Exam 3 Flashcards
The ability to remember the activities and plans one has to perform in the future is called
Proactive memory
Prospective memory
Retrospective memory
Transfer appropriate processing
Prospective memory
Self-initiated retrieval requirements are especially high in
implicit memory tasks
prospective memory tasks
recognition tasks
procedural memory tasks
prospective memory tasks
Declarative is to procedural as _____ is to _____.
a) short-term; long-term
b) knowing that; knowing how
c) semantic; episodic
d) facts; personal history
b) knowing that; knowing how
Semantic memories:
a) are generally retrieved in the absence of a recollective experience.
b) tend to be more vulnerable to forgetting than episodic memories.
c) typically include an affective (i.e., emotional) component.
d) aren’t all that important in day-to-day living.
a) are generally retrieved in the absence of a recollective experience.
Episodic memories:
a) are typically very resistant to forgetting
b) are generally associated with a recollective experience.
c) get stronger with normal aging (e.g., older adults are more accurate)
d) tend to be very accurate.
b) are generally associated with a recollective experience.
_______ memory is memory for personally experienced events, while ______ memory refers to knowledge about the world.
a) Semantic; Episodic
b) Episodic; Semantic
c) Implicit; Explicit
d) Explicit; Implicit
b) Episodic; Semantic
Memory for well-learned skills, like riding a bike, is termed
a) procedural memory
b) semantic memory
c) episodic memory
d) explicit memory
a) procedural memory
_______ refers to the processes involved in the acquisition of material.
a) Explicit memory
b) Retrieval
c) Storage
d) Encoding
d) Encoding
Memory tests that assess how experiences and events have an influence on our behavior without consciously being recalled are termed
a) recognition tests
b) recall tests
c) implicit memory tests
d) explicit memory tests
c) implicit memory tests
When you’re attempting to remember what you did last night, this would be an ________ memory task that taps into ________.
a) explicit; episodic
b) explicit; semantic
c) implicit; episodic
d) implicit; semantic
a) explicit; episodic
Implicit memory is tested by
a) word-fragment completion
b) recognition
c) cued recall
d) free recall
a) word-fragment completion
define implicit memory
Implicit memory is a type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences
define explicit memory
Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.
A subject is given a word fragment completion test in which 15 are fragments of words seen previously and 15 were fragments of words not seen previously. Of the 15 previously seen words, the subject completes 9 successfully (60%). Of the 15 previously unseen words, the subject completes 6 successfully (40%). What is the priming in this experiment?
a) 10%
b ) 20%
c) 30%
d) 50%
b ) 20%
______ memory is to the past as _______ memory is to the future.
a) Explicit; implicit
b) Implicit; explicit
c) Prospective; retrospective
d) Retrospective; prospective
d) Retrospective; prospective
A critical difference in prospective and retrospective memory is that:
a) retrospective memory is explicit and prospective memory is implicit.
b) in retrospective memory, there is typically an explicit cue to remember; in prospective memory there isn’t
c) retrospective memory requires that a person “remember to remember”; prospective memory doesn’t
d) only retrospective memory plays a role in action slips; prospective memory isn’t involved.
b) in retrospective memory, there is typically an explicit cue to remember; in prospective memory there isn’t
Distributed practice is to massed practice as ________ is to ________.
a) encoding; retrieval
b) effective; ineffective
c) short term memory; long term memory
d) semantic memory; episodic memory
b) effective; ineffective
Some researchers think that implicit memory may be the norm in everyday memory, especially if we include these two populations: ______________________ and _______________________________
a. infants, animals
b. women, children
c. memory experts, savants
d. bilingual children, bilingual adults
a. infants, animals
Which of these served as the best predictor of long-term retention of mathematics knowledge, in Bahrick’s
studies on the long-term retention of knowledge?
a) SAT scores
b) grades
c) the length of the initial learning period
d) sex
c) the length of the initial learning period
What do Conway, Cohen, & Stanhope’s (1991) findings indicate about long-term retention of knowledge learned in a cognitive psychology class?
a) Concepts were forgotten more rapidly than names.
b) There was a strong relationship between student confidence and level of retention for course material
knowledge.
c) Recall performance was better than recognition performance.
d) Knowledge of research methods material showed little decline over the retention interval.
d) Knowledge of research methods material showed little decline over the retention interval.
Research on the long-term retention of knowledge learned through formal instruction leads to the conclusion that retention depends on the length of time over which initial learning takes place. According to your text, this is another instance of the powerful mnemonic benefits of:
a) distributed repetition
b) a deep level of processing
c) subjective organization
d) visual imagery
a) distributed repetition
Cepeda, Vuhl, Rohrer, Wixted, & Pashler (2008) found that the conditions leading to optimal recall were when_____; this ____ standard educational practice.
a) original learning sessions are followed by a lengthy spacing interval, and then a review; is not
b) original learning sessions are followed by a lengthy spacing interval, and then a review; is
c) compressed original coverage of a topic is followed by minimally spaced studying; is not
d) compressed original coverage of a topic is followed by minimally spaced studying; is
a) original learning sessions are followed by a lengthy spacing interval, and then a review; is not
Maintenance rehearsal:
a) helps performance on a recall memory test, but not on a low-level lab recognition memory test
b) helps performance on a but on a low-level lab recognition memory test, but not on a recall memory test
c) helps performance on both recall and low level lab recognition memory tests
d) helps perfomance on neither recall nor low level lab recognition memory tests
b) helps performance on a but on a low-level lab recognition memory test, but not on a recall memory test
Which of these combinations of repetition/rehearsal would lead to the best memory?
a) massed/elaborative
b) distributed/elaborative
c) distributed/maintenance
d) massed/maintenance
b) distributed/elaborative
Jan remembered her 6 digit PIN number for her ATM card by noting that the first two digits were the year she was born, the second two digits were the year her son was born, and the last two digits were the year she graduated from high school. This is an example of:
a) the serial position effect
b) prospective memory
c) maintenance rehearsal
d) elaborative rehearsal
d) elaborative rehearsal
Hyde and Jenkins (1969) found that even in the incidental learning condition,
a) elaborative encoding improved memory
b) there is no effect of encoding specificity
c) emotional memories were less accurate then neutral memories
d) more recent memories were remembered worse than earlier memories
a) elaborative encoding improved memory
According to the levels of processing paradigm, how well you remember something depends on:
a) the length of time that the information is processed
b) the type of processing performed on the item
c) the way that memory is tested
d) whether the words to be remembered rhyme or not
b) the type of processing performed on the item
According to the levels of processing approach, which one of these ways would result in the deepest level of processing for the word “flower?”
a) repeating the word “flower” over and over again to yourself
b) producing as many rhyming words as you could for flower, such as power
c) thinking about how you loved to pick flowers with your grandmother in her garden
d) spending more time processing the word, regardless of how it is processed
c) thinking about how you loved to pick flowers with your grandmother in her garden
Which of the following types of processing would result in the best memory?
a) thinking about how many syllables are in the word you are trying to remember
b) thinking of a rhyming word
c) evaluating whether the word fits into a sentence
d) thinking about how the word relates to you
d) thinking about how the word relates to you
In their studies of fitness-relevant processing, Nairne and his colleagues found the following:
a) that processing words in any type of action scenario involving nature led to enhanced recall
b) that processing words in terms of their survival value led to benefits similar to self-relevant processing
c) benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as a hunting contest
d) benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as hunting for survival
d) benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as hunting for survival
What is organization’s effect on memory?
a) It has considerable memory benefits, but only if based on some objective scheme (e.g., semantic categories).
b) It has considerable memory benefits, but only if its subjective (i.e., based on a person’s own groupings).
c) It has considerable memory benefits, whether it’s objective or subjective.
d) It has memory benefits, but only on tests of recognition memory.
c) It has considerable memory benefits, whether it’s objective or subjective.
If people are given unorganized information to process, they will attempt to
a) use distinctiveness processing to aid memory
b) impose their own structure and use subjective, idiosyncratic categories
c) use material-appropriate processing to aid memory
d) remember it using maintenance rehearsal
b) impose their own structure and use subjective, idiosyncratic categories
The von Restorff phenomenon is one example of the beneficial impact of ________ on memory.
a) organization
b) repetition
c) visualization
d) distinctiveness
d) distinctiveness
If I show one group of subjects a list of phrases, such as “break the toothpick,” and then had a second group of subjects actually perform the actions, which group would be more likely to remember the action phrases?
a) the group that studied the verbal phrases
b) the group that performed the actions
c) they would remember the phrases about the same
d) the verbal group on a recall test; the action group on a recognition test
b) the group that performed the actions
Noice and Noice (2006) collected protocols from actors regarding how they learn their lines. The analyses of the protocols revealed _____ major phase(s) in their line/part learning. The phase(s) is loosely correspond to:
a) 1; the enactment effect
b) 2; maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
c) 2; elaborative rehearsal and embodiment
d) 3; embodiment and material appropriate processing
c) 2; elaborative rehearsal and embodiment
The __________________________ effect is shown by the superior performance with distributed practice (vs. massed practice).
a. spacing
b. testing
c. serial position
d. episodic
a. spacing
The transfer-appropriate processing approach proposed by Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977) added an important qualification to the levels of processing notion. What was this qualification?
a) that the levels of processing effect depends on whether incidental or intentional learning is used
b) that the levels of processing effect occurs only for single words, not for any other type of stimulu)
c) that the levels of processing effect depends on exactly how memory is tested
d) that the levels of processing effect depends on the time spent processing, in addition to the nature of processing
c) that the levels of processing effect depends on exactly how memory is tested
A study by Roediger and Karpicke (2006) had subjects either study a prose passage four separate times (the SSSS group), or study the prose passage one time, then take three tests on the material (the STTT group). The results of this study were that
a) there was no difference between the groups at the immediate memory test, but at the delayed memory test, the SSSS group had better memory
b ) the STTT group had better memory on the immediate memory test, but at the delayed memory test, there was no difference between the groups
c) when memory was tested almost immediately, the SSSS group had better memory
d) when memory was tested almost immediately, the STTT group had better memory
c) when memory was tested almost immediately, the SSSS group had better memory
The testing effect most likely is most clearly related to this general memory framework:
a) material-appropriate processing
b) transfer-appropriate processing
c) levels-of-processing
d) the distinction between episodic and semantic memory
b) transfer-appropriate processing
This finding suggests that when instructors make up tests, they should think seriously about including material from previous units or courses – that is, they should consider cumulative exams:
a) the testing effect
b) levels of processing
c) the enactment effect
d) materials-appropriate processing
a) the testing effect
If someone has stuck “on the tip of their tongue,” this means that the information they want is:
a) available and accessible
b) accessible, but not available
c) available, but not accessible
d) neither accessible nor available
c) available, but not accessible
Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) compared free recall and category-cued recall (e.g., “type of spice”), and found
that ________ was superior because ________.
a) cued recall; category cues made information more available
b) cued recall; category cues made information more accessible
c) free recall; category cues made information more available
d) free recall; category cues made information more accessible
b) cued recall; category cues made information more accessible
Godden and Baddeley (1975) tested divers’ memory for words by having them encode on the beach or under water. The results indicated
a) support for the encoding specificity principle because words encoded on the beach were remembered better on the beach than under water
b) support for the encoding specificity principle because subjects who encoded and retrieved the words on thebeach did better than subjects who encoded underwater and then retrieved on the beach
c) support for transfer-appropriate processing because words encoded on the beach were remembered better on the beach than under water
d) support for context-dependency effects because words encoded and retrieved under water were remembered better than words encoded and retrieved on the beach
b) support for the encoding specificity principle because subjects who encoded and retrieved the words on the beach did better than subjects who encoded underwater and then retrieved on the beach
Context-dependency effects are most likely to be observed:
a) on a recognition test
b) on a free recall test
c) on a cued recall test
d) only when all other cues outshine the context cues
b) on a free recall test
Which of the following is a true statement, regarding whether students should worry about the implications of
encoding specificity for their own test performance?
a) Encoding specificity is especially important in classroom settings, because many tests are multiple choice
format.
b) The more you study, the more important context becomes as a cue.
c) Because tests are taken in quiet and calm settings, it’s probably better to study in a quiet and calm setting.
d) You should always try to study in the same setting where you’re going to be tested.
c) Because tests are taken in quiet and calm settings, it’s probably better to study in a quiet and calm setting.
Which one of the following memory tasks is going to be harder for your elderly grandfather?
a) Remembering to put the trash out on Tuesday mornings before 7am.
b) Remembering to mow the lawn.
c) Remembering the vacation he took ten years ago to the Grand Canyon.
d) Remembering how to ride a bicycle.
a) Remembering to put the trash out on Tuesday mornings before 7am.
Age deficits in prospective memory:
a) are generally not observed, unlike the deficits that are common in retrospective memory.
b) are observed, but only in situations that that do not require self-initiated retrieval
c) are observed, but only in event-based prospective memory
d) are observed, but usually when the prospective memory cue is non-focal.
d) are observed, but usually when the prospective memory cue is non-focal.
A number of studies have revealed that negative stimuli:
a) are more likely to be associated with “remember” judgments than with “know” judgments
b) are more likely to be associated with “know” judgments than with “remember” judgments
c) decrease activity in the hippocampus
d) decrease activity in the amygdale
a) are more likely to be associated with “remember” judgments than with “know” judgments
A number of studies have revealed that negative stimuli:
a) are more likely to be associated with “remember” judgments than with “know” judgments
b) are more likely to be associated with “know” judgments than with “remember” judgments
c) decrease activity in the hippocampus
d) decrease activity in the amygdale
a) are more likely to be associated with “remember” judgments than with “know” judgments
Explicit is to implicit as:
a) amnesics are to controls
b) semantic is to episodic
c) priming is to recognition
d) conscious is to unconscious
d) conscious is to unconscious
Beatle George Harrison’s alleged plagiarism of the song “My Sweet Lord” is quite possibly an example of this
memory phenomenon:
a) the levels of processing effect
b) prospective memory failure
c) implicit memory
d) encoding specificity
c) implicit memory
Déjà vu, the impression or feeling that we’ve been some place before, when in fact we have not, can be explained by
a) unconscious plagiarism
b) the levels of processing effect
c) explicit memory
d) implicit memory
d) implicit memory ??????
Which of the following is an example of a memory dissociation?
a) High frequency words are recalled better than low frequency words while low frequency words are better recognized than high frequency words.
b) Distracting stimulation in the environment hurts performance on both recall and recognition tests.
c) Amnesics perform poorly on explicit tests of memory.
d) Generating information produces better performance than reading the same information, on both recall and recognition tests.
a) High frequency words are recalled better than low frequency words while low frequency words are better recognized than high frequency words.
Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970) found a dissociation on memory performance for amnesics and nonamnesics. This means that they found
a) amnesics had better recognition of words than nonamnesics, but worse performance on word fragment completion
b) amnesics had worse recognition of words than nonamnesics, but they performed the same on word fragment completion
c) amnesics had better performance on explicit memory tests, but worse performance on implicit memory tests
d ) amnesics had better performance on implicit memory tests, but the same performance as nonamnesics on explicit memory tests
b) amnesics had worse recognition of words than nonamnesics, but they performed the same on word fragment completion
According to the memory systems account of implicit/explicit dissociations,
a) explicit memory performance is based on procedural memory, while implicit performance is based on declarative memory
b) explicit memory performance is based on declarative memory, while implicit performance is based on procedural memory
c) both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on semantic memory
d) both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on procedural memory
b) explicit memory performance is based on declarative memory, while implicit performance is based on procedural memory
Craik and Lockhart’s theory that emphasizes that memory depends on how information is processed at encoding (e.g., deeper, meaning-based processing improves memory generally) is called ________________________________________________ theory. (Note: this theory does not emphasize retrieval conditions, also)
a. levels of processing
b. modal model of memory
c. survival
d. dual code
a. levels of processing
The brain structure that seems to be most important in helping to form declarative memories is the
a) neocortex
b) amygdala
c) striatum
d) hippocampus
d) hippocampus???????????
The ________________________________ phenomenon refers to the finding that information that stands out from its context tends to be well remembered (e.g., memory for words written in red ink stand out from those that were in black ink).
a. von Restorff
b. Chomsky
c. Loftus
d. Ebbinghaus
Loftus????????
If someone has an stuck “on the tip of their tongue,” this is most likely a(n) ________ failure.
a) encoding
b) retrieval
c) storage
d) attentional
b) retrieval
Unconscious plagiarism and déjà vu are both thought be examples of ___________________ memory.
a. explicit
b. implicit
c. direct
d. short term
b. implicit
The self-reference effect states
a. material related to the self tends to be better remembered.
b. material related to the self is better remembered on implicit tests, but not explicit tests.
c. material related to the self tends to remembered in the form of visual information, compared to other information
d. material related to the self tends to be remembered in the form of verbal information, compared to other information
b. material related to the self is better remembered on implicit tests, but not explicit tests.
As noted in lecture, in a study by your professor (Penningroth, Scott,& Freuen, 2011), results showed that prospective memory performance was better for
a. social tasks (ones that benefit others)
b. males (vs. females)
c. 7 year olds (vs. 19 year olds)
d. all of the above
a. social tasks (ones that benefit others)
Which of the following is NOT a “cue type” for a prospective memory task?
a. event-based
b. time-based
c. biological-based
d. activity-based
c. biological-based
The “prospective memory and aging paradox” refers to evidence that older adults perform relatively well on ______________prospective memory tasks and younger adults perform relatively well on ___________________________prospective memory tasks.
a. naturalistic; lab-based
b. lab-based; naturalistic
c. all kinds of; lab-based
d. all kinds of; naturalistic
????????? B
Which is FALSE?
a. Autobiographical memory is a subset of episodic memory
b. Autobiographical memory is a subset of LTM
c. Semantic memory is a subset of LTM
d. LTM is a subset of autobiographical memory
d. LTM is a subset of autobiographical memory
Research on __________________________ has included “reported vividness” and “accuracy” as dependent variables.
a. autobiographical memory
b. flashbulb memories
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
In research on autobiographical memory, the _________________ technique has the advantage of obtaining a broad range of memories, but the ______________ technique avoids the disadvantage of having behaviors influenced by the data-gathering methods.
a. diary; retrospective report
b. cue-word; diary
c. retrospective report; diary
d. diary; past regression
a. diary; retrospective report
Research in everyday memory issues is usually higher in _______ and lower in _______ than typical laboratory
memory research.
a) ecological validity; internal validity
b) internal validity; ecological validity
c) internal validity; external validity
d) ecological validity; external validity
a) ecological validity; internal validity
Neisser’s challenge to cognitive psychologists included all of the following EXCEPT:
a) cognitive psychology research on memory has tended to be boring and trivial
b) cognitive psychologists have demonstrated little more than a child would be able to intuit
c) cognitive psychologists do not study important or relevant aspects of memory
d) cognitive psychologists have not made any firm conclusions regarding how memory works
d) cognitive psychologists have not made any firm conclusions regarding how memory works
Banaji and Crowder attacked Neisser’s critique of memory research, claiming that:
a) Everyday memory problems are of little interest
b) Laboratory research on memory does directly address most everyday questions of memory
c) Important research questions shouldn’t be defined solely what people think seems interesting
d) Generalizability of research findings isn’t as important as people make it out to be
d) Generalizability of research findings isn’t as important as people make it out to be
Which of these is an example of autobiographical memory?
a) Dan remembers his first date.
b) Susan plans for the two papers she has to write this week.
c) Zoe recalls that her mom hates it when she bites her nails.
d) Brant tells someone that he has season tickets to his college’s games.
a) Dan remembers his first date.
Traditional memory research tends to be more focused on the _____ of memory, and less focused on ____, while
the opposite is true of autobiographical memory research.
a) completeness; accuracy
b) accuracy; subjective experience
b) phenomenological qualities; content
c) subjective experience; completeness
b) accuracy; subjective experience
Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows for firmer conclusions about memory accuracy ( i.e., better assessment of accuracy)?
a) targeted event recall
b) diary technique
c) cue word technique
d) hypnosis
b) diary technique
Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows a researcher to plot the autobiographica retention function?
a) cue-word technique
b) targeted event recall
c) diary technique
d) flashbulb memories
a) cue-word technique
You interview your 74 year old grandmother about the events in her life. Based on what you know about the
autobiographical retention function, which of these would surprise you?
a) She remembers very little from when she was a toddler.
b) She remembers a great deal from the last few years.
c) She doesn’t remember much from her early adulthood.
d) Her infant years are a complete blank.
c) She doesn’t remember much from her early adulthood.
The term “childhood amnesia” refers to the finding that ________ before the age of about ________.
a) children are unable to form memories; 2 or 3
b) children are unable to form memories; 6 or 7
c) adults are unable to retrieve memories for events that occurred; 2 or 3
d) adults are unable to retrieve memories for events that occurred; 6 or 7
c) adults are unable to retrieve memories for events that occurred; 2 or 3
One research strategy for investigating childhood memories (in order to check and verify the accuracy of
remembered childhood events) is to:
a) investigate participants’ pasts to confirm the events they remember
b) ask about salient events that can be easily corroborated by other parties
c) stage events that can be asked about later on
d) there is no way to corroborate any childhood memory.
b) ask about salient events that can be easily corroborated by other parties
In their study of early childhood memories, Usher and Neisser (1993) found that
a) memories for a car accident were some of the earliest recalled
b) memories for the death of a family member were some of the earliest recalled
c) memories for hospitalization were some of the earliest recalled
d) memories for a family move were some of the earliest recalled
c) memories for hospitalization were some of the earliest recalled
The best explanation for the finding by Usher and Neisser (1993) that birth of a sibling was one of the earliest
memories recalled is that
a) it is the first installment of a story that will be told many times
b) it is distinctive, involving and frightening event
c) there were many family stories and photographs about this event
d) there is a recency effect with this type of event
a) it is the first installment of a story that will be told many times
In their study of early childhood memories, Usher and Neisser (1993) found that
a) family stories and photographs helped the memories of all children
b) family stories and photographs hurt the memories of all children
c) family stories and photographs hurt the memories of children four and older
d) family stories and photographs hurt the memories of children three years and younger
d) family stories and photographs hurt the memories of children three years and younger
The neurological theory of childhood amnesia
a) explains why children have difficulty with semantic memory, but not episodic memory
b) completely explains the existence of childhood amnesia
c) receives support from research showing that hippocampal areas are not very developed in very young infants.
d) suggests that the procedural memory system is late developing in children
c) receives support from research showing that hippocampal areas are not very developed in very young infants.
What are the two neurological structures that seem to be involved with childhood amnesia?
a) the hippocampus and the amygdala
b) the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala
c) the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
d) the thalamus and the hypothalamus
c) the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
When conversing with their daughters, parents tend to use a(n) ________ narrative style, which leads to
________ autobiographical memories for emotional events.
a) elaborative; more impoverished
b) elaborative; more detailed
c) pragmatic; more impoverished
d) pragmatic; more detailed
b) elaborative; more detailed
This has not been proposed as an explanation of childhood amnesia?
a) development of language
b) development of a cognitive self
c) development of appropriate neurological structures
d) lack of encoding and rehearsal by the child
d) lack of encoding and rehearsal by the child
Wang (2006) compared the early recall of Taiwanese and U.S. adults in terms of the age of their early
childhood recollections and the degree of autonomy reflected in the memories. She found that U.S. participants
had ____ memories than Taiwanese participants, and that memories of U.S. participants were ____ likely to reflect autonomy.
a) earlier; more
b) earlier; less
c) later; more
d) later; less
a) earlier; more
Nelson and Fivush’s (2004) social-cognitive account of the emergence of autobiographical memory in children
includes all of the following factors except for:
a) memory talk with adults
b) identification of a specific point of offset of childhood amnesia
c) the child’s understanding that they have a unique set of beliefs and desires
d) the development of an understanding of what a narrative is
b) identification of a specific point of offset of childhood amnesia
One possible explanation for the reminiscence bump — that events occurring during the formation of a personal
identity during adolescence are especially well-remembered — provides an analog to one of the accounts for
this other memory phenomenon:
a) flashbulb memories
b) the offset of childhood amnesia
c) dissociations between implicit and explicit memory
d) the distinction between autobiographical memories and facts
b) the offset of childhood amnesia
Janssen and Murre (2008) conducted an internet study of lifespan recall, and found a reminiscence bump, as
expected. The reminiscence-period memories described by participants tended to be _________, supporting the ______ of the reminiscence bump.
a) salient and important; peak functioning account
b) mundane and relatively unimportant; peak functioning account
c) salient and important; distinctiveness account
d) mundane and relatively unimportant; distinctiveness account
b) mundane and relatively unimportant; peak functioning account
The third component of the autobiographical memory retention function is the forgetting portion. All of the
following are a possible explanation for this component of the function except:
a) lack of rehearsal
b) interference
c) neurological aging processes
d) transitioning from autobiographical memories to autobiographical facts
c) neurological aging processes
Marian and Neisser (2000) conducted a study in which Russian immigrants to the United States were given
Russian or English cue words for autobiographical memories. The results of this study provided a conceptual
replication of this classic memory phenomenon in the context of autobiographical memory:
a) a levels of processing effect
b) the beneficial effect of organization on memory
c) encoding specificity
d) a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory
c) encoding specificity
Marian and Neisser (2000) conducted a study in which Russian immigrants to the United States were given
autobiographical memory interviews. They found language-dependent recall; that is, when prompted in
Russian, they recalled more Russian than English memories. When prompted in English, they recalled more
U.S. memories. In a second study, the researchers looked for the source of this effect — they were interested in whether this language-dependent recall was more dependent on the language of the cue-word, or on the
language of the interview itself. They found that:
a) language of the cue words played a larger role in language-dependent recall than did interview language
b) language of the interview played a larger role in language-dependent recall than did cue-word language
c) cue-word language and interview language were equally important in language-dependent recall
d) cue words were more important in producing early memories; interview language was more important in
producing later memories
b) language of the interview played a larger role in language-dependent recall than did cue-word language
Casasonto and Dijkstra had participants recall autobiographical memories while moving marbles in an upward
or downward direction. They found that:
a) when moving marbles upward, participants were more likely to recall relatively positive memories; when moving them downward, they were more likely to recall relatively negative memories.
b) when moving marbles upward, participants were more likely to recall relatively negative memories; when
moving them downward, they were more likely to recall relatively positive memories.
c) when moving marbles upward, participants were more likely to recall relatively recent memories; when
moving them downward, they were more likely to recall relatively remote memories.
d) when moving marbles upward, participants were more likely to recall relatively remote memories; when
moving them downward, they were more likely to recall relatively recent memories.
a) when moving marbles upward, participants were more likely to recall relatively positive memories; when moving them downward, they were more likely to recall relatively negative memories.
You and your friend, Dani, go on some adventure vacation every summer. She is trying to get you to remember an episode when you went to Maine. What of the following will serve as the best cue for memory retrieval?
a) Do you remember what happened on July 11, 2007?
b) Do you remember what happened when we went rock climbing?
c) Do you remember the vacation we took at Acadia National Park?
d) Do you remember when we went on vacation together?
b) Do you remember what happened when we went rock climbing?
If a friend of yours is trying to get you to remember some funny event that happened when you were out
together, which of these questions will be most effective in helping you retrieve the memory?
a) Do you remember August 7th?
b) Do you remember that time we were with Emily?
c) Do you remember that time at the coffee shop?
d) Do you remember that time we went antiquing in Stillwater?
d) Do you remember that time we went antiquing in Stillwater?
When recalling an autobiographical memory, Conway’s self-memory systems says that
a) we access sensory-perceptual details at the level of lifetime periods
b) we reconstruct the event starting from event-specific knowledge, then general events, and finally lifetime
periods
c) we reconstruct the event starting from lifetime periods, then general events, and finally accessing event specific knowledge
d) retrieval of autobiographical memories is fast and accurate
c) we reconstruct the event starting from lifetime periods, then general events, and finally accessing event specific knowledge
Which of these is NOT one of the levels of knowledge in the self-memory system model of autobiographical memory proposed by Conway?
a) lifetime periods
b) general events
c) event-specific
d) months of the year
d) months of the year
Involuntary memories tend to be _____ and _________.
a) general; retrieved slowly
b) general; retrieved quickly
c) specific; retrieved slowly
d) specific; retrieved quickly
d) specific; retrieved quickly
All of these are typically a component of a flashbulb memory except for
a) what you were doing at the time
b) what you were wearing that day
c) what you did next
d) how you felt when you heard
b) what you were wearing that day
All of these are characteristics of flashbulb memories except for:
a) crystal-clear vividness
b) crystal-clear accuracy
c) a high level of confidence in recall
d) emotion and/or surprise
b) crystal-clear accuracy
Neisser & Harsch (1992) introduced the notion of TV priority in their research on flashbulb memories. TV
priority refers to ________ and may help explain ________.
a) people’s tendency to watch too much TV; the vividness of flashbulbs
b) people’s tendency to watch too much TV; the distortions that occur in flashbulbs
c) people’s schema for hearing disaster news; the vividness of flashbulbs
d) people’s schema for hearing disaster news; the distortions that occur in flashbulbs
d) people’s schema for hearing disaster news; the distortions that occur in flashbulbs
What conclusions can be drawn about the accuracy of flashbulb memories?
a) flashbulb memories are significantly more accurate than normal memories
b) subjects consistently misremember the source of the flashbulb memory, but not the emotion they were
feeling
c) the longer the retention interval, the more distortions there appear to be
d) flashbulb memories show exactly the same kind of distortions that normal memories do
c) the longer the retention interval, the more distortions there appear to be
Currently, flashbulb memories seem to be explained by
a) encoding specificity
b) special memory mechanisms due to the emotion involved
c) the Now Print! Theory
d) the intensification of basic memory mechanisms by emotion
d) the intensification of basic memory mechanisms by emotion
Which of these is TRUE about the relationship between mood and remembered life episodes?
a) Depressed individuals show preferential recall of negative events.
b) Depressed individuals tend to be overly specific in their recall of events.
c) Mood state-dependency does not apply to autobiographical memory.
d) People in general tend to recall more negative life events than positive life events.
a) Depressed individuals show preferential recall of negative events.
The relative inability of depressed individuals to be specific in remembering past events leads to other
problems, such as
a) an inability to have general autobiographical recall
b) increased overconfidence
c) an inability to imagine future events
d) slower retrieval of negative material compared to nondepressed people
c) an inability to imagine future events
Brown and Kulik conducted research on flashbulb memories. They found that people tended to include five categories of information. Which was NOT one of those five?.
Where you were.
Who told you.
What the weather was like.
What you did next
What the weather was like.
The ____________________________ technique is a method for investigating autobiographical memory in which the participant keeps a running record of events that occur in daily life.
Diary
Cue word
Serial position
Lexical decision
Diary
Martin Conway’s theoretical model of autobiographical memory includes 2 components: the autobiographical memory knowledge base and the working self. The name of this model is the ________________________________________ system.
a. levels of processing
b. self memory
c. modal model
reminiscence
reminiscence
_______________ is the term used for the finding that we have few memories from the early years and almost none before age 3.
a. childhood amnesia
b. repressive memory
c. infantile reminiscence
d. Broca’s aphasia
a. childhood amnesia
Research shows that for episodic memory item recall,
positive items are best recalled, then negative items, then neutral items.
negative items are best recalled, then positive items, then neutral items.
neutral items are best recalled, then negative items, then positive items.
neutral items are best recalled, then positive items, then negative items.
negative items are best recalled, then positive items, then neutral items.
A(n) “_________________________” memory is the term for a vivid, confidently held memory for an autobiographical event that was startling and carried a strong emotional reaction.
a. semantic
b. flashbulb
c. instant trauma
d. Polyanna
b. flashbulb
The reminiscence bump refers to the disproportionately greater number of memories for events that occur between the ages of _____ and ______.
a. 3, 5
b. 3, 10
c. 15-25
d. 30-40
c. 15-25
According to the Innocence Project, eyewitness misidentification plays a key role in ___ of the cases of
wrongful conviction in which DNA evidence later led to exoneration.
a) about 25%
b) about 50%
c) about 75%
d) all
c) about 75%
Megreya and Burton (2008) investigated people’s ability to distinguish and remember faces. They had
participants watch as target individuals walked to the front of a room and stood there for 30 seconds. After each
target was presented, a 10-photo array was presented, from which participants were asked to choose who they
had just seen. Subjects’ performance in this task was:
a) near perfect; over 95% accuracy
b) excellent; between 80 and 90% recognition
c) mediocre; participants were only right about 2/3 of the time
d) abysmal; participants performed at chance levels
c) mediocre; participants were only right about 2/3 of the time
If an eyewitness to a crime experiences a weapon focus, he or she will be
a) more likely to remember information about the gun, but less likely to remember what the person is wearing
b) more likely to remember what the person is wearing, but less likely to remember information about the gun
c) more likely to remember peripheral details, but less likely to remember central details
d) equally likely to remember peripheral and central details
a) more likely to remember information about the gun, but less likely to remember what the person is wearing
Research on race and facial identification:
a) reveals that people are better at distinguishing among faces of their own race than they are at distinguishing among faces of another race.
b) reveals that people are better at distinguishing among faces of another race than they are at distinguishing
among faces of their own race.
c) reveals that certain races are better at facial identification than are others.
d) race has little or no influence on the ability to recognize faces.
a) reveals that people are better at distinguishing among faces of their own race than they are at distinguishing among faces of another race.
In a classic study by Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978), subjects viewed slides depicting a car accident at a stop sign. Then half of the subjects were asked about a yield sign, and half were asked about a stop sign. The results indicated that:
a) all of the subjects did poorly in recognizing the original slide of the accident.
b) subjects who received consistent information (i.e., the stop sign question) did poorly in recognizing the original slide of the accident.
c) subjects who were misled by the stop sign question did poorly in recognizing the original slide of the accident.
d) subjects who were misled by the yield sign question did poorly recognizing the original slide of the accident.
b) subjects who received consistent information (i.e., the stop sign question) did poorly in recognizing the original slide of the accident.
The fact that misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall can influence the memory of an eyewitness is called:
a) a misinformation effect.
b) photo bias.
c) unconscious transference.
d) the activation mode.
a) a misinformation effect.
Anne and Sally go out to eat every Friday. One Friday, Sally refers to a server who spilled water on the table a
few weeks ago. Anne has no memory of this happening, and quickly dismisses Sally’s claim. But later, when
Anne asked about the restaurant, she says, “the food is good but some of the servers are kind of clumsy.” This is
an example of:
a) the misinformation effect.
b) unconscious transference.
c) a memory sin of omission.
d) the effect of emotional stress on memory for an event.
a) the misinformation effect.
All of the following statements about the misinformation effect are true except:
a) It is an example of the memory sin of suggestibility.
b) It is an example of the memory sin of misattribution.
c) It is an example of retroactive interference.
d) It is an example of the memory sin of bias.
d) It is an example of the memory sin of bias.
When Timothy McVeigh was arrested for the Oklahoma City bombing, his steps were traced to a Ryder Truck rental outlet. A worker at Ryder trucks also reported another man who had been with McVeigh. Police sought this man out as well, considering him a possible co-conspirator, and referring to him as “John Doe #2”. Later, it came out that “John Doe #2” was actually an innocent man who had come into the Ryder rental place an hour or so after McVeigh. The Ryder worker’s initial memory about John Doe#2 is an example of:
a) a misinformation effect.
b) unconscious transference.
c) photo bias.
d) the effects of emotional stress on eyewitness memory.
b) unconscious transference.
Davis, Loftus, Vanous, and Cucciare (2008) investigated whether illusions of continuity might underlie unconscious transference, and related unconscious transference to which perceptual phenomenon?
a) subliminal perception
b) face inversion
c) change blindness
d) synesthesia
c) change blindness
Marcia was a witness to a crime. At the police state, she looked through many books of mug shots, hoping to
identify the criminal. Two weeks later, the police asked her to come in and look at a lineup of criminals. Although the actual criminal was not in the lineup, Marcia identified one of the people in the lineup as the guy she saw commit the crime. Marcia was probably influenced by:
a) misleading information that was encoded between the event and when she viewed the lineup.
b) the emotional stress she experienced at the time of witnessing the crime.
c) the previous mug shots that she saw.
d) the number of people that were actually in the lineup.
c) the previous mug shots that she saw.
The least desirable outcome from a lineup choice is:
a) an incorrect identification.
b) no choice.
c) an identification failure.
d) a correct rejection.
c) an identification failure.
In constructing a lineup, if non-witnesses consistently identify one person as the criminal, even though they never witnessed the crime, there is a problem with:
a) the use of a relative judgment strategy.
b) the use of an absolute judgment strategy.
c) the functional size of the lineup.
d) identification failure.
c) the functional size of the lineup.
Sandra is a witness to a bank robbery. When asked to identify the culprit in a lineup she brings her friend Tom
with her. After Sandra identified the culprit, her friend Tom says that the guy she identified really stood out; he
looked meaner and tougher than the rest of the people in the lineup. It seems that perhaps the Sandra’s identification could have been tainted by:
a) photo bias.
b) by the misinformation effect.
c) inadequate functional size of the lineup.
d) the fact that a show-up procedure was used.
c) inadequate functional size of the lineup.
A good deal of eyewitness identification research suggests that ________ lineups are preferable, because they
encourage participants to engage in a ________ strategy when making their identification.
a) sequential; absolute judgment strategy
b) sequential; relative judgment strategy
c) simultaneous; absolute judgment strategy
d) simultaneous; relative judgment strategy
a) sequential; absolute judgment strategy
Philisha is very confident that the suspect committed the crime. She was able to observe the crime from a location in which the culprit was unable to see her, she observed the culprit for 5 minutes; the crime took place in a well-lit area; the police used the cognitive interview to question her about the crime; she identified the suspect in a sequential lineup. Given this information the jury:
a) should not take her confidence into consideration because confidence is not a good indicator of memory accuracy.
b) should take her confidence into consideration during their deliberation, based on the idea behind the optimality hypothesis.
c) should take her confidence into consideration because confidence is generally a good indicator of memory accuracy.
d) should not take her confidence into consideration during their deliberation, based on the idea behind the optimality hypothesis.
b) should take her confidence into consideration during their deliberation, based on the idea behind the optimality hypothesis.
All of these characterize the cognitive interview except for:
a) hypnosis.
b) open-ended questions.
c) elaborate retrieval cues that invoke the encoding specificity principle.
d) techniques designed to make a witness comfortable.
a) hypnosis.
Hypnosis has sometimes been used as a retrieval technique for an eyewitness memory. What conclusions can be drawn about using hypnosis in this way?
a) Hypnosis can be used, but only in extreme cases.
b) Hypnosis leads to an increase in report of fabricated details and so should be avoided.
c) Hypnosis should be used because it leads to an increase in the amount of information reported.
d) Hypnosis should be avoided because it doesn’t lead to any increase in the amount of information reported.
a) Hypnosis can be used, but only in extreme cases.
The results of laboratory studies of illusory memory indicate that:
a) participants often consciously recollect the theme words around which each list is constructed, even though these words were never presented.
b) participants don’t generally recollect that the theme word had been presented; they just KNOW that it was presented.
c) participants often recognized that the theme words as having been in the lists but rarely recalled those theme words.
d) false memories can not be created in a list learning paradigm.
a) participants often consciously recollect the theme words around which each list is constructed, even though these words were never presented.
In cognitive neuroscience research on illusory memories:
a) real memories show a greater response in one hemisphere of the brain.
b) illusory memories show a greater response in one hemisphere of the brain.
c) real memories show an equal pattern of ERP responses for each hemisphere of the brain.
d) indicate that our brain cannot tell the difference between real and illusory memories.
a) real memories show a greater response in one hemisphere of the brain.
In their “lost in a shopping mall” study, Loftus and Pickrell (1995):
a) found that 75% of participants falsely remembered being lost in a mall.
b) found that when false memories were created, they were quite vague, and not very long lasting.
c) found that participants were just as confident about their false memories as they were about real ones.
d) enlisted family members of the participants as confederates.
d) enlisted family members of the participants as confederates.
The phenomenon of imagination inflation:
a) is an instance in which the less a memory is imagined, the more real it seems.
b) is an instance in which the more a memory is imagined, the more real it seems
c) is present only in young children.
d) only works in a laboratory setting.
b) is an instance in which the more a memory is imagined, the more real it seems
Gloria went to a family reunion, and at this reunion, she listened to stories told by her relatives, and looked at the pictures on display. What influence will these stories and photos have on her potential to generate an illusory memory?
a) The photos are more likely to generate an illusory memory than the stories.
b) The stories are more likely to generate an illusory memory than the photos.
c) The photos will have a larger effect at the beginning of the four-day reunion than at the end of the reunion.
d) The photos and stories will have an equal effect on her.
b) The stories are more likely to generate an illusory memory than the photos.
Nash, Wadem, and Brewer (2009) investigated what they termed the doctored evidence effect and propose all but one of these as a possible source of the effect. Which one did they not propose?
a) imagination
b) familiarity
c) credibility
d) elaboration
d) elaboration
A study by Principe, Kanaya, Ceci and Singh (2006) examined the effect of rumors on false memories in preschoolers. After hearing a rumor about how a rabbit had escaped from a magician:
a) only children who had actually seen the rabbit eating carrots had false memories.
b) only children who overheard the rumor directly from adults had false memories.
c) children who had a suggestive interview had very high rates of false memories.
d) children who had a neutral interview had no false memories.
c) children who had a suggestive interview had very high rates of false memories.
Memory distortion research has been applied to achieve which positive end?
a) quitting smoking
b) healthier eating
c) remembering to take medications
d) improving relationships.
b) healthier eating
According to Daniel Schacter, one of the three “sins of omission” in memory is:
A) misattribution
B) suggestibility
C) blocking
D) Bias
C) blocking
What does research show about the use of hypnosis for memory retrieval?
a. It causes increased recall for correct information only
b. It causes increased recall for fabricated (false) information only
c. It causes increased recall for both fabricated (false) information and correct information
d. Nothing (there has been no research on this topic).
c. It causes increased recall for both fabricated (false) information and correct information
As shown by the research of Dr. Elizabeth Loftus and others, many people will erroneously say they saw a yield sign (when they saw a stop sign) if suggestive questioning is used or if another witness mentions a yield sign. This demonstrates the _________________________________ effect.
a. blocking
b. misinformation
c. repression
d. proactive interference
b. misinformation
What’s the major drawback of using the cognitive interview technique?
a. It produces more false memories than hypnosis does.
b. It takes a long time to administer.
c. The witness often becomes irate when this technique is used.
d. Nothing (there are no disadvantages over other techniques)
d. Nothing (there are no disadvantages over other techniques)
Anatomically detailed dolls are sometimes used in interviewing children about possible sexual abuse. What has research shown on the use of these dolls? (e.g., Research done by Maggie Bruck was shown in a video during class).
a. dolls increase retrieval accuracy
b. dolls have no effect on retrieval accuracy
c. dolls decrease retrieval accuracy
d. dolls increase retrieval accuracy, but only if the doll is the same race as the child
c. dolls decrease retrieval accuracy
The DRM paradigm
a. is a technique that elicits false (illusory) memories in lists of words
b. is a technique that involves using hypnosis to increase retrieval
c. is one of the few techniques that actually demonstrates how accurate human memory is
d. both a and b
a. is a technique that elicits false (illusory) memories in lists of words
