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Bio 223 Lecture > Exam 4 #2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

If you experimentally increase the permeability of an axonal membrane to sodium ions, the resting membrane potential for the neuron will

Increase because the influx of sodium depolarizes the neuron
decrease because the influx of sodium depolarizes the neuron
decrease because the efflux of potassium that follows sodium influx repolarizes the membrane
remain unchanged

A

Increase because the influx of sodium depolarizes the neuron

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in the

sarcoplasmic reticulum
intercalated disc
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters are not stored but they are free floating in the extracellular space

A

neurotransmitters are not stored but they are free floating in the extracellular space

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3
Q

Which of the following neurons forms the blood-brain barrier?

astrocyte
microglial cell
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cell
none of the above
A

None of the above

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4
Q

The Nat-K* ATPase pump

pumps three sodium inside the cell and two potassium ions outside
pumps two sodium ions outside the cell and three potassium ions inside
pumps an equal ration of sodium and potassium against its concentration gradient
pumps three sodium ions to the outside the cell and two potassium ions to the inside

A

pumps three sodium ions to the outside the cell and two potassium ions to the inside

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5
Q

During depolarization

sodium ions move rapidly out of the cell
potassium ions move rapidly out of the cell
sodium ions move rapidly into the cell
potassium ions move rapidly into the cell

A

sodium ions move rapidly into the cell

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6
Q 
Decreasing the diameter of an'axon will results in
a decrease in the conduction velocity
an increase in the conduction velocity
no change in the conduction velocity
none of the above
A

a decrease in the conduction velocity

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7
Q

A resting membrane potential is -70 mV and the threshold is determined to be -60 mV. A change in membrane potential to -52 mV will results in

depolarization
hyperpolarization
an action potential
repolarization

A

An action potential

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8
Q

Endocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is dependent upon

Ca2+ efflux
Ca2t influx
Active transport of Ca2+ into the cell
None of the above

A

None of the above

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9
Q

The absolute refractory period is defined as
a point where Nat channels begin to inactivate and the K+ channels are still activatine

the point where the Nat current is equal and opposite the K+ current

the point where an action potential cannot be evoked, regardless of the stimulus strength

the point where an action potential can only be evoked by a stronger then normal stimulus

A

the point where an action potential cannot be evoked, regardless of the stimulus strength

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10
Q

A neural tissue has a resting membrane potential of -75 mV. Closing the K+ voltage gated channels will most likely result in

depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
initiation of an action potential
no change in membrane potential
A

Depolarization

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11
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

result in local depolarization
result in local hyperpolarization
result in local repolarization
increase membrane permeability to sodium ions
prevent the efflux of calcium ions
A

Result in local hyperpolarization

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12
Q

The resting membrane potential of a cardiac cell is -70 mV. An influx of [Ca2*] will

make the cell more excitable
make the cell less excitable
no effect on resting membrane potential
calcium cannot influx, it can only efflux

A

Make the cell more excitable

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to

presynaptic terminal
the synaptic knob receptors
calcium ions
receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

A

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

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14
Q

A slight shift away from the resting membrane potential is termed

membrane potential
resting membrane potential
local or graded potential
action potential

A

Local or graded potential

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15
Q

When an action potential reaches the axonal bulb

the pre and postsynaptic neurons come in direct contact
the nerve impulse will pass in either direction
an electrical spark will jump the gap
chemical transmitters are released

A

chemical transmitters are released

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16
Q

Which of the following fiber types would one expect to have the greatest rate of impulse conduction?

type A fiber
type B fiber
type C fiber
type D fiber

A

Type A fiber

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17
Q

At resting membrane potential, which of the following ions leak “freely” through the membrane channels?

N+
K+
Ca?t
CI

A

K+

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18
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory in function?

Acetylcholine
Substance P
Norepinephrine
Glycine
All of the above neurotransmitters are excitatory in action
A

Glycine

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19
Q

An increase in extracellular (Ca2*] will result in
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
no physiological effect on resting membrane potential

A

no physiological effect on resting membrane potential

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20
Q 
An inhibitory neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following channels will most likely be stimulated to open?
Sodium and potassium channels
Potassium and/or chioride channels
Sodium and chloride channels
Only the sodium channels
A

Potassium and/or chloride channels

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21
Q

The resting membrane potential for a typical cardiac cell is -60 mV. Changing the resting membrane potertial to -70 mV will result in

depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
no effect on resting membrane potential since calcium is the primary ion for the initiation of an action potential for a typical contracting cardiomyopathy

A

Hyperpolarization

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22
Q

The resting membrane potential for a sensory neuron is -80 mV. Increasing the extracellular [Nat] will result in

a local potential
an increase in the amplitude of the action potential spike
a decrease in the amplitude of the action potential spike
hyperpolarization
repolarization

A

an increase in the amplitude of the action potential spike

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23
Q

The resting membrane potential for a motor neuron axon is -90 mV. An influx of chloride ions (CI) will catse the resting
membrane potential to

become more excitable
become less excitable
remain at -90 mV
depolarize

A

Become less excitable

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24
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is mediated by

sodium ions
potassium ions
neurotransmitters
the node of Ranvier

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Q

All the following statements are correct for myelin sheath EXCEPT
It is associated with white fibers (matter) in the brain
It is important in nerve conduction velocity
It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord
It is destroyed in multiple sclerosis

A

It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

The resting membrane potential for a motor neuron is -90 mV. Decreasing the extracellular [K*] will cause the neuron to become
more excitable
less excitable
repolarize
no change in the resting membrane potential

A

Less excitable

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27
Q

A neuron is said to be polarized because

the action potential can travel in a bilateral direction
the soma is always at one extremity of the cell
there is a difference of electrical potential across its membrane
it tends to cluster with other neurons in nuclei.

A

there is a difference of electrical potential across its membrane

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28
Q

All the following statements regarding acetylcholine and the activities occurring at the cholinergic synapse are correct EXCEPT

calcium ions influx into an axonal terminal stimulates the release of ACh from vesicles

ACh is stimulatory to skeletal muscle causing depolarization

ACh is inhibitory in cardiac muscle causing hyperpolarization

Excess ACh is removed by acetylcholineesterase in the synaptic cleft

ACh moves from the post synaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron

A

ACh moves from the post synaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron

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29
Q

The resistance across the cell membrane is determined by

the thickness of the membrane
the amount of lipid in the membrane
the surface area of the membrane
the number of type of channels In the membrane
the axoplasmic flow
A

the number of type of channels In the membrane

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30
Q

The primary determinant of the resting membrane potential is

the membrane permeability and influx of sodium
the membrane permeability and influx of potassium
the negative charge of the interstitial fluid
the positively charged cellular cytoplasm
none of the above

A

None of the above

31
Q

An increased in extracellular [K*] will cause the neuron to

depolarize
repolarize
hyperpolarize
none of the above

A

Depolarize

32
Q

The relative refractory period is defined as
a point where Na* channels begin to inactivate and the K* channels are still activating
the point where the Na* current is equal and opposite the K* current
the point where an action potential cannot be evoked, regardless of the stimulus strength
the point where an action potential can only be evoked by a stronger the normal stimulus

A

the point where an action potential can only be evoked by a stronger the normal stimulus

33
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
result in local depolarization
result in local hyperpolarization
result in local repolarization
increase membrane permeability to potassium ions
decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions

A

result in local depolarization

34
Q 
The ulna nerve is covered by the:
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
macroneurum
A

epineurium

35
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following channels will most likely be stimulated to open?

Sodium and potassium channels
Potassium and/or chloride channels
Sodium and chloride channels
Oniv the sodium channels

A

Potassium and/or chloride channels

36
Q

The cellular loss of positive ions such as potassium from a resting neuron causes

the neuron to become less negative

depolarization

Hyperpolarization

The cellular loss of positive ions such as potassium from a resting neuron causes

The threshold to be reached with a resulting action potential
Only A& C

A

Hyperpolarization

37
Q

If a neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules that open K* ion channels, the result is

an excitatory postsynaptic potential
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Local depolarization
increased permeability of presynaptic membrane to Ca?+ ions
temporal summation
A

an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

38
Q

The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is:

Sodium causes repolarization while potassium causes depolarization

Sodium causes unipolarization while potassium causes repolarization

Sodium causes repolarization while potassium is not required in the action potential mechanism

Sodium causes depolarization while potassium causes repolarization

None of the above

A

Sodium causes depolarization while potassium causes repolarization

39
Q

Which of the following statements is most correct for saltatory conduction?

The action potentials move in all directions along an axon
The action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon
The local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane
All the above
None of the above

A

The action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon

40
Q

Lesions on a bundle of myelinated fibers will most likely result in
Nerve conduction would be enhanced with an increase in motor coordination
There would be no side effects of this type of lesion
Nerve conduction would be impaired and weakness, loss of coordination, and visual impairment would occur
Nerve conduction would be impaired but complete regeneration will ensue
None of the above

A

Nerve conduction would be impaired and weakness, loss of coordination, and visual impairment would occur

41
Q

A 65-year-old recently diagnosed with cerebral vascular accident, i.e., stroke. As a direct result from the stroke, some of the neural tissues were
damaged. What type of neuroglia would you expect to find at the site of injury and is involved in scar formation?

Astrocytes
Satellite cells
Ependymal cells
Microgila
Oligodendrocytes
A

Astrocytes

42
Q

Which of the following groove is found between the frontal and parietal lobes?

Central sulcus of Rolando
Lateral suícus of Sylvius
Transverse fissure
Sagittal sinus of Galen

A

Central sulcus of Rolando

43
Q 
The central sulcus separates the \_\_\_ from the \_\_\_\_ lobe 
Temporal/occipital
Frontal/parietal
Parietal/occipital
Temporal/frontal
Frontal/occipital
A

Frontal/parietal

44
Q

The ability to think and solve problems resides in which area of the cerebrum?

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula
A

Frontal

45
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the

Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
A

Parietal lobe

46
Q

The cerebellum functions in

The planning and coordination of movement
Learning, memory, and personality
Biological rhythms
Homeostatic functions such as breathing and heart rate
None of the above

A

The planning and coordination of movement

47
Q

Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as

Arbor vitae
Ganglia
Tracts
Nuclei
Myelinated axons
A

Tracts

48
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?
Mesencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Telencephalon, myelencephalon, mesencephalon
Cerebrum, thalamus, cerebellum
Midbrain, pons, medulla

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

49
Q

The primary motor cortex of the right hemisphere

Controls the motor activity on the left side of the body
Receives and processes sensory input
Integrates senses from multiple different sources
Controls motor activity on the right side of the body
Involved in proprioception

A

Controls the motor activity on the left side of the body

50
Q

What is the most likely result when the corpus callosum is transected?

communication between a cerebral cortex in one hemisphere with other areas of the same hemisphere would be impaired
communication between the brain and spinal cord would be impaired
communication within a single brain hemisphere would be impaired communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres would be impaired
none of the above

A

communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres would be impaired

51
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (SF) in the third ventricle will drain/flow into the

Lateral ventricles
Fourth ventricles
Choroid plexus
Dural sinua
Subarachnoid space
A

Fourth ventricles

52
Q 
Which of the following structures carries information from the brain?
Posterior column
Dorsal column medial lemniscus
Spinocerebellar tract
Anterolateral system
 Corticospinal tract
A

Corticospinal tract

53
Q

Where is the sensation of touch processed?

Prefrontal cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory association area/cortex
Cerebellum
A

Primary somatosensory cortex

54
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality, the creation of an awareness of self, and the ability to recognize appropriate behavior?

Parietal association area
Wernicke's area
Prefrontal cortex
Basal nuclei
None of the above
A

Prefrontal cortex

55
Q

Visual stimuli that arrive in the thalamus are relayed to the
Primary visual cortex in the frontal lobe
Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Medulla
Brainstem nuciel
Reticular systen

A

Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

56
Q

The pineal gland, and endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Brain stem
Hindbrain
A

Diencephalon

57
Q 
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected by
Association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers
Directional fibers
All the above
A

Commissural fibers

58
Q

Which of the following statements is most correct?

Tracts are unmyelinated axons located in the PNS
swered
White matter of the brain is located peripherally
Nuclei are collection of nerve cell bodies
Ganglion are collection of myelinated axons
Arbor vitae represent gray matter in the cerebellum

A

Nuclei are collection of nerve cell bodies

59
Q

The ______ contains centers for heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

cerebellum
cerebrum
spinal cord
rect!
brain stem
A

brain stem

60
Q 
are axons which connect the corresponding gray areas of the two brain hemispheres. Most pass through (and form) the \_\_\_\_
Projection fibers, corpus callosum
Commissural fibers, corpus callosum
Association fibers, basal nuclei
Basal fibers, basal ganglia
Substantia nigra, Broca's area
A

Commissural fibers, corpus callosum

61
Q

Collectively and functionally, the ____ are called the brain stem.

midbrain,
pons
medulla
cerebellum
onlv A. B. & C
A

Only A. B. C

62
Q 
Nerve fibers carrying signals from the CNS to the PNS are called.\_\_\_ or \_\_\_ fibers 
Afferent, sensory
Afferent, motor
Motor, efferent
Efferent, afferent
All of the above
A

Motor, efferent

63
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the ____ nervous system. All other nerves are part of the _____ nervous system.

Central, peripheral
Peripheral, central
Autonomic, somatic
Somatic, autonomic
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
A

Central, peripheral

64
Q

In the CNS, ____ are cells which line the fluid-filled cavities, and which secrete, transport, and circulate the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal CNS

Astrocytes
Microglias,
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
A

Ependymal

65
Q 
The rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons are called
Organelles
Nissl bodies
Golgi bodies
Cajal bodies
neurotransmitters
A

Nissl bodies

66
Q

is a collection of neuronal cell bodies located inside of the CNS.

Nucleus
Ganglion
Nerve
Tract
None of the above
A

Nucleus

67
Q 
A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a collection of neuronal axons, blood vessels, and connective tissues in the PNS.
Nucleus
Ganglion
Nerve
Tract
None of the above
A

Nerve

68
Q

The folds and convolutions of the, cerebral hemispheres are namèd for their three-dimensional form. The ridges are called

Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Ventricles
) Mater
A

Gyri

69
Q

The folds and convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres are named for their three-dimensional form. The shallow grooves are called

Gyri
Fissures
Mater
Sulci
Ventricles
A

Sulci

70
Q

The resting membrane potential arises because
a fast Na+ channel opens transiently, allowing Na+ to flow down its osmotic gradient
the chemical gradient is equal to the electrical gradient
the is an asymmetric distribution of sodium and potassium ions
there can be no separation of ions in solution
all of the above

A

the is an asymmetric distribution of sodium and potassium ions

71
Q 
A neural tissue has a resting membrane potential of -75 mV. Opening the K* channels will most likely result in
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
initiation of an action potential
no change in membrane potential
A

hyperpolarization

72
Q

Depolarization of an excitable membrane will shift the membrane potential towards

Minus ninety mV (-90 mV)
Minus eighty-five mV (-85 mV)
Minus seventy mV (-70 mV)
Zero (0)

A

Zero 0

73
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are

Interruptions in the myelin sheath along the course of a myelinated axon
Collections of immune cells in the CNS
Satellite cells that support neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Gaps between choroid plexuses where cerebral spinal fluid emerges
None of the above

A

Gaps between choroid plexuses where cerebral spinal fluid emerges

74
Q

The threshold of a neuron is the

Total amount of neurotransmitter. it takes to cause an action potential
Voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels
Time between binding of the neurotransmitter and firing of an action potential
Voltage that triggers activatic
gated channels. You selectec
Voltage across the resting cell membrane

A

Voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels

Bio 223 Lecture (3 decks)

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