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exam 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

what organisms do you see that have single lenses eyes that are with the cephalopods and vertebrates?

A

mollusks and spiders

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1
Q

how many lenses do cephalopods and vertebrates have?

A

one

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2
Q

what helps focus images in the eye?

A

cornea and lens

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3
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

lets light into eyes

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4
Q

what does the lense do?

A

it bends light and focuses it into the retina

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5
Q

what does the retina do?

A

it contains the photoreceptors

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6
Q

where is the retina located?

A

the innermost layer of the eyeball

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7
Q

what nerve cell carries information to the brain from the eyes?

A

optic nerve

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8
Q

what are the two types of receptor cells?

A

rods and cones

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9
Q

what are rods?

A

receptor cells that allow you to have night vision

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10
Q

what are cones?

A

receptor cells that allow you to have color vision

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11
Q

what do rods contain?

A

pigment, rhodopsin, that bleaches, and when it is bleached turns into retinal and opsin when light causes an action potential

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12
Q

how many subclasses of cones are there?

A

3

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13
Q

what is olfaction-chemoreception?

A

mostly air borne odors but some in liquid

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14
Q

what is the most sensitive organism to olfaction?

A

silk worm moth Bombyx mori

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15
Q

the male only senses odors with what?

A

feathery antennea

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16
Q

what is vertebrate olfaction?

A

what humans smell

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17
Q

what is the oldest sense?

A

vertebrate olfaction

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18
Q

what is the most sensitive vertebrate we know?

A

salmon

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19
Q

how does a snakes olfaction differentiate?

A

gather airborne molecules by moving tongue into Jacobson’s organ

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20
Q

what is the specialized receptor that helps insects listen?

A

tympanic membrane that vibrates due to sound waves. interpreted by ganglion

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21
Q

where is the audition located in vertebrates?

A

the ears

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22
Q

what has the most acute audition sense?

A

mammals

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23
Q

how many hertz can humans hear?

A

16,000-20,000

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24
how many hertz can dogs hear?
30,000
25
how many hertz can bats hear up to?
100,000
26
what is the canal to the tympanum filled with?
wax and air
27
what does the middle ear consist of?
malleus incus and stapes
28
what does the inner ear do?
converts the sound waves to nerve impulses.
29
where is the cochlea located?
inner ear
30
how does the inner ear work
sound waves cause cochlear fluid to move hair cells brush against tectorial membrane causing hair cells to trigger an action potential
31
what insect has the best sense of taste?
dung beetle
32
what basic flavors do vertebrates taste?
salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami
33
do all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue?
yes
34
what are photoreceptors?
receptors that respond to light energy
35
what are chemoreceptors?
receptors that resond to chemical substances
36
what are mechanoreceptors?
receptors that respond to movement or physical stress
37
what are thermoreceptors?
receptors that respond to heat and or cold
38
what are generalized receptors?
receptors found in the skin dermis or they are deep receptors found in internal body structures
39
what are root hair plexuses?
neurons that wrap around the roots of hairs.
40
what type of receptor is a root hair plexus?
on/off
41
what are touch receptors?
receptors that have a receptive field and depending on the location differ in size
42
what are specialized receptors?
photoreception and chemoreception
43
what type of phototaxis do planaria experience during light?
negative phototaxis
44
what human sensory structure is a photoreceptor?
eye
45
what are after images?
afterimages are visual sensations experienced after a light stimulus is no longer present
46
what is the retina of your eye composed of?
two receptor cells, rods and cones.
47
what are the three cone types?
red blue and green
48
what causes odor masking?
desensitization of the chemoreceptors involved in picking up the first scent.
49
what is the most sensitive solution to the tongue
salty
50
what is the least sensitive to the tongue
bitter
51
what is one of the most complicated organs?
human brain
52
what are neurons?
structural and functional unit of the nervous system
53
what is a nerve
bundle of neurons plus blood vessels wrapped in connective tissue
54
what is the order in which the brain sends out motor output/
sensory input integration and then motor neuron
55
what is the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
56
what is the peripheral nervous system?
all other nerves
57
what type of nerves do cnidarians have?
nerve net
58
how does a nerve net work?
conducts impulses in all directions from stimulus.
59
what is the nerve net used for?
cause changes in the gastro vascular cavity
60
what is ganglionization?
concentration of neurons
61
what is cephalization?
clustering of sensory organs towards the antior portion of the organism
62
is the vertebrate brain highly cephalized?
yes
63
what three parts are in the primitive vertebrate brain?
forebrain mid brain and hind brain
64
what is the forebrain in charge of
olfactory auditory and visual structure
65
what is the midbrain for?
coordinates effector response
66
what is the hindbrain for?
balance body function heart rate
67
what is also part of CNS
spinal cord and brain
68
what is the evolutionary change in vertebrate brains?
larger more complicated and very wrinkled to increase surface area
69
what is the sheep brain called?
cerebrum
70
what three areas are in a sheep brain?
sensory motor and assosiation
71
where is the cerebrum derived from in the sheep brain ?
forebrain
72
what are motor areas?
voluntary muscles
73
what are sensory areas?
stimuli from sensory strutures
74
what happens in the association area of the cerebrum?
controls speech memory reasoning morality and judgement
75
what parts are significant in the sheep brain
olfactory bulbs, optic nerve, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord
76
what are neurons?
the largest cell in the body,
77
what is the cell body made of
dendrites and axons
78
what happens with a transmission of an impulse down a neuron
the concentration of sodium and potassium the charges and the pumps
79
where does the sodium potassium pump get its energy from?
ATP
80
what measurements do oscilliscopes measure in ?
millivolts
81
what is a synapse?
presynaptic fiber always an axon
82
what is presynaptic fiber?
neuron
83
what is a postsynaptic fiber?
the muscle fiber or muscle cell
84
what two types of rat nerves are there?
phrenic and vegus
85
what does the vagus do?
controls heart rate
86
what is the quad
recuts femoris
87
what is the abdominal
obliques
88
what is the forearm
palmaris longus
89
what is the calf?
gastricnemius
90
what is the thigh?
hamstring
91
what is the jaw?
masseeter
92
where does energy for contraction come from?
fat
93
how long can free atp give you energy
5-6 seconds
94
how fast is the phosphate from creatine depleted?
5-15 seconds
95
what does muscles storage in large amounts
glycogen
96
how do you get atp?
aerobic or glycolysis
97
what happens if you cant get oxygen to reach muscles fast enough ?
you enter anerobic
98
what are the two types of muscle fiber?
slow twitch and fast twitch
99
where were muscles first found?
in annelids
100
where are muscles not located?
in porifera
101
where is smooth muscle found
intestine
102
where is cardiac muscle found?
in the heart
103
where is straited muscle found?
biceps
104
what is visceral?
gut
105
no striations mean what?
one cell with one nucleus
106
what is the most common type of muscle?
striated
107
what are myofibrils made of?
acin and myosin
108
what is a sacromere?
functional unit of contraction that comprises the actin and myosin
109
what are z lines?
vertical lines that hold the actin filiments

Biology (6 decks)

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