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Bio 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

diversity of living things

i. species diversity
ii. distribution
iii. genetic diversity

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2
Q

prokaryote

A

DNA not in nucleus, small, simple

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3
Q

eukaryote

A

DNA in nucleus, larger, more complex

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4
Q

bacteria characteristics

A

i. single-cell prokaryote (no nucleus)
ii. reproduces using DNA
iii. everywhere

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5
Q

bacteria roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits
helps create and break down food
aid immune system

— ways harmful
waste product when breaking down food may be harmful (red meat and heart disease)
infection
spoils food

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6
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

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7
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod-like)
spirochetes (spiral)

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8
Q

reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission (asexual reproduction - doesn’t need partner)

DNA replicated
circular chromosome pulls apart to form two daughters
each gets DNA and plasmids

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9
Q

nitrogen fixation

A
  • nitrogen (N2) used by proteins and DNA
  • we can’t process atmospheric nitrogen
  • bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms we can use (ammonium and nitrates)
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10
Q

protists characteristics

A

i. most single-cell
ii. has nucleus
iii. no other defining characteristics, though genetically related and similar to each other
iv. “junk drawer” containing all eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi

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11
Q

types of evidence for how eukaryotes evolved

A

comes from protists, since they were first eukaryotes to evolve

evolving energy assimilation
steps toward multicellular organisms
steps toward sexual reproduction
steps toward motility

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12
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: energy assimilation

A

Euglena

- both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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13
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward multicellular organisms

A

Golden Algae
- clusters to form a primitive multicellular state

Volvox

- forms spheres up to 50K big
- only few cells reproduce (like us)
     - cells unused for reproduction still show up indirectly in next generation
     - selected for because it saves energy not to          recreate every single cell
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14
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward sexual reproduction

A

chlamydomonas

- produces both positive and negative gametes
- asexual when no mates
- sexual reproduction creates variation and better chance for survival
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15
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward motility

A

paramecium
- cilia: hair-like structures on outside of cell provides primitive movement

amoeba
- pseudopodia: “false foot” allows for more flexible mobility

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16
Q

fungi characteristics

A

heterotrophic (via mycelium)

  1. saprobe
    • nutrition from dead organic matter
    • secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients

most multi-cellular (except yeast)

sessile

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17
Q

fungi roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits

  1. yeast
  2. food
  3. decomposers
  4. antibiotics
  • – ways harmful
    1. poisonous
    2. infections
    3. mold, mildew, rot
    4. plant disease
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18
Q

fungal associations

A

can form mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with other organisms

  1. lichen
    fungus among algae or photosynthetic bacteria
  2. mycorrhizae
    fungal hyphae wrap around roots without penetration
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19
Q

life cycle stages of fungi

A

sexual
1. fruiting body creates haploid gametes that fuse/fertilize to produce diploid zygote (dikaryotic phase)

  1. through meiosis, diploid zygote becomes haploid spores

asexual
3. spores disperse to become new gametophyte fungus generation

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20
Q

plant characteristics

A

i. autotrophic
ii. multi-cellular
iii. sessile

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21
Q

alternation of generations

A

life cycle of plants alternating between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes

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22
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective covering

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23
Q

major evolutionary adaptations of plants

A

multi-cellular form

- lacks vascular system so can’t transport water
- all water intake is via diffusion

vascular tissue
- tissues hardened with lignin which allows it to grow tall

seeds
- naked seed not surrounded by fruit

fruits and flowers

- seed contained in fruit
- requires a lot of energy to produce, but is selected for because fruit attracts animals, which can spread seeds further away
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24
Q

ancestors of all plants

A

green algae

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25
major evolutionary forms of plants
bryophytes (mosses) ferns gymnosperms (conifers) angiosperms (fruiting and/or flower bearing)
26
spores
haploid reproductive cells used in asexual reproduction
27
gametes
haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction
28
gametophyte
haploid generation that gives rise to haploid gametes
29
sporophyte
diploid generation that gives rise to haploid spores
30
dikaryotic
each compartment in hypha contains a 2 nuclei cell that fuses to produce a diploid zygote
31
fungi appearance
1. fruiting body 2. hyphae (long, tube-like filaments) 3. mycelium [root-like network (web of hyphae)]
32
ecology
interactions between organisms, and between those organisms and their environment
33
population
group of breeding individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area
34
smallest unit of ecology
population
35
counting a motile species
mark and recapture collect number of individuals (M), tag, release recapture new number (n) document number already tagged (m) from new group population size (N) = Mn/m
36
focus of population ecologists
size of populations how those populations grow over time the factors that regulate that growth
37
how populations grow over time
i. arithmetic growth ii. exponential growth model iii. logistical growth model
38
arithmetic growth
linear number produced today is the same no matter what, and is not dependent on any other day
39
exponential growth
1. new generation's numbers dependent on previous generation's numbers 2. expansion of a population in an ideal environment 3. rate of population growth increases as population size increases
40
logistical growth
1. as populations grow, resources become limited | 2. growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity (K)
41
K
carrying capacity: the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain determined by environmental resources (ER)
42
R
birth rate
43
population size (N)
Mn/m
44
K-selected species
i. live at carrying capacity ii. a lot of time and energy devoted to few numbers of young (equilibrial life history) iii. ex: humans, elephants
45
R-selected species
i. breed regardless of carrying capacity 1. determined by how fast species can reproduce when conditions are right (ex: fruit flies) ii. little if any time spent caring for numerous offspring iii. opportunistic life history
46
where on Earth is highest species diversity
near the equator declines as move toward poles
47
community
all living things in a given area
48
species richness
number of different species in a given area
49
species evenness
abundance of individuals within each species in a given area
50
niche
species’ role in their community i. how that species affects other members of community ii. no two niches are identical
51
types of species
i. native ii. nonnative iii. keystone iv. foundation
52
native species
those that normally live and thrive in a particular area (ex: black-tailed deer)
53
nonnative species
those that migrate, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community (ex: rabbits in Australia)
54
keystone species
helps maintain structure and function of the community where it is found a major species whose actions allow others to live in a community determines type and number of other species in a community, thereby helping to sustain it
55
foundation species
type of keystone species physically alters habitats, creating and enhancing them to benefit other species in a community (ex: beavers, elephants)
56
types of species interactions
``` competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism ```
57
resource partitioning
when species divide up a particular resource, and have evolved to use different parts of that resource, allowing it to coexist (can’t have same niche)
58
parasitism
one species feeds on part of another organism without killing it i. inside host: tapeworms ii. outside host: ticks iii. little contact with host: cowbirds
59
mutualism
two species interact in a way that benefits both
60
commensalism
one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor hurt
61
ecological succession
gradual replacement of a species by a succession of other species in a community
62
primary succession
gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where no soil or sediment remain ex: volcanic eruption
63
secondary succession
series of communities developing in places containing soil or sediment ex: fires or floods
64
coevolution
each species directly affects the evolution of another ex: wolf and caribou
65
animal characteristics
multi-cellular have a blastula heterotrophic motile
66
number of cells in a human
50 trillion
67
tissue
cells with similar functions
68
reason multi-cellularity selected for in animals
division of labor (cell specialization)
69
fertilization
sperm fertilizes egg to form a single-celled diploid zygote
70
process of sexual reproduction in animals
a. fertilization b. cleavage and division of cells (rapid mitosis) c. blastula d. gastrula
71
blastula
hollow ball of cells
72
gastrula
embryonic stage made of three germ layers, where differentiation (cell specialization) starts
73
three germ layers
primary tissues of animals endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
74
symmetry
consistent pattern of an organism
75
types of symmetry
asymmetry: no symmetry ex: sponges radial symmetry: mirror image if cut along midpoint ex: jellyfish bilateral symmetry: mirror image if cut along left-right axis ex: humans pentaradial: five pointed symmetry ex: starfish
76
taxonomy
classification of organisms into groups
77
taxonomy list
(King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti) ``` Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```
78
human taxonomy
(Anyone Can Make Perfectly Healthy Hot-Hot Stew) ``` Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens ```
79
gastrulation
formation of tube going one way through body
80
coelom
fluid filled space that forms between digestive tract and outer wall of the body
81
biomes
major terrestrial or aquatic life zone characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and physical environment in aquatic biomes
82
ecosystem
all things, living (biotic) and dead (abiotic), in an area, and how those things interact
83
pioneering species
first species in primary succession that creates soil layer as it decomposes
84
climax community
community that is stable over a long period of time (ex: oaks in our area)
85
carbon cycle process
i. autotrophic organisms convert abiotic CO2 to biotic carbon through photosynthesis ii. biotic carbon back to abiotic CO2 through cellular respiration and because animals consume plants, die, and decompose
86
major ingredient of all organic molecules
carbon
87
nitrogen cycle process
i. bacteria converts to usable form form (used by animals and then humans) through nitrogen fixation ii. N2 reenters atmosphere as byproduct of bacteria feeding on decayed matter
88
essential to structure and function of all organisms as an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids
nitrogen
89
water cycle process
i. oceans evaporate into water vapor ii. water vapor condenses to form clouds, rain iii. precipitation feeds vegetation or is stored in ground (aquifer)
90
energy flow process
i. sunlight ii. autotrophs convert to food (producers) iii. heterotrophs eat plants (consumers) iv. recycled into atmosphere via decomposers only 10% energy efficiency (90% lost at each trophic level) more energy available early on so can’t sustain many top level consumers
91
saprobe
gets nutrition from dead organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes

Bio 101 (3 decks)

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