Exam 4 Flashcards
John Watson wanted psychology to become more like a ____ science
natural
Watson wanted psychologists to focus on _____ studying behavior through ______
objectively; obersrvation
What was the first stage in the evolution of behavior school of thought
Watson’s Behaviorism
What is John Watson’s famous publication and when was it released
Psychology as the behaviorist view it - 1913
What did John Watson’s Psychology as the behaviorist view it argue
psychology should be a PURE OBJECTIVE environmental branch of the natural sciences
What was John Watsons Publication of Psychology as the behaviorist view it known as and why
It became known as the behavior manifesto and it set behaviorism on fire; it was the beginning of behaviorism
________ was officially established through the publication of Psychology as the behaviorist view it.
Behaviorism
What was Watson’s goal for psychology
To predict and to control behaviors
What did Watson think about conciousness
It should be eliminated from psychological research so that behavior would become the main focus (as per Watson’s system)
Watson reduced all behavior to-
basic stimulus response units; stimulus response connections
How did Watson describe responses
They can either be elicited and how they can be explicit either overtly observed OR they can be implicit by looking at glandular secretions that cannot be observed
Watson stated that a stimulus can be any ____ or ____ event
simple; complex
In Watson’s methods of behaviorism one of the things he proposed was _______ and it could be done with or without ______
observation; instrumentation
In Watson’s methods of behaviorism one of the things he proposed was the _____ method
testing
In Watson’s testing method he suggested that testing should be
treated as samples of behavior rather than indicators of any mental capacities
What did Watson say the testing method should measure
a persons response to a stimulating situation
Who introduced the verbal report method and what was it
Watson; it was a form of introspection (he was criticized for this)
Conditioned reflex method
by Watson; it used pavlovian principles to reduce behavior to stimulus response connections which could be used to investigate complex human behavior
What 3 topics did Watson investigate early in his career
Instincts
Emotions
Thinking
Early in Watsons career he investigated instincts and what did he believe
that instincts did not exist; argued that all behavior is learnd and nothing is inherited
Early in watsons career he investigated emotions and what did he believe
emotions were nothing but physiological responses to specific stimuli- little albert experiment
What was the little albert experiment and how does it tie into emotions
The goal was to demonstrate that phobias could be learned through classical conditioning, specifically by associating a neutral stimulus (a white rat) with a frightening noise. The experiment involved a nine-month-old infant, Albert B., who was initially not afraid of the rat. By repeatedly pairing the rat with a loud noise, Watson and Rayner successfully conditioned Albert to fear the rat, demonstrating the principles of classical conditioning
Who was Mary Cover Jones and what did she do
She was Watson’s student and she used conditioning techniques with children to rid them of fears
Who was the first person to use behavior modification
Mary Cover Jones
Early in watsons career he investigated Thinking and what did he believe
he believed that thinking is nothing but unspoken speech; when you’re thinking you’re just talking to yourself
What was Watsons biggest contribution
His suggestion that psychology be a science that should be objective both in its methods and its language
Watson’s work influenced what 3 branches of psychology
animal psychology movement
industrial organizational psychology
behaviorism
Why was Watson primarily criticized
for leaving out issues of sensation and perception from psychology which at the time were seen as very important to the subject
What movement prevailed from 1930-60
Neo behavior movement
What did Neo Behaviorists agree on
That psychology should adopt the principles of operationism
What was the principles of operationism
Operationism is the idea that every scientific concept should be defined in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it. In other words, a concept only has meaning if it can be clearly observed and tested.
What are some examples of the principles of operationism
Instead of vaguely talking about “hunger,” a researcher might define it as “going without food for 24 hours.”
“Memory” could be defined as “the number of words correctly recalled from a list after 5 minutes.”
Why was operationism designed
Get rid of vague or unobservable ideas – Psychologists wanted to avoid talking about things they couldn’t directly measure or see (like “the mind” or “feelings” without a clear way to study them).
Make psychological terms more exact – By defining ideas through specific actions or measurements, psychologists could communicate more clearly and test ideas in a reliable way.
Example:
Instead of saying someone is “angry,” a psychologist might define anger as “the number of times someone raises their voice in a 10-minute conversation.” That way, the concept is measurable and can be studied scientifically
Who developed Purposive Behaviorism
Edward Tolman
Why did Edward Tolman develop purposive behaviorism
he believed that all behaviors have a purpose and that all behaviors are goal driven
What was the notion that Tolman combined
the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal orientation in behavior = stimulus response associatio
Unlike Thorndinke, Tolman believed that a reward
is not what driver learning but rather it is the organism that develops expectations as it learns
What type of connection did Tolman purpose and why
SOR because the stimulus response of Watson must include and organism between the stimulus and the response
Which Thorndike Law did Tolman reject and why
His Law of Effect by suggesting that reinforcement/rewards have little effect on learning and proposed what he calls Latent Learning.
What is Latent Learning
Latent learning is learning that happens without any obvious reward or immediate use — and it only shows up later when it’s needed.
Example:
A rat explores a maze without getting any food. Later, when food is placed at the end, the rat finds it quickly — because it had already learned the layout earlier, even though it had no reason to show it at the time.
Why did Tolman introduce concepts of intervening variables
to suggest that something important actually goes on inside of the individual
what are intervening variables
internal processes that help connect a stimulus with a response
What did Tolman say about intervening variables
they were unobserved variables/inferred variables within the organisms and are the actual determines of behavior
What did Clark Hull believe about motivation
He believed that motivation comes from a physical need caused by a lack or deprivation of something the body requires to stay in balance or function properly.
What influenced Clark Hull’s concept of motivation
the doctrine of biology
What needs helped Hull and his concept of motivation
primary and secondary drives
Who described the idea of secondary reinforcement and what was it
Clark Hull; is a neutral stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and becomes reinforcing itself
Hull is known for his ____ theory and dry _____ theory
learning;dry
who was judged to have changed the face of psychology
BF Skinner
Skinner did not see it necessary to use what
large number of subjects in investigatig the learning process.
What iternal entities did BF Skinner reject
internal drives; he did not deny their presence but their usefulness
What did Skinner study
operant conditioning
what is operant conditioning
the conditioning of voluntary behaviors, in contrast of Pavlov who investigating reflexive behavior.
who was the first to distinguish between respondent and operant behaviors
BF Skinner
Respondent behaviors
Classical conditioning
Operant behaviors(voluntary)
operant conditioning
Skinner suggested that a reflex
is nothing more than a stimulus response correlation
For skinner operant behavior requires the organism
to be active in their environment
Skinner Law of Acquisition
strength of an operant behavior increases when it is followed by a reinforcer
Skinner thought the key variable to learning is
reinforcement
Skinner argued if you want to strengthen a specific behavior or if you want a specific behavior to occur again
you reinforce it every time it happens
Since reinforcing a behavior every time it happens might be impossible what did Skinner propose
different schedules of reinforcement that determined when reinforcemnt would occur
What other projects did Skinner work on
invented air crib
developed teaching machines
attempted to create pigeon guided bombs for military
(none of these really took off)
Skiners system and its deal with maladaptive behavior is known today as
behavior modification
What does behavior modification use
positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups
who incorporated cognitive processes into the study of behavior which was against behaviorism
Albert Bandura
Bandura was a behaviorist that emphasized
the importance of reinforcement in acquiring or modifying behavior
What did Bandura argue about changing a persons behavior
that what changes the behavior is what the person thinks the schedule of reinforcement is to be
Who developed the idea of vicarious reinforcement
Albert Bandura
what is vicarious reinforcement
a type of reinforcement where an individual behavior can be influenced simply by watching others behavior and the consequences for that behavior (when the baby doesnt wanna eat so they pretend to feed a fake baby and have the fake baby not each so they hit the fake baby and then adk the real baby to eat and it now eats lol)
Why did Bandura argue that cognition important to vicarious reinforcement
because in this example the person sees someone esle receive a consequence so the person imagines themselves in that behavioral context and then makes the judgement as to whether or not to perform that particular behavior
What did Bandura propose about reaction to stimuli
they are self activated not automatic
In what area did Bandura have a major contribution
self efficacy; our estimate of our wn competence
Higher self efficacy
the individual has confidence
Low self efficacy
the individual is helpless
What techniques did Bandura suggest would be very useful to hlep change behaviors
modeling
Who was the first to use the term social learning thoery
Julian Rotter
Julian Rotter believed that individuals must be studied in the context
of their social environment and that behavior is not only controlled by stimuli but also by environmental consequences
Who developed the idea of locus of control
Julian Rotter
What does locus of control refer to
the extent to which we feel competent in our own environment.
People with internal locus of control believe
that they can control their own consequences
people with external locus of control believe
that others and their environment control their consequences
what is the most accepted version of behaviorism in modern psyc
that of bandura and rotter because they considered cognitive processess
Sigmund Freud was a _____ ____ that developed ___________ in a ______/______ setting
medical doctor, psychoanalysis, medical/clinical
What is the differnece between psychoanalysis and other systems of psychology
other systems had their beginnings in the academic setting
What was Freuds primary method of psychoanalysis
personal clinical obserevations and interpretations of his observations of his patients
What does psychoanalysis add to psychology
the unconscious, a topic that had been ignored by other psychologists
How was Freud a hero
Freud is seen as a brave thinker who pushed controversial ideas (like the unconscious and sexuality) in a time when society rejected them. He faced strong criticism but kept defending psychoanalysis, earning a reputation as a pioneer fighting against a resistant world.
Freud or Fraud
Freud is often seen as the original source of many psychological ideas, but others had similar thoughts before him. He built on earlier work, even though he often presented the ideas as his own.
Thinkers who came before Freud:
Johann Herbart – Unconscious mental processes
Eduard von Hartmann – Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869)
Arthur Schopenhauer – Human behavior driven by irrational forces
Friedrich Nietzsche – Internal conflict and repression
Pierre Janet – Studied hysteria and subconscious processes
Many of Freuds ideas came from
his patients and self analysis because he had some psychological issues
Criticism towards Freud
Unscientific – Many said his theories couldn’t be tested or proven through experiments.
Too focused on sex – Critics felt he overemphasized sexuality, especially in childhood.
Biased and subjective – His ideas were often based on case studies, not broad research.
Cultural bias – His theories were shaped by Western, male-centered views.
Ignored social/environmental factors – Focused too much on internal drives and not enough on outside influences.
Ana-O
Anna O. (real name: Bertha Pappenheim) was a patient treated by Josef Breuer, not Freud directly. She had symptoms like paralysis, hallucinations, and speech problems. Breuer used talk therapy (the “talking cure”) to help her, which inspired Freud’s development of psychoanalysis.
How did Freud promote his idea to help individuals with psychological issues
Freud used different methods to share his ideas and help people with psychological issues. He developed techniques like free association, dream analysis, and talk therapy, and wrote books, gave lectures, and trained other therapists to spread psychoanalysis.
Who did Freud collaborate closely with
Breuer
What did Breuer and Frued publish
Studies of Hysteria 1895; beginning of psychoanalysis
what was the Studies on Hysteria about
n this book, Freud and his colleague Josef Breuer explored the causes and treatment of hysteria, a condition where people experienced physical symptoms (like paralysis or blindness) without any physical cause. They argued that these symptoms were a result of repressed memories or unresolved emotions. They introduced talk therapy as a treatment, where patients would discuss their past experiences to uncover these hidden emotions and relieve their symptoms.
What is Freuds most important publication
The Interpretation of Dreams
What did the interpretation of dreams publication believe
believing that through free association and dream analysis, he could bring the unconscious mind into conscious awareness.
