exam 4

Question 1

The term “mental lexicon” refers: a) primarily to the words of language. b) primarily to the rules of language. c) both to the words and to the rules of language. d) to neither the words nor the rules of language.

Answer 1

a) primarily to the words of language. Page Ref: 350

Question 2

“Bridget stayed up until 3:00 on Wednesday night watching news coverage of the election.” You have never heard this sentence before. However because of the language design feature of ________ you are able to understand the meaning of each of the words.. a) discreteness b) reflectiveness c) semanticity d) productivity

Answer 2

c) semanticity Page Ref: 350

Question 3

American Sign Language (unlike spoken language) is NOT characterized by which design feature? a) productivity b) arbitrariness c) reflectiveness d) semanticity

Answer 3

b) arbitrariness Page Ref: 350-351

Question 4

The design feature of language that allows us to communicate ideas that are remote in space and time is: a) discreteness. b) specialization. c) productivity. d) displacement.

Answer 4

d) displacement. Page Ref: 351

Question 5

You are taking a test about language. Your ability to think about language in order to complete the test is an example of which design feature? a) productivity b) arbitrariness c) reflectiveness d) semanticity

Answer 5

c) reflectiveness Page Ref: 351

Question 6

Which design feature of language could also be termed creativity? a) productivity b) arbitrariness c) specialization d) semanticity

Answer 6

a) productivity Page Ref: 351

Question 7

When children lie and deceive their parents to keep out of trouble, they are using which design feature of language? a) arbitrariness b) specialization c) displacement d) prevarication

Answer 7

d) prevarication Page Ref: 351

Question 8

Which of the following design features of language do animal communication systems possess, at least to some extent? a) prevarication b) semanticity c) productivity d) displacement

Answer 8

b) semanticity Page Ref: 352

Question 9

Although Alex the parrot is quite adept at naming objects, critics are uncertain whether the labels he uses truly represent that object in his mind. That is, they question whether his use of the labels is truly: a) accurate. b) reflective. c) referential. d) productive.

Answer 9

c) referential. Page Ref: 354

Question 10

In their research with Kanzi and other bonobo chimps, Savage-Rumbaugh and colleagues have investigated whether language can be acquired in the form of: a) American Sign Language. b) Braille. c) motioning. d) lexigrams.

Answer 10

d) lexigrams. Page Ref: 355

Question 11

Cross-fostering studies would be best represented by the word/phrase: a) contrived. b) natural. c) artificial. d) formal instruction.

Answer 11

b) natural. Page Ref: 355

Question 12

The most impressive evidence that animals are indeed capable of learning language comes from the research done with: a) Kanzi. b) Alex. c) Rockie. d) Washoe.

Answer 12

a) Kanzi. Page Ref: 355-356

Question 13

All of following statements are true of research with Kanzi, except: a) Kanzi needed intense and explicit training to begin extensive use of language symbols. b) Kanzi started using signs spontaneously. c) Kanzi generated thousands of utterances that followed syntactic rules. d) Kanzi made up his own grammatical rules.

Answer 13

a) Kanzi needed intense and explicit training to begin extensive use of language symbols. Page Ref: 355-356

Question 14

Some African languages allow two consonants to appear together at the beginning of a word (as in Nkomo); English does not allow this to occur unless the first consonant is an “s” (as in skull). This example illustrates a difference in the ______ of the two languages. a) morphology b) syntax c) phonology d) semantics

Answer 14

c) phonology Page Ref: 359

Question 15

_______ represents a phonetic difference (but not a phonemic difference). a) The “g” in dog and the “g” in log b) The “d” in dog and the “l” in log c) The “t” in pit and the “th” in with d) The “p” in pit and the “s” in sit

Answer 15

a) The “g” in dog and the “g” in log Page Ref: 360

Question 16

Place of articulation is to manner of articulation as ________ is to ________. a) release; vibration b) vocal cords; air flow c) interrupt; stop d) where; how

Answer 16

d) where; how Page Ref: 360-361

Question 17

The phoneme /p/ is termed bilabial; the phoneme /th/ is termed dental. The two italicized terms refer to: a) phones. b) voicing. c) manner of articulation. d) place of articulation.

Answer 17

d) place of articulation. Page Ref: 360-361

Question 18

Aspects of the speech signal like rate, stress, and tone, are termed: a) categorical factors b) suprasegmental factors c) phones d) coarticulation factors

Answer 18

b) suprasegmental factors Page Ref: 362

Question 19

The /t/ sound in the word “tip” has different phonetic properties than the /t/ sound in “tap.” This demonstrates _______. In spite of this phenomenon, we tend to hear the /t/ sound in these words as ______. a) categorical perception; invariant b) categorical perception; variable c) coarticulation; variable d) coarticulation; invariant

Answer 19

d) coarticulation; invariant Page Ref: 363

Question 20

Our tendency to perceive phonemes in a relatively broad fashion, not discriminating between subtle shadings in the way particular phonemes sound is termed: a) coarticulation. b) suprasegmentation c) categorical perception. d) semantic parsing.

Answer 20

c) categorical perception. Page Ref: 363

Question 21

The phomemic restoration effect is often cited as evidence for the role of ______ in ______. a) top-down processing; speech perception b) top-down processing; speech production c) bottom-up processing; speech perception d) bottom-up processing; speech production

Answer 21

a) top-down processing; speech perception Page Ref: 365

Question 22

A ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. a) phone b) phoneme c) morpheme d) word

Answer 22

c) morpheme Page Ref: 367

Question 23

The word unhappiness has ____ bound morphemes and ____ free morphemes. a) 1; 2 b) 2; 1 c) 1; 1 d) 2; 2

Answer 23

b) 2; 1 Page Ref: 365

Question 24

Gricean maxims (Grice’s maxims) in language indicate that our conversational partners should conform to all of the following EXCEPT: a) avoidance of ambiguity. b) relevance. c) grammatical correctness. d) truthfulness.

Answer 24

c) grammatical correctness. Ref: 385-386

Question 25

Which of these describes the bottom-up processes in reading? a) Reading is aided by expectations. b) Reading is aided by context. c) Reading is aided by other words. d) Reading requires analysis of the printed symbols.

Answer 25

d) Reading requires analysis of the printed symbols. Page Ref: 401

Question 26

Saccades are to fixations as ________ is to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) eye movements; hand movements b) reading; listening c) non-informational; informational d) backward; forward

Answer 26

c) non-informational; informational Page Ref: 402

Question 27

Word fixations typically last around \_\_\_\_. a) 2 seconds b) 1 second c) ¾ second d) ¼ second

Answer 27

d) ¼ second Page Ref: 402

Question 28

A word like power is termed a ______ word, and the likelihood we would fixate on it during reading is about \_\_\_\_\_. a) content; 40% b) content; 80% c) function; 40% d) function; 80%

Answer 28

b) content; 80% Page Ref: 403

Question 29

A word like the is termed a ______ word, and the likelihood we would fixate on it during reading is about \_\_\_\_\_. a) content; 40% b) content; 80% c) function; 40% d) function; 80%

Answer 29

c) function; 40% Page Ref: 403

Question 30

High frequency words like robin receive _____ fixation as/than low-frequency words like penguin. a) the same amount of b) more c) less

Answer 30

c) less Page Ref: 403

Question 31

Word-skipping data indicate that: a) low frequency words are more likely to be skipped than are high-frequency words. b) word length is the best predictor of whether a word will be skipped or not. c) highly constrained words are less likely to be skipped. d) content words are more likely to be skipped than are function words.

Answer 31

b) word length is the best predictor of whether a word will be skipped or not. Page Ref: 402-404

Question 32

Regressive saccades: a) only occur in poor readers. b) constitute about 1/2 of all saccades. c) are symptomatic of reading difficulties, but aren't the cause. d) have the same characteristics in good and poor readers

Answer 32

c) are symptomatic of reading difficulties, but aren't the cause. Page Ref: 404

Question 33

Perceptual span (for English) is about ________ characters to the left, and ________ characters to the right. a) 3; 15 b) 6; 10 c) 15; 3 d) 10; 6

Answer 33

a) 3; 15 Page Ref: 404-405

Question 34

All of the following are functions of the blank spaces between words except: a) they allow the reader a split second to rest. b) they help indicate the length of upcoming words. c) they provide information about the length of words currently being read. d) they make words physically easier to see.

Answer 34

a) they allow the reader a split second to rest. Page Ref: 406

Question 35

A study by Van Orden (1987) had participants perform a category verification task. Participants were presented with a category name (e.g., food), followed by one of three types of stimuli: (1) a category member, like meat; (2) a homophone of a member of the category, like meet, or (3) a word with orthography similar to a category member, like melt. Participants tended to miscategorize items (make errors) from ________ most frequently, supporting the ________ access view of word recognition. a) condition one; direct b) condition three; direct c) condition two; indirect d) condition three; indirect

Answer 35

c) condition two; indirect Page Ref: 407

Question 36

Luo, Johnson, & Gallo (1998) tested whether “pseudohomophones” (e.g., “brane”) would show effects of semantic relatedness. In other words, would the letter string “brane” prime a related concept (e.g., neuron)? What did they find? a) That access to the mental lexicon was most probably direct. b) Pseudohomophones primed only the actual word (e.g., “brain,” in this example). c) Pseudohomophones did not prime related concepts. d) Pseudohomophones did prime related concepts.

Answer 36

d) Pseudohomophones did prime related concepts. Page Ref: 407

Question 37

Dyslexics have particular trouble: a) reading words in the correct order. b) recognizing words when they hear them. c) mapping the look of a word onto its sound. d) performing normally on standard measures of intelligence.

Answer 37

c) mapping the look of a word onto its sound. Page Ref: 409

Question 38

All of the following statements are true of dyslexia except: a) it's typically something a child outgrows. b) it's characterized by poor spelling. c) it's a problem mapping orthography to the sounds of words. d) it's characterized by a decreased phonological awareness.

Answer 38

a) it's typically something a child outgrows. Page Ref: 409

Question 39

The “neural signature” of dyslexia seems to be impaired processing in the brain's: a) frontal-temporal regions. b) occipito-temporal regions. c) frontal lobe. d) parietal lobe.

Answer 39

b) occipito-temporal regions. Page Ref: 410

Question 40

The importance of indirect access in word recognition would seem to imply that the best approach to teaching children to read is the ________ approach. Research evidence \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) phonics; fails to support this b) phonics; supports this c) whole-word; fails to support this d) whole-word; supports this

Answer 40

b) phonics; supports this Page Ref: 410

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the processes involved in arriving at some conclusion under conditions of uncertainty and risk. a) Decision making b) Problem solving c) Judgment d) Reasoning

Answer 41

a) Decision making Page Ref: 447

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves evaluation of a conclusion based solely on given information. a) Decision making b) Problem solving c) Judgment d) Reasoning

Answer 42

d) Reasoning Page Ref: 447

Question 43

A normative approach to the analysis of reasoning and decision making \_\_\_\_\_, while a descriptive approach to the analysis of reasoning and decision making \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) describes how we should think in a given situation; describes how we do think in these situations b) describes how we do think in a given situation; describes how we should think in these situations c) is irrational; is rational d) is rational; is irrational

Answer 43

a) describes how we should think in a given situation; describes how we do think in these situations Page Ref: 448

Question 44

The notion that there are limits to our powers of reasoning, judgment, and decision making is termed: a) deductive reasoning. b) inductive reasoning. c) bounded rationality. d) expected utility.

Answer 44

c) bounded rationality. Page Ref: 449

Question 45

According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and decision making, which mode of thinking operates relatively slowly, deliberately and in a controlled manner? a) heuristic mode b) rational mode c) bounded mode d) analytic mode

Answer 45

d) analytic mode Page Ref: 449-450

Question 46

Deductive reasoning problems have all of the following characteristics except for: a) going from general to specific. b) very little constraint. c) the application of algorithms for solution. d) premises and conclusions.

Answer 46

b) very little constraint. Page Ref: 451-453

Question 47

In a valid syllogism: a) the conclusion follows from the premises. b) the premises are true. c) the conclusion is true. d) all of the above are true.

Answer 47

a) the conclusion follows from the premises. Page Ref: 452

Question 48

Conditional reasoning: a) is a synonym for syllogistic reasoning. b) is a form of inductive reasoning. c) involves evaluating the validity of premises. d) features an if-then form.

Answer 48

d) features an if-then form. Page Ref: 453

Question 49

If it rains tomorrow, then I’m not going to the baseball game. I did not go to the baseball game. So, it must have rained. This type of argument is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the conclusion (it must have rained) is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) denying the antecedent; invalid b) denying the consequent; valid c) affirming the consequent; invalid d) affirming the antecedent; valid

Answer 49

c) affirming the consequent; invalid Page Ref: 453

Question 50

Affirming the antecedent is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_, and is a(n) ______ form. a) modus ponens; valid b) modus ponens; invalid c) modus tollens; valid d) modus tollens; invalid

Answer 50

a) modus ponens; valid Page Ref: 453-454

Question 51

Denying the consequent is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_, and is a(n) ______ form. a) modus ponens; valid b) modus ponens; invalid c) modus tollens; valid d) modus tollens; invalid

Answer 51

c) modus tollens; valid Page Ref: 453-454

Question 52

A friend heard somebody say, “If you are overweight, you are likely to smoke.” This friend interprets this statement as, “If you smoke, then you are likely to be overweight.” What kind of error is apparent in this example? a) inappropriate interpretation of an if-then statement as biconditional b) belief-bias effect c) attempts at confirming an hypothesis d) denying the antecedent

Answer 52

a) inappropriate interpretation of an if-then statement as biconditional Page Ref: 454

Question 53

The classic Watson Selection Task is a(n) _____ reasoning task. a) deontic b) conditional c) normative d) syllogistic

Answer 53

b) conditional Page Ref: 455

Question 54

People often fail to choose correctly on the Watson Selection Task because they resist: a) affirming the antecedent. b) confirmatory evidence. c) disconfirmatory evidence. d) affirming the consequent.

Answer 54

c) disconfirmatory evidence. Page Ref: 456

Question 55

Myside bias is a more specific form of what general bias? a) the atmosphere effect b) modus ponens c) fallacy of affirming the consequent d) confirmation bias

Answer 55

d) confirmation bias Page Ref: 457

Question 56

Inductive reasoning: a) involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule. b) leads to a certain conclusion. c) involves using premises to justify a conclusion. d) is often associated with a bias to avoid confirming evidence.

Answer 56

a) involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule. Page Ref: 458

Question 57

If people are told that turkeys are susceptible to disease A, they aren’t really that likely to believe that all birds are susceptible to disease A. However, if they are told that robins are susceptible to disease A, they are likely to believe that all birds are susceptible. This is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and is an instance of _______ reasoning. a) diversity effect; deductive b) diversity effect; inductive c) typicality effect; deductive d) typicality effect; inductive

Answer 57

d) typicality effect; inductive Page Ref: 460

Question 58

When we make judgments, we often have to do so in the absence of information or computational skill. Because of this, we must often rely on: a) problem space. b) algorithms. c) heuristics. d) premises.

Answer 58

c) heuristics. Page Ref: 462

Question 59

In your book’s example, you read a list of names and then tried to recall how many started with J; if you tended to overestimate the number of “J names,” it was probably due to the effects of _______ on the use of the _______ heuristic. a) frequency; availability b) familiarity; availability c) stereotyping; representativeness d) salience; representativeness

Answer 59

b) familiarity; availability Page Ref: 463

Question 60

When you ask people what caused more deaths — accidents and homicides or strokes and diabetes — people will guess accidents and homicides, even though it’s strokes and diabetes (and it’s not even really close). This is most likely due to: a) the availability heuristic. b) confirmatory bias. c) the representativeness heuristic. d) an atmosphere effect.

Answer 60

a) the availability heuristic. Page Ref: 464

Question 61

Vivid news reports that highlight the danger of serial killers, terrorist threats, and toxic substances in food may heighten public concern beyond a level that’s reasonable, due to: a) hindsight bias. b) the representativeness heuristic. c) an atmosphere effect. d) the availability heuristic.

Answer 61

d) the availability heuristic. Page Ref: 464

Question 62

The more recently something has happened, the _____ likely it is to affect our judgment, due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) less; an atmosphere effect b) more; the availability heuristic c) more; anchoring effects d) less; the representativeness heuristic

Answer 62

b) more; the availability heuristic Page Ref: 466

Question 63

Our tendency to avoid situations in which many people may be killed while simultaneously being relatively impervious to risky situations in which deaths are more spread out is termed: a) Anchoring. b) Fatality Fear. c) Dread Risk. d) Fatal Risk Assessment

Answer 63

c) Dread Risk. Page Ref: 466

Question 64

Coincidences are extremely striking, and often lead people to believe in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The ease with which we think of coincidences makes them important players in the ______ heuristic. a) illusory correlations; availability b) illusory correlations; representativeness c) stereotypes; availability d) stereotypes; representativeness

Answer 64

a) illusory correlations; availability Page Ref: 467

Question 65

The “Madden jinx” is the purported tendency for a person to perform poorly after being touted on the yearly version of the popular video game. Our perception of this outcome as a “jinx” is due to: a) confirmation bias. b) our ignorance of regression toward the mean. c) superstition bias. d) a hindsight bias.

Answer 65

b) our ignorance of regression toward the mean. Page Ref: 467-468

Question 66

People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments. For example, they assume anyone over 6’6” must have played a lot of basketball, even thought the majority of individuals have not played much basketball. This is a prime example of: a) regression to the mean. b) the availability heuristic. c) the representativeness heuristic. d) anchoring and adjustment.

Answer 66

c) the representativeness heuristic. Page Ref: 468

Question 67

Suppose that you hear about a friend who graduated from college in dramatic arts. Suppose that you also judge her to be more likely to be both selling insurance and active in community theater than she is to be only selling insurance. You have: a) fallen victim to the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. b) fallen prey to a conjunction fallacy. c) ignored regression to the mean. d) committed a belief bias error.

Answer 67

b) fallen prey to a conjunction fallacy. Page Ref: 469

Question 68

Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic: a) the representativeness heuristic. b) simulation. c) the availability heuristic. d) anchoring and adjustment.

Answer 68

a) the representativeness heuristic. Page Ref: 471

Question 69

Suppose you had somebody guess how a sequence of 10 coin flips would play itself out (e.g.THTHHHTHHT). If people did this task, they would tend to ____ the number of alternations, due to their reliance on the ______ heuristic. a) overestimate; availability b) overestimate; representativeness c) underestimate; availability d) underestimate; representativeness

Answer 69

b) overestimate; representativeness Page Ref: 472

Question 70

A pet phrase of sports announcers that refers to situations in which it seems a player can do no wrong (a quarterback completing all his pass attempts in a half, or a basketball player making all his three point attempts in a quarter) is called: a) superstition effect. b) gambler’s fallacy. c) hot hand. d) in with the Gods.

Answer 70

c) hot hand. Page Ref: 472

Question 71

The belief that after a run of bad luck a change is “due” to occur is called: a) superstition effect. b) gambler’s fallacy. c) hot hand. d) an “in” with the Gods.

Answer 71

b) gambler’s fallacy. Page Ref: 474

Question 72

Credit card companies’ practice of providing you with a “minimum payment” on your monthly bill likely influences payments to the companies’ advantage. This influence occurs (at least in part) due to: a) the availability heuristic. b) illusory correlation. c) representativeness heuristic. d) anchoring and adjustment.

Answer 72

d) anchoring and adjustment. Page Ref: 475

Question 73

The spotlight effect refers to the tendency to believe that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and is often cited as an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) you stand out to others more than you actually do; anchoring and the adjustment heuristic b) no one notices you when you would like to be noticed; framing c) you stand out to others more than you actually do; framing d) no one notices you when you would like to be noticed; anchoring and the adjustment heuristic

Answer 73

a) you stand out to others more than you actually do; anchoring and the adjustment heuristic Page Ref: 475

Question 74

Which of these everyday sayings defines the hindsight effect? a) Experience is the best teacher. b) I could have told you that was going to happen. c) Those who fail to learn from their mistakes are doomed to repeat them. d) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

Answer 74

b) I could have told you that was going to happen. Page Ref: 476

Question 75

When your best friend gets divorced, her mother tells her, “I’m sorry for you, but I knew this would eventually happen. You were never really right for each other.” This is an example of the: a) framing effect. b) availability heuristic. c) hindsight bias. d) illusory correlation.

Answer 75

c) hindsight bias. Page Ref: 476

Question 76

Hastie, Shkade & Payne (1999) looked at the hindsight bias in the context of (mock) civil litigation. In a foresight condition, participants were told that a dangerous situation was developing along a railroad line, and given an extensive set of facts, were then asked to estimate the forseeability of an accident. In the hindsight condition, participants were given the same set of facts, but were told that the accident had already occurred. They were also asked to predict the forseeability of the accident. Participants in the hindsight condition were more likely than those in the foresight condition to judge the defendant as: a) liable. b) reckless. c) disregarding grave risk. d) all of the above.

Answer 76

d) all of the above. Page Ref: 476-477

Question 77

Compare a $50 gain and a $50 loss. Which of these is more psychologically powerful, according to prospect theory? a) They have equal value. b) A $50 gain is more psychologically powerful. c) It depends on the particular situation. d) A $50 loss is more psychologically powerful.

Answer 77

d) A $50 loss is more psychologically powerful. Page Ref: 483

Question 78

If you want someone to be willing to take a risk, you can make it more likely by: a) telling them what they stand to gain if they don’t take the risk. b) telling them what they stand to lose if they don’t take the risk. c) pitting the risk against a sure gain. d) doing nothing special; risk-taking is people’s “default mode.”

Answer 78

b) telling them what they stand to lose if they don’t take the risk. Page Ref: 484

Question 79

In the book demonstration where you lose $10 or you lose a theater ticket, and are faced with the dilemma of whether to purchase a second ticket or not, people who lose the ticket will be _______ likely to purchase the ticket, because of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) more; psychological accounting b) more; expected utility c) less; psychological accounting d) less; expected utility

Answer 79

c) less; psychological accounting Page Ref: 486

Question 80

Which of these is an example of the sunk cost effect? a) Sally is too sick to go out, but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket. b) Jenny relents to the high-pressure sales person and spends $550 on accessories she doesn’t need. c) Despite continued losses, Tony continues to play the ponies at the local track. d) Aaron has a decent seat for the basketball game, but decides to upgrade them by buying much better seats from a scalper.

Answer 80

a) Sally is too sick to go out, but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket. Page Ref: 486

Question 81

Porcelli and Delgado (2009) investigated the effects of acute stress on framing effects in decision making. They found that: a) acute stress reversed the typical framing effect. b) acute stress accentuated the typical framing effect. c) acute stress had no influence on the typical framing effect. d) the framing effect obtained depended on the particular nature of the stressor.

Answer 81

b) acute stress accentuated the typical framing effect. Page Ref: 487

Question 82

Which of the following is NOT generally considered to be a component of a problem? a) a goal b) a reward c) a set of constraints d) a set of obstacles to overcome

Answer 82

b) a reward Page Ref: 493

Question 83

Well-defined is to ill-defined as ______ is to \_\_\_\_\_. a) anagram with a short word; anagram with a long word b) long division; writing a paper c) unclear; clear d) essay; multiple choice

Answer 83

b) long division; writing a paper Page Ref: 493

Question 84

Verbal protocols are ______ and represent a return to the early methods espoused by \_\_\_\_\_\_. a) step by step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem; behaviorists b) step by step recordings of exactly what a person did in solving a problem; structuralists c) “thinking aloud” reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem; behaviorists d) “thinking aloud” reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem; structuralists

Answer 84

d) “thinking aloud” reports by the problem solver as they work on the problem; structuralists Page Ref: 495

Question 85

Suppose I am planning a wedding with 200 guests, and everyone is going to have a designated place at 22 different dinner tables. Trying to figure out who is going to sit where, and with whom, would be considered: a) an arrangement problem. b) a divergent problem. c) a transformation problem. d) a deduction problem.

Answer 85

a) an arrangement problem. Page Ref: 495-496

Question 86

Trying to think of as many uses for a paper clip as you can would be considered: a) an arrangement problem. b) a divergent problem. c) a transformation problem. d) a deduction problem.

Answer 86

b) a divergent problem. Page Ref: 495-496

Question 87

The Tower of Hanoi problem, where you move a series of rings from one side of a playing board to the other limited by certain constraints would be considered: a) an arrangement problem. b) a divergent problem. c) a transformation problem. d) a deduction problem.

Answer 87

c) a transformation problem. Page Ref: 495-496

Question 88

Looking at a sequence of numbers (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8) and trying to figure out the correct next number in the sequence would be considered: a) an arrangement problem. b) a divergent problem. c) a transformation problem. d) an induction problem.

Answer 88

d) an induction problem. Page Ref: 495-496

Question 89

According to the Gestalt psychologists, the sudden and successful restructuring of problem elements is termed: a) the law of effect. b) subgoal analysis. c) insight. d) problem space restructuring.

Answer 89

c) insight. Page Ref: 499

Question 90

What does GPS stand for? a) goal, problem, solution b) general problem solver c) generic problem solution d) genuine problem steps

Answer 90

b) general problem solver Page Ref: 500

Question 91

Which approach to problem solving attempts to minimize the “distance” between an initial state and a goal state by breaking the problem down into a series of subgoals? a) Gestalt approach b) Behaviorist approach c) GPS approach d) Structuralist approach

Answer 91

c) GPS approach Page Ref: 500-501

Question 92

The tendency to rely on habits and procedures that worked to solve a problem in the past is termed: a) functional fixedness. b) stereotype threat. c) problem representation. d) mental set.

Answer 92

d) mental set. Page Ref: 503

Question 93

Mental set operates at which stage of problem solving? a) problem representation b) generation of solutions c) problem identification d) applying solutions

Answer 93

a) problem representation Page Ref: 503

Question 94

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness? a) Dan always uses the same old banged-up set of tools to fix everything. b) Steve always takes the same route to work everyday, in spite of constant traffic jams. c) Kimber doesn’t think of using her CD case an as ice scraper to clear her windshield. d) Alexander loves his new computer game so much that he can’t stop playing it.

Answer 94

c) Kimber doesn’t think of using her CD case an as ice scraper to clear her windshield. Page Ref: 503

Question 95

What did German and Defeyter (2000) find regarding development and functional fixedness? a) Younger children are more likely than older children to demonstrate functional fixedness. b) Older children are more likely than younger children to demonstrate functional fixedness. c) There is no difference in functional fixedness demonstration between children and adults d) Children do not demonstrate functional fixedness, only teenagers and adults.

Answer 95

b) Older children are more likely than younger children to demonstrate functional fixedness. Page Ref: 506

Question 96

In a study on stereotype threat, Quinn and Spencer (2001) had female and male participants engage in mathematical reasoning tasks. In one condition (group A), participants were told that the test was gender fair, yielding equivalent performance between men and women. The other group (group B) was given no such instruction. The results showed that: a) Men outperformed women, but only in group B. b) Men outperformed women, but only in group A. c) Men outperformed women in both groups. d) Women outperformed men in both groups.

Answer 96

a) Men outperformed women, but only in group B. Page Ref: 507

Question 97

The vastness of problem space associated with many problems: a) is the result of the application of algorithms. b) is “cut down” when a problem solver uses algorithms. c) makes algorithms the best approach for solving most problems. d) renders algorithms impractical for solving many problems.

Answer 97

d) renders algorithms impractical for solving many problems. Page Ref: 510

Question 98

Algorithm is to heuristic as _____ is to \_\_\_\_\_. a) right; wrong b) efficient; inefficient c) computers; humans d) science; math

Answer 98

c) computers; humans Page Ref: 510-511

Question 99

Means-end analysis is basically a fancy term for: a) breaking a problem down into subgoals. b) applying analogies to solve a problem. c) applying algorithms to solve a problem. d) working backwards to solve a problem.

Answer 99

a) breaking a problem down into subgoals. Page Ref: 512

Question 100

Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being faced is termed: a) an algorithm. b) reasoning by analogy. c) means-end analysis. d) working backwards.

Answer 100

b) reasoning by analogy. Page Ref: 512

Question 101

Research on the ability to see and apply analogies between the “radiation problem” (tumor problem) and the attack problem indicates that: a) people commonly miss the analogy with or without a hint. b) people easily see the connection between the problems, and use it to solve the second one. c) people rarely see the connection between the problems unless they’re given a hint; then, they usually do make the connection. d) analogies only work with complex problems, not simple ones.

Answer 101

a) people commonly miss the analogy with or without a hint. Page Ref: 512

Question 102

Lane and Schooler (2004) investigated the effects of verbalizing on apprehension and retrieval of analogies. Participants read a series of scenarios either silently or aloud. Some of the scenarios were structurally analogous, and others were superficially analogous. What effect did the verbalizations have on ability to pick up on the analogies? a) Verbalization did not help or hinder recognizing analogies. b) Verbalization completely hindered the ability to pick up on analogies, regardless of type. c) Verbalization helped to recognize superficial similarity at the expense of deeper analogies. d) Verbalization hindered the recognition of superficial analogies, but helped with ability to recognize deeper analogies.

Answer 102

c) Verbalization helped to recognize superficial similarity at the expense of deeper analogies. Page Ref: 516

Question 103

According to skilled memory theory: a) experts just naturally have better memories than novices. b) experts must make more of an effort to encode information into LTM; this leads to better memory. c) experts take more time when they’re retrieving information from memory. d) experts have more richly elaborated semantic networks relevant to the domain than do novices.

Answer 103

d) experts have more richly elaborated semantic networks relevant to the domain than do novices. Page Ref: 522

Question 104

Chase and Simon (1973) performed a classic investigation of memory for pieces on a chessboard, comparing experts and novices on their ability to quickly apprehend and later remember chess piece configurations as set up on a chessboard. They compared situations in which the pieces were in a random configuration to situations in which the pieces were in a game configuration. What did they find? a) Experts remembered the pieces and their arrangement better regardless of their configuration. b) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better, but only in the game configuration condition. c) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better, but only in the random configuration condition. d) Novices actually remembered the pieces better in the game configuration condition.

Answer 104

b) Experts remembered the pieces and arrangements better, but only in the game configuration condition. Page Ref: 522-523

Question 105

Which of these is NOT a difference between the way experts and novices go about solving a problem? a) Experts tend to work backwards; novices tend to work forwards. b) Experts can practically bypass working memory in encoding problem information; novices can’t. c) Novices tend to pick up on surface features, while experts are better at picking up structural features. d) Experts are better at picking up on analogies and using them to solve problems.

Answer 105

a) Experts tend to work backwards; novices tend to work forwards. Page Ref: 523

Question 106

A finding regarding medical expertise indicates that those at an intermediate level of knowledge actually remember more information than do experts. This is termed the: a) intern effect. b) novice effect. c) intermediate effect. d) expert effect.

Answer 106

c) intermediate effect. Page Ref: 525

Question 107

Which of these would be considered a non-insight problem? a) Duncker candle problem b) two-string problem c) nine-dot problem d) Tower of Hanoi

Answer 107

d) Tower of Hanoi Page Ref: 528

Question 108

Insight problem is to non-insight problem as ________ is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) concentration: AHA! b) well-defined; ill-defined c) sudden; step-by-step d) Tower of Hanoi; nine-dot

Answer 108

c) sudden; step-by-step Page Ref: 528

Question 109

Metcalfe investigated the metacognition involved in solving insight and non-insight problems. She found: a) no evidence of any kind of the “AHA!” experience. b) that problem solvers are pretty sensitive to their own problem solving process, but only for insight problems. c) that problem solvers are pretty sensitive to their own problem solving process, but only for non-insight problems. d) that problem solvers are pretty sensitive to their own problem solving processes for all problem types

Answer 109

c) that problem solvers are pretty sensitive to their own problem solving process, but only for non-insight problems. Page Ref: 530

Question 110

Research on the brain correlates of problem solving indicate that: a) creative problem solving seems to be associated more with the right hemisphere activation than with the left. b) solving remote associates is a completely left brain activity. c) creative problem solving is not lateralized – both hemispheres show equal activation. d) the solving of non-insight problems seems to be the province of the right hemisphere.

Answer 110

a) creative problem solving seems to be associated more with the right hemisphere activation than with the left. Page Ref: 532-533

Question 111

The notion of incubation has a great deal of intuitive validity – the idea of taking a break aiding in the solution to a problem makes sense. What is the empirical evidence for this phenomenon? a) Empirical work has failed to find it at all. b) There is some limited evidence for this phenomenon. c) The phenomenon is quite robust, having been obtained in a variety of settings and experimental procedures. d) It’s impossible to test in the laboratory, so the notion remains entirely speculative.

Answer 111

b) There is some limited evidence for this phenomenon. Page Ref: 535

Question 112

The approach to teaching reading that emphasizes a top-down strategy is a. whole language b. phonics c. data-driven processing d. regressive saccadic

Answer 112

a. whole language

Question 113

According to Rayner (1993), humans skip about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% of words we take in during reading. a. 0 b. 30 c. 60 d. 80

Answer 113

b. 30%

Question 114

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the “look of the word” (e.g., the printed form). a. phonology b. syntax c. orthography d. isolingualism

Answer 114

c. orthography

Question 115

When reading English, perceptual span is about ______ characters to the left and _________ or so characters to the right of any given fixation. a. 3, 3 b. 10, 20 c. 3, 15 d. 15, 3

Answer 115

c. 3, 15

Question 116

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ aphasia is a language disorder that tends to feature syntactic difficulties in language production. a. Wernicke’s b. Schacter’s c. Brommel’s d. Broca’s

Answer 116

a. Wernicke’s

Question 117

Name researchers who support the view that language is largely innate and unique to humans. a. Chomsky and Pinker b. Chomsky and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh c. Sue and Duane Savage-Rumbaugh d. Pinker and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

Answer 117

a. Chomsky and Pinker

Question 118

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the term for the design feature of language that allows us to use language for misrepresentation and deception. a. arbitrariness b. prevarication c. semanticity d. duality of patterning

Answer 118

d. duality of patterning

Question 119

In the TED talk video shown in class starring Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (on the topic of Bonobo chimps, and especially “Kanzi”), Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh states “ We found that the most important thing for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_” a. not to teach them. It's simply to use language around them, because the driving force in language acquisition is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you. b. to reward them with things that really are important in their world---even if they are not rewarding to humans. These things include bananas, gum, and other primary reinforcers for these magnificent beasts. c. to use a reward and punishment system. What I mean is, it’s important to reward the correct behavior, but it’s just as important to punish them when they make mistakes. That leads to optimal learning. d. to first create an ideal genetic specimen for the species, which is done through selective breeding in the lab and careful planning to prune the desired genetic signature that most resembles a human pattern.

Answer 119

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Question 120

If your perceived risk of heart disease is lower than your actual risk, you have a(n) __________________________________ bias. a. pessimistic b. optimistic c. anchoring

Answer 120

b. optimistic

Question 121

In the video “Judgment and Decision Making,” it was stated that psychologists (e.g., Kahneman and Tversky) have identified two approaches to judgment and decision making. Psychologists call the first approach “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.” This approach describes how we ought to act. Psychologists call the second approach, “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.” This latter approach describes how we actually act. a. normative; descriptive b. normative; actuarial c. actuarial; conjunctive d. bounded; rational

Answer 121

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Question 122

In the dual-process view of judgment and decision making, System 1 processing includes a. conscious processing b. capacity-limited processing c. evolutionarily old processing d. controlled processing

Answer 122

c. evolutionarily old processing (Unconscious, automatic, rapid, nonverbal, capacity-free, shared wih animals, evolutionarily old) [system 2: conscious, controlled, slow, linked to language, capacity-limited, animals don't have, evolutionarily new]

Question 123

The “knew it all along effect” is also called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bias. a. anchoring b. hindsight c. regressive d. autobiographical retention

Answer 123

b. hindsight

Question 124

In lecture, a study of perceived risk for various events was presented. Results showed greater optimistic bias for evens that were perceived to be more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. random b. gender-specific c. controllable d. positive

Answer 124

c. controllable OR d. positive

Question 125

General strategies, or “rules of thumb,” that can be applied to solving various problems are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. algorithms b. heuristics c. Simonisms

Answer 125

b. heuristics

Question 126

Researchers on creativity generally agree that the definition of creativity includes two specific features. That is, a creative solution is both _____________________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. novel; practical b. through insight; through incubation c. unconscious; conscious d. verbal; spatial

Answer 126

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Question 127

Which school of psychology favored explanations of problem solving as involving simple associative learning. (Hint: Thorndike’s “Cats in a Puzzle Box” represents an example these types of psychologists put forth as an example). a. Behaviorism b. Cognitive psychology c. Gestalt psychology d. Freudian psychology

Answer 127

a. Behaviorism

Question 128

Which example best demonstrates probable effects of stereotype threat? a. A female performs better on a math test when she is first asked to report her gender. b. An older adult performs worse on a memory test if it’s labeled a “memory” test rather than another type of test. c. A male performs better on a math test when he is first asked to report his gender. d. A military veteran recalls vivid events related to a past trauma when around other military personnel.

Answer 128

b. An older adult performs worse on a memory test if it’s labeled a “memory” test rather than another type of test.