exam 4 Flashcards by whitney webb

what are the characteristics of acute leukemia?

progresses rapidly
effects all ages, but most children
anemia
thrombocytopenia
abnormal young cell types (blasts, myelomonocytes)

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what are the characteristics of chronic leukemia?

adults
progresses slower
cells more mature (small mature lymphs)

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what environmental factors can increase the incidence of leukemia?

radiation
viral infections
toxic exposure
genetic abnormalities

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what is the FAB classification?

french-american-british

used for acute leukemias

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what cytochemical stains or cellular constituents are used to diagnose acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)?

peroxidase +
sudan B +
auer rods

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which leukemia is associated with increased incidence of bleeding disorders?

APL- acute promyelocytic leukemia

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what is Naegli’s leukemia and what are its distinguishing characteristics?

“myelomonocytic”
myelomonocyte predominant cells
all stages of myelo-mono cells

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what cytochemical stains are positive in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?

PAS- periodic acid schiff

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what cytochemical stains are positive in acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL)?

nonspecific esterase,

completely inhibited by fluoride

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what cytochemical stains are positive in acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML)?

specific and nonspecific esterase

limitedly inhibited by fluoride

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what cytochemical stain are positive in erythroleukemia?

PAS

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characterize chronic myelocytic (myelogenous) leukemia (CML):

all stages of granulocytes
lots of myelocytes & mature neutrophils (bands/segs)
BMC: 100%
70% of cases go into final blast crises

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which leukemia is = for both esterases?

ALL

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what type of leukemia is most frequently seen in children?

ALL

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what type of leukemia is most commonly seen in middle age?

CML- chronic myelogonous leukemia

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what type of leukemia is most commonly seen in older patients?

CLL- chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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what does the PBS in CLL usually show?

100% small mature lymphs

smudge cells

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what does the bone marrow show in CLL?

not 100% cellularity

more small lymphs than normal

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what does the bone marrow show in CLL?

not 100% cellularity

more small lymphs than normal

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what leukemia is characterized by “fluffy” undifferentiated cells?

stem cell leukemia

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what is another name for erythroleukemia?

DiGuglielmo syndrome

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erythroleukemia usually terminates in

AML- acute myelocytic leukemia

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what are the characteristics of myeloid metaplasia?

BM; extramedullary hematopoeisis

tear drop cells

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what are the characteristics of leukemoid reactions?

neutrophilic - shift to the left 
increase young cells
dohle bodies
toxic granulation
increased LAP
CML - decreased LAP

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name several causes of leukopenia

due to drug exposure | viral infections

what is agranulocytosis?

severe neutropenia decreased neutrophils low white count

what are the WBC, RBC, and platelet counts in agranulocytosis?

wbc is decreased | RBC and platelets are normal

what is another name for hairy cell leukemia?

leukemicreticuloendotheliosis

what cell type does hairy cell leukemia involve?

B cell

patients with ALL can relapse due to repopulation of the peripheral blood with cells from the ....

spinal fluid

what condition are foam cells associated with?

nemanpick disease

what condition are Reed-sternbeg cells associated with?

hogdkins disease

what condition are downey cells associated with?

IM- infectious mononucleiosis

what condition are plasma cells associated wtih?

MM- multiple myeloma

bence jones protein associated with...

greatly increased platelets associated with...

CML

philadelphia chromosome associated with..

CML

rouleaux formation associated with..

phagocytes with ingested, altered nucleprotien associated with..

le cell

leukemoid reaction with increased EOS assocaited with..

hogdkins

negative LAP associated with..

CML

presence of auer rods associated with..

CML

hyposegmentation of neutrophils associated with..

pelger huet

increased basophils (2 conditions) assocaited with..

CML | mast cell leukemia

what are the characteristics of waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia?

rouleaux plasma cytoidlymphs sed rate very increased

what is the L.E. factor?

IgG antibody

what is the L.E. factor?

IgG antibody

what portion of the blood specimen is used to make L.E. preparation?

buffy coat from white cell layer

what test should be done to confirm a diagnosis of SLE?

ANA | antinuclear antibody

describe the appearance of an atypical lymph

larger indented by RBC | stain deeper blue on edges

describe the appearance of an auer rod

reddish-pink rod shaped structure in cytoplasm of blast

describe the appearance of dohle bodies

light blue inclusions in neutrophil cell membranes

what abnormalities (other than ATLs) can be found in associated with IM?

heterophile Ab Ab to epstein barr virus atypical lymphs

what is the use of the LAP in the hematology lab?

dif. leukamoid rxc (+) from CML (=)

what is the use of the myeloperoxidase in the hematology lab?

distinguish AML(+) & ALL(=)

what is the use of the PAS in the hematology lab?

+ ALL erythroleukemia +

what is the use of the NBT in the hematology lab?

high when it is a bacterial infection

what is the use of the TdT in the hematology lab?

Dx ALL | this is an enzyme test

what is the most common childhood non-hodgkins lymphoma?

burkitt's

what is the principle of operation of the Hema-Tek slide stainer?

fix it stain it air dry it

what is the impedence principle of cell counting?

cell interrupts current creating resistance (electrical current)

what is the principle of flow cytometry?

light source is interrupted

what RBC parameters are directly measured by the Coulter Maxim (and the Excell 16)?

MCV directly measured (also calculated) | Hct estimated

when using an impedence counter, why is it necessary that the cellc ounts be corrected for coincidence?

more than one cell can pass through at one time; more than 10,000 WBC should be corrected

what RBC parameters are directly measured by the Coiulter LH (and the midnray BC- 3200)? which are calculated?

MCV, hgb, RBC, WBC hct, MCH, MCHC