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Bio 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

biodiversity

A

diversity of living things

i. species diversity
ii. distribution
iii. genetic diversity

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2
Q

prokaryote

A

DNA not in nucleus, small, simple

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3
Q

eukaryote

A

DNA in nucleus, larger, more complex

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4
Q

bacteria characteristics

A

i. single-cell prokaryote (no nucleus)
ii. reproduces using DNA
iii. everywhere

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5
Q

bacteria roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits
helps create and break down food
aid immune system

— ways harmful
waste product when breaking down food may be harmful (red meat and heart disease)
infection
spoils food

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6
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

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7
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod-like)
spirochetes (spiral)

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8
Q

reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission (asexual reproduction - doesn’t need partner)

DNA replicated
circular chromosome pulls apart to form two daughters
each gets DNA and plasmids

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9
Q

nitrogen fixation

A
  • nitrogen (N2) used by proteins and DNA
  • we can’t process atmospheric nitrogen
  • bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms we can use (ammonium and nitrates)
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10
Q

protists characteristics

A

i. most single-cell
ii. has nucleus
iii. no other defining characteristics, though genetically related and similar to each other
iv. “junk drawer” containing all eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi

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11
Q

types of evidence for how eukaryotes evolved

A

comes from protists, since they were first eukaryotes to evolve

evolving energy assimilation
steps toward multicellular organisms
steps toward sexual reproduction
steps toward motility

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12
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: energy assimilation

A

Euglena

- both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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13
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward multicellular organisms

A

Golden Algae
- clusters to form a primitive multicellular state

Volvox

- forms spheres up to 50K big
- only few cells reproduce (like us)
     - cells unused for reproduction still show up indirectly in next generation
     - selected for because it saves energy not to          recreate every single cell
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14
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward sexual reproduction

A

chlamydomonas

- produces both positive and negative gametes
- asexual when no mates
- sexual reproduction creates variation and better chance for survival
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15
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward motility

A

paramecium
- cilia: hair-like structures on outside of cell provides primitive movement

amoeba
- pseudopodia: “false foot” allows for more flexible mobility

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16
Q

fungi characteristics

A

heterotrophic (via mycelium)

  1. saprobe
    • nutrition from dead organic matter
    • secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients

most multi-cellular (except yeast)

sessile

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17
Q

fungi roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits

  1. yeast
  2. food
  3. decomposers
  4. antibiotics
  • – ways harmful
    1. poisonous
    2. infections
    3. mold, mildew, rot
    4. plant disease
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18
Q

fungal associations

A

can form mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with other organisms

  1. lichen
    fungus among algae or photosynthetic bacteria
  2. mycorrhizae
    fungal hyphae wrap around roots without penetration
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19
Q

life cycle stages of fungi

A

sexual
1. fruiting body creates haploid gametes that fuse/fertilize to produce diploid zygote (dikaryotic phase)

  1. through meiosis, diploid zygote becomes haploid spores

asexual
3. spores disperse to become new gametophyte fungus generation

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20
Q

plant characteristics

A

i. autotrophic
ii. multi-cellular
iii. sessile

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21
Q

alternation of generations

A

life cycle of plants alternating between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes

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22
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective covering

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23
Q

major evolutionary adaptations of plants

A

multi-cellular form

- lacks vascular system so can’t transport water
- all water intake is via diffusion

vascular tissue
- tissues hardened with lignin which allows it to grow tall

seeds
- naked seed not surrounded by fruit

fruits and flowers

- seed contained in fruit
- requires a lot of energy to produce, but is selected for because fruit attracts animals, which can spread seeds further away
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24
Q

ancestors of all plants

A

green algae

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25
Q

major evolutionary forms of plants

A

bryophytes (mosses)
ferns
gymnosperms (conifers)
angiosperms (fruiting and/or flower bearing)

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26
Q

spores

A

haploid reproductive cells used in asexual reproduction

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27
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction

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28
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid generation that gives rise to haploid gametes

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29
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid generation that gives rise to haploid spores

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30
Q

dikaryotic

A

each compartment in hypha contains a 2 nuclei cell that fuses to produce a diploid zygote

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31
Q

fungi appearance

A
  1. fruiting body
  2. hyphae (long, tube-like filaments)
  3. mycelium [root-like network (web of hyphae)]
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32
Q

ecology

A

interactions between organisms, and between those organisms and their environment

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33
Q

population

A

group of breeding individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

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34
Q

smallest unit of ecology

A

population

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35
Q

counting a motile species

A

mark and recapture
collect number of individuals (M), tag, release
recapture new number (n)
document number already tagged (m) from new group
population size (N) = Mn/m

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36
Q

focus of population ecologists

A

size of populations
how those populations grow over time
the factors that regulate that growth

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37
Q

how populations grow over time

A

i. arithmetic growth
ii. exponential growth model
iii. logistical growth model

38
Q

arithmetic growth

A

linear

number produced today is the same no matter what, and is not dependent on any other day

39
Q

exponential growth

A
  1. new generation’s numbers dependent on previous generation’s numbers
  2. expansion of a population in an ideal environment
  3. rate of population growth increases as population size increases
40
Q

logistical growth

A
  1. as populations grow, resources become limited

2. growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity (K)

41
Q

K

A

carrying capacity: the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

determined by environmental resources (ER)

42
Q

R

A

birth rate

43
Q

population size (N)

A

Mn/m

44
Q

K-selected species

A

i. live at carrying capacity
ii. a lot of time and energy devoted to few numbers of young (equilibrial life history)
iii. ex: humans, elephants

45
Q

R-selected species

A

i. breed regardless of carrying capacity
1. determined by how fast species can reproduce when conditions are right (ex: fruit flies)
ii. little if any time spent caring for numerous offspring
iii. opportunistic life history

46
Q

where on Earth is highest species diversity

A

near the equator

declines as move toward poles

47
Q

community

A

all living things in a given area

48
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a given area

49
Q

species evenness

A

abundance of individuals within each species in a given area

50
Q

niche

A

species’ role in their community

i. how that species affects other members of community
ii. no two niches are identical

51
Q

types of species

A

i. native
ii. nonnative
iii. keystone
iv. foundation

52
Q

native species

A

those that normally live and thrive in a particular area (ex: black-tailed deer)

53
Q

nonnative species

A

those that migrate, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community (ex: rabbits in Australia)

54
Q

keystone species

A

helps maintain structure and function of the community where it is found

a major species whose actions allow others to live in a community

determines type and number of other species in a community, thereby helping to sustain it

55
Q

foundation species

A

type of keystone species

physically alters habitats, creating and enhancing them to benefit other species in a community (ex: beavers, elephants)

56
Q

types of species interactions

A 
competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism
57
Q

resource partitioning

A

when species divide up a particular resource, and have evolved to use different parts of that resource, allowing it to coexist (can’t have same niche)

58
Q

parasitism

A

one species feeds on part of another organism without killing it

i. inside host: tapeworms
ii. outside host: ticks
iii. little contact with host: cowbirds

59
Q

mutualism

A

two species interact in a way that benefits both

60
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor hurt

61
Q

ecological succession

A

gradual replacement of a species by a succession of other species in a community

62
Q

primary succession

A

gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where no soil or sediment remain

ex: volcanic eruption

63
Q

secondary succession

A

series of communities developing in places containing soil or sediment

ex: fires or floods

64
Q

coevolution

A

each species directly affects the evolution of another

ex: wolf and caribou

65
Q

animal characteristics

A

multi-cellular
have a blastula
heterotrophic
motile

66
Q

number of cells in a human

A

50 trillion

67
Q

tissue

A

cells with similar functions

68
Q

reason multi-cellularity selected for in animals

A

division of labor (cell specialization)

69
Q

fertilization

A

sperm fertilizes egg to form a single-celled diploid zygote

70
Q

process of sexual reproduction in animals

A

a. fertilization
b. cleavage and division of cells (rapid mitosis)
c. blastula
d. gastrula

71
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

72
Q

gastrula

A

embryonic stage made of three germ layers, where differentiation (cell specialization) starts

73
Q

three germ layers

A

primary tissues of animals

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

74
Q

symmetry

A

consistent pattern of an organism

75
Q

types of symmetry

A

asymmetry: no symmetry
ex: sponges

radial symmetry: mirror image if cut along midpoint
ex: jellyfish

bilateral symmetry: mirror image if cut along left-right axis
ex: humans

pentaradial: five pointed symmetry
ex: starfish

76
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of organisms into groups

77
Q

taxonomy list

A

(King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti)

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
78
Q

human taxonomy

A

(Anyone Can Make Perfectly Healthy Hot-Hot Stew)

Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
79
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of tube going one way through body

80
Q

coelom

A

fluid filled space that forms between digestive tract and outer wall of the body

81
Q

biomes

A

major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and physical environment in aquatic biomes

82
Q

ecosystem

A

all things, living (biotic) and dead (abiotic), in an area, and how those things interact

83
Q

pioneering species

A

first species in primary succession that creates soil layer as it decomposes

84
Q

climax community

A

community that is stable over a long period of time (ex: oaks in our area)

85
Q

carbon cycle process

A

i. autotrophic organisms convert abiotic CO2 to biotic carbon through photosynthesis
ii. biotic carbon back to abiotic CO2 through cellular respiration and because animals consume plants, die, and decompose

86
Q

major ingredient of all organic molecules

A

carbon

87
Q

nitrogen cycle process

A

i. bacteria converts to usable form form (used by animals and then humans) through nitrogen fixation
ii. N2 reenters atmosphere as byproduct of bacteria feeding on decayed matter

88
Q

essential to structure and function of all organisms as an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

89
Q

water cycle process

A

i. oceans evaporate into water vapor
ii. water vapor condenses to form clouds, rain
iii. precipitation feeds vegetation or is stored in ground (aquifer)

90
Q

energy flow process

A

i. sunlight
ii. autotrophs convert to food (producers)
iii. heterotrophs eat plants (consumers)
iv. recycled into atmosphere via decomposers

only 10% energy efficiency (90% lost at each trophic level)

more energy available early on so can’t sustain many top level consumers

91
Q

saprobe

A

gets nutrition from dead organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes

Bio 101 (3 decks)

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