
liberty; equality.
liberty; equality.
When was the last year that the U.S. government ran a budget surplus?
1964
1984
1997
2000
2000
Which of the following approaches for coping with global warming seeks to directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
mitigation
deregulation
alternative technologies
adaptation
mitigation
Republicans in Congress opposed the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 because
it had too many regulations attached to the bailouts.
they opposed the supply-side economic strategy contained in the bill.
they saw it as wasteful spending.
it contained too many tax cuts.
they saw it as wasteful spending.
