exam 4 Flashcards
what are the characteristics of acute leukemia?
progresses rapidly effects all ages, but most children anemia thrombocytopenia abnormal young cell types (blasts, myelomonocytes)
what are the characteristics of chronic leukemia?
adults
progresses slower
cells more mature (small mature lymphs)
what environmental factors can increase the incidence of leukemia?
radiation
viral infections
toxic exposure
genetic abnormalities
what is the FAB classification?
french-american-british
used for acute leukemias
what cytochemical stains or cellular constituents are used to diagnose acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)?
peroxidase +
sudan B +
auer rods
which leukemia is associated with increased incidence of bleeding disorders?
APL- acute promyelocytic leukemia
what is Naegli’s leukemia and what are its distinguishing characteristics?
“myelomonocytic”
myelomonocyte predominant cells
all stages of myelo-mono cells
what cytochemical stains are positive in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?
PAS- periodic acid schiff
what cytochemical stains are positive in acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL)?
nonspecific esterase,
completely inhibited by fluoride
what cytochemical stains are positive in acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML)?
specific and nonspecific esterase
limitedly inhibited by fluoride
what cytochemical stain are positive in erythroleukemia?
PAS
characterize chronic myelocytic (myelogenous) leukemia (CML):
all stages of granulocytes
lots of myelocytes & mature neutrophils (bands/segs)
BMC: 100%
70% of cases go into final blast crises
which leukemia is = for both esterases?
ALL
what type of leukemia is most frequently seen in children?
ALL
what type of leukemia is most commonly seen in middle age?
CML- chronic myelogonous leukemia
what type of leukemia is most commonly seen in older patients?
CLL- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
what does the PBS in CLL usually show?
100% small mature lymphs
smudge cells
what does the bone marrow show in CLL?
not 100% cellularity
more small lymphs than normal
what does the bone marrow show in CLL?
not 100% cellularity
more small lymphs than normal
what leukemia is characterized by “fluffy” undifferentiated cells?
stem cell leukemia
what is another name for erythroleukemia?
DiGuglielmo syndrome
erythroleukemia usually terminates in
AML- acute myelocytic leukemia
what are the characteristics of myeloid metaplasia?
BM; extramedullary hematopoeisis
tear drop cells
what are the characteristics of leukemoid reactions?
neutrophilic - shift to the left increase young cells dohle bodies toxic granulation increased LAP CML - decreased LAP
name several causes of leukopenia
due to drug exposure
viral infections
what is agranulocytosis?
severe neutropenia
decreased neutrophils
low white count
what are the WBC, RBC, and platelet counts in agranulocytosis?
wbc is decreased
RBC and platelets are normal
what is another name for hairy cell leukemia?
leukemicreticuloendotheliosis
what cell type does hairy cell leukemia involve?
B cell
patients with ALL can relapse due to repopulation of the peripheral blood with cells from the ….
spinal fluid
what condition are foam cells associated with?
nemanpick disease
what condition are Reed-sternbeg cells associated with?
hogdkins disease
what condition are downey cells associated with?
IM- infectious mononucleiosis
what condition are plasma cells associated wtih?
MM- multiple myeloma
bence jones protein associated with…
MM
greatly increased platelets associated with…
CML
philadelphia chromosome associated with..
CML
rouleaux formation associated with..
MM
phagocytes with ingested, altered nucleprotien associated with..
le cell
leukemoid reaction with increased EOS assocaited with..
hogdkins
negative LAP associated with..
CML
presence of auer rods associated with..
CML
hyposegmentation of neutrophils associated with..
pelger huet
increased basophils (2 conditions) assocaited with..
CML
mast cell leukemia
what are the characteristics of waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?
rouleaux
plasma cytoidlymphs
sed rate very increased
what is the L.E. factor?
IgG antibody
what is the L.E. factor?
IgG antibody
what portion of the blood specimen is used to make L.E. preparation?
buffy coat from white cell layer
what test should be done to confirm a diagnosis of SLE?
ANA
antinuclear antibody
describe the appearance of an atypical lymph
larger indented by RBC
stain deeper blue on edges
describe the appearance of an auer rod
reddish-pink rod shaped structure in cytoplasm of blast
describe the appearance of dohle bodies
light blue inclusions in neutrophil cell membranes
what abnormalities (other than ATLs) can be found in associated with IM?
heterophile Ab
Ab to epstein barr virus
atypical lymphs
what is the use of the LAP in the hematology lab?
dif. leukamoid rxc (+) from CML (=)
what is the use of the myeloperoxidase in the hematology lab?
distinguish AML(+) & ALL(=)
what is the use of the PAS in the hematology lab?
+ ALL erythroleukemia +
what is the use of the NBT in the hematology lab?
high when it is a bacterial infection
what is the use of the TdT in the hematology lab?
Dx ALL
this is an enzyme test
what is the most common childhood non-hodgkins lymphoma?
burkitt’s
what is the principle of operation of the Hema-Tek slide stainer?
fix it
stain it
air dry it
what is the impedence principle of cell counting?
cell interrupts current creating resistance (electrical current)
what is the principle of flow cytometry?
light source is interrupted
what RBC parameters are directly measured by the Coulter Maxim (and the Excell 16)?
MCV directly measured (also calculated)
Hct estimated
when using an impedence counter, why is it necessary that the cellc ounts be corrected for coincidence?
more than one cell can pass through at one time; more than 10,000 WBC should be corrected
what RBC parameters are directly measured by the Coiulter LH (and the midnray BC- 3200)?
which are calculated?
MCV, hgb, RBC, WBC
hct, MCH, MCHC
