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Biology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

what organisms do you see that have single lenses eyes that are with the cephalopods and vertebrates?

A

mollusks and spiders

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1
Q

how many lenses do cephalopods and vertebrates have?

A

one

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2
Q

what helps focus images in the eye?

A

cornea and lens

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3
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

lets light into eyes

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4
Q

what does the lense do?

A

it bends light and focuses it into the retina

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5
Q

what does the retina do?

A

it contains the photoreceptors

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6
Q

where is the retina located?

A

the innermost layer of the eyeball

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7
Q

what nerve cell carries information to the brain from the eyes?

A

optic nerve

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8
Q

what are the two types of receptor cells?

A

rods and cones

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9
Q

what are rods?

A

receptor cells that allow you to have night vision

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10
Q

what are cones?

A

receptor cells that allow you to have color vision

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11
Q

what do rods contain?

A

pigment, rhodopsin, that bleaches, and when it is bleached turns into retinal and opsin when light causes an action potential

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12
Q

how many subclasses of cones are there?

A

3

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13
Q

what is olfaction-chemoreception?

A

mostly air borne odors but some in liquid

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14
Q

what is the most sensitive organism to olfaction?

A

silk worm moth Bombyx mori

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15
Q

the male only senses odors with what?

A

feathery antennea

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16
Q

what is vertebrate olfaction?

A

what humans smell

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17
Q

what is the oldest sense?

A

vertebrate olfaction

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18
Q

what is the most sensitive vertebrate we know?

A

salmon

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19
Q

how does a snakes olfaction differentiate?

A

gather airborne molecules by moving tongue into Jacobson’s organ

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20
Q

what is the specialized receptor that helps insects listen?

A

tympanic membrane that vibrates due to sound waves. interpreted by ganglion

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21
Q

where is the audition located in vertebrates?

A

the ears

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22
Q

what has the most acute audition sense?

A

mammals

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23
Q

how many hertz can humans hear?

A

16,000-20,000

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24
Q

how many hertz can dogs hear?

A

30,000

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25
Q

how many hertz can bats hear up to?

A

100,000

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26
Q

what is the canal to the tympanum filled with?

A

wax and air

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27
Q

what does the middle ear consist of?

A

malleus incus and stapes

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28
Q

what does the inner ear do?

A

converts the sound waves to nerve impulses.

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29
Q

where is the cochlea located?

A

inner ear

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30
Q

how does the inner ear work

A

sound waves cause cochlear fluid to move hair cells brush against tectorial membrane causing hair cells to trigger an action potential

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31
Q

what insect has the best sense of taste?

A

dung beetle

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32
Q

what basic flavors do vertebrates taste?

A

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

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33
Q

do all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue?

A

yes

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34
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to light energy

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35
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that resond to chemical substances

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36
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to movement or physical stress

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37
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to heat and or cold

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38
Q

what are generalized receptors?

A

receptors found in the skin dermis or they are deep receptors found in internal body structures

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39
Q

what are root hair plexuses?

A

neurons that wrap around the roots of hairs.

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40
Q

what type of receptor is a root hair plexus?

A

on/off

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41
Q

what are touch receptors?

A

receptors that have a receptive field and depending on the location differ in size

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42
Q

what are specialized receptors?

A

photoreception and chemoreception

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43
Q

what type of phototaxis do planaria experience during light?

A

negative phototaxis

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44
Q

what human sensory structure is a photoreceptor?

A

eye

45
Q

what are after images?

A

afterimages are visual sensations experienced after a light stimulus is no longer present

46
Q

what is the retina of your eye composed of?

A

two receptor cells, rods and cones.

47
Q

what are the three cone types?

A

red blue and green

48
Q

what causes odor masking?

A

desensitization of the chemoreceptors involved in picking up the first scent.

49
Q

what is the most sensitive solution to the tongue

A

salty

50
Q

what is the least sensitive to the tongue

A

bitter

51
Q

what is one of the most complicated organs?

A

human brain

52
Q

what are neurons?

A

structural and functional unit of the nervous system

53
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of neurons plus blood vessels wrapped in connective tissue

54
Q

what is the order in which the brain sends out motor output/

A

sensory input integration and then motor neuron

55
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

56
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

all other nerves

57
Q

what type of nerves do cnidarians have?

A

nerve net

58
Q

how does a nerve net work?

A

conducts impulses in all directions from stimulus.

59
Q

what is the nerve net used for?

A

cause changes in the gastro vascular cavity

60
Q

what is ganglionization?

A

concentration of neurons

61
Q

what is cephalization?

A

clustering of sensory organs towards the antior portion of the organism

62
Q

is the vertebrate brain highly cephalized?

A

yes

63
Q

what three parts are in the primitive vertebrate brain?

A

forebrain mid brain and hind brain

64
Q

what is the forebrain in charge of

A

olfactory auditory and visual structure

65
Q

what is the midbrain for?

A

coordinates effector response

66
Q

what is the hindbrain for?

A

balance body function heart rate

67
Q

what is also part of CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

68
Q

what is the evolutionary change in vertebrate brains?

A

larger more complicated and very wrinkled to increase surface area

69
Q

what is the sheep brain called?

A

cerebrum

70
Q

what three areas are in a sheep brain?

A

sensory motor and assosiation

71
Q

where is the cerebrum derived from in the sheep brain ?

A

forebrain

72
Q

what are motor areas?

A

voluntary muscles

73
Q

what are sensory areas?

A

stimuli from sensory strutures

74
Q

what happens in the association area of the cerebrum?

A

controls speech memory reasoning morality and judgement

75
Q

what parts are significant in the sheep brain

A

olfactory bulbs, optic nerve, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord

76
Q

what are neurons?

A

the largest cell in the body,

77
Q

what is the cell body made of

A

dendrites and axons

78
Q

what happens with a transmission of an impulse down a neuron

A

the concentration of sodium and potassium the charges and the pumps

79
Q

where does the sodium potassium pump get its energy from?

A

ATP

80
Q

what measurements do oscilliscopes measure in ?

A

millivolts

81
Q

what is a synapse?

A

presynaptic fiber always an axon

82
Q

what is presynaptic fiber?

A

neuron

83
Q

what is a postsynaptic fiber?

A

the muscle fiber or muscle cell

84
Q

what two types of rat nerves are there?

A

phrenic and vegus

85
Q

what does the vagus do?

A

controls heart rate

86
Q

what is the quad

A

recuts femoris

87
Q

what is the abdominal

A

obliques

88
Q

what is the forearm

A

palmaris longus

89
Q

what is the calf?

A

gastricnemius

90
Q

what is the thigh?

A

hamstring

91
Q

what is the jaw?

A

masseeter

92
Q

where does energy for contraction come from?

A

fat

93
Q

how long can free atp give you energy

A

5-6 seconds

94
Q

how fast is the phosphate from creatine depleted?

A

5-15 seconds

95
Q

what does muscles storage in large amounts

A

glycogen

96
Q

how do you get atp?

A

aerobic or glycolysis

97
Q

what happens if you cant get oxygen to reach muscles fast enough ?

A

you enter anerobic

98
Q

what are the two types of muscle fiber?

A

slow twitch and fast twitch

99
Q

where were muscles first found?

A

in annelids

100
Q

where are muscles not located?

A

in porifera

101
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

intestine

102
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

in the heart

103
Q

where is straited muscle found?

A

biceps

104
Q

what is visceral?

A

gut

105
Q

no striations mean what?

A

one cell with one nucleus

106
Q

what is the most common type of muscle?

A

striated

107
Q

what are myofibrils made of?

A

acin and myosin

108
Q

what is a sacromere?

A

functional unit of contraction that comprises the actin and myosin

109
Q

what are z lines?

A

vertical lines that hold the actin filiments

Biology (6 decks)

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