Exam 3 study Flashcards
Credited with developing functionalism and publishing “Principles of Psychology”
William James
Taught at Harvard and 3 years later taught the first psyc course ever taught in the US
William James
Principles of Psychology
one of the most influential psyc textbooks, presented what became the central view of american functionalism
What did William James think the goal of psychology should be
the study of living organisms as they adapt to their environment (this went against structuralist views)
Asserted that ___________ should be studied in a more ______ setting with consideration of the relationship between ______ _____ and ______ ______
consciousness, natural, physical states, the mind
William James saw conscious experiences as being
continuous, ever-changing
“stream of consciousness”
For James, one’s stream of consciousness
Is distorted when analyzed into distinct elements
William James suggested psychology should be _____; it should have _______ applications
pragmatic, practical
What methods did William James say were used to supplement introspection and experiments
- the experimental method
- the comparative method
Why did William James consider introspection a basic method of psychology?
bc psyc deals with personal immediate consciousness
What were the 3 parts of William James theory of personality
the material
the social
the spiritual
what is the material part of James theory of personalities
referring to our bodies, families, homes, our style of dress
what is the social self part of James theory of personalities
referring to the recognition we get from others
what is the spiritual self part of James theory of personalities
the inner subjective self, what we think about ourselves
What was James theory of emotion called
James Lang Theory of Emotions
What did James Lang Theory of Emotions suggest
the physiological arousals come before we experience an emotion. Ex: we see a bear we run and then we experience the emotion
What were William James thoughts on habits
they’re actions that are repeated and require less and less attention from us; become more difficult to change and eventually they become habits; they become unconscious proposes
Educational Psychology
- began with the work of William James
- suggested that psychology is the study of living organisms as they adapt to their environment
James Angel
- Received master degree under William James
- Very influential in University of Chicago to make functionalism popular
G. Stanley Hall
- Received first PhD in psychology in the US
- Established first official psychological laboratory in the US
- Founded the americna psychological association; became its first president
- one of the first americna psychohlogist to become interested in Freudian psychoanalysis responsible for introducing psychoanalysis to the US
John Dewey
- published first american textbook in Psychology
- proposes the study of the total organism as it functions in its environment
who published reflex arc concept and what was it referring to
John Dewey; referring to the connection between sensory stimulus and motor responses
John Dewey argued that behavior must be understood in terms of its _____ and its ____ significance to the behavior of the organism
results, adaptive
Robert Woodworth
- proposed dynamic psychology: systinal psychology that was to be concerned with the casual factors, and motivations, in feeling, in behaving
The most important consequences of functionalism was the eventual development of ______ ______. Loudest criticism came from the ________
Applied Psychology, structuralists
Why did applied psychology blossom
The American zeitgeist were valuing practicality and applied psychology was used to solve practical world problems
How did economic factors help play in psychologys growth in popularity
A lot of people were earning their doctorate in psychology but their PhDs’ were primarily in experimental psychology. There were too many graduates and not enough laboratories to employ these graduates and along with that, at the same time there were a number of emerging changes in technology and along with that at there was pressure for psychology to become practical.
What was the consequence to psychology growing in popularity
psychology expanded into the industry, education, criminal justice system, and psychological testing movement
Who was one of the early influences on mental testing movements
James Cattel
What was Cattels major concern
measuring differences in human capacities
Who was Cattel influenced by
Francils Galton at Cambridge
_____ _____ is credited with originating the concept of mental testing but _____ actually coined the term “mental test”
Francils Galton, Cattel
Did Cattel’s mental test measure mental capacities like he intended
no, it measured motor skills and sensory capacity
Cattel tried to correlate ___ ____ _____ with ____ _____
was it successful?
- mental test scores, academic performance
- no, it did not accurately measure intelligence
Who performed the first effective test of mental ability
Alfred Binet
what was Binet’s test for measuring mental capacities based on
memory
attention
imagination
comprehension
Who were tested with Binet’s test
school children in France
Binets test was later revised to measure what
mental age; age which children of average ability could perform tasks
How was Binets test different than Galton and Cattels
its emphasis on its relationship on higher cognitive processes to intelligence
How was Binets test presented to American Psychologists
his instrument was translated from French and was presented by Henry Goddard
Lewis Terman
- further developed Binets test and named it The stanford Binet test of intelligence
- still used today for intelligence testing in the US
How did WW1 affect applied psychology
- highlighted the need for psychologists to aid in the war effort
- stanford binet was not practical to use because it was designed for individual testing
Since the stanford binet test was for individual use and the army needed to test group intelligence what happened
One of Termans students developed the first group intelligence test
Army alpha vs Army Beta
Army beta was used on those who were not proficient in english
How did the mental testing movement enhance unethical social programs
it concluded that immigrants and african americans were not as intelligent as whites
Difference between Binets assessment instrument and the army test
Binets was designed for individual testing while the army was designed for group testing
Who opened first psychological clinic
Lightner Witmer
Did Witmer practice psychotherapy
No, he assessed and treated learning and behavior problems in children in the school setting, so he was not actually a clinical psychologist but a school psychologist
What were 2 of the most significant influences on the growth of clinical psychology
WW2
VA Hospital system
What aroused because of the functionalist movement
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Who applied psychology to advertisment; business operations.
first phD recipent to apply psycholigcal principles to advertisment
Walter Dill Scott
What did Walter Dill Scott say about emotions and suggestability
emotions would increase suggestability
he proposed the law of suggestability
Who created a rating scale used for employment selection and was the first psycholoist to use psychological concepts for personnel selection: selecting the right person for the right job
Walter Dill Scott
Started the idea of organization of psychology
Walter Dill Scott
who published “on the witness stand” and what did it discuss
Hugo Munsterberg; discussed false confessions, the reliability or unreliability of eye witnesses
Influenced the development of forensic psychology
Hugo Munsterberg
Who developed the therapeutic technique (psychotherapeutic technique)
Hugo Munsterberg
Munsterberg believed that because he was perceived to be an authority figure
he could create mental changes in patients simply by suggesting
How did behaviorism begin
the declaration of war published by John Watson
What did the declaration of war by Watson declare
psychology should study only overt behavior, rejecting any ideas regarding consciousness, the mind, or any mental activities. Introspection was worthless
What was Watson influenced by
Positivism: only natural phenomenons, only facts can be objectively observed
Was Watson for functionalism or structuralism
neither, he went against both
What was the antecedent to Watsons behaviorism
animal psychology
Jacques Loeb and Tropism
belief that animals reaction to stimulus is direct and automatic. An involuntary forced movement with no consciousness to be involved.
What did Edward Thorndike and Watson have in common
they both focused on overt behaviors. Thorndike developed a mechanistic objective learning theory that only focused on overt behavior
What did Throndike call his approach
“Connectionism” - idea that situations and responses become connected over time. and that an individual contains a large number of these connections
Thorndikes hungry cat experiment findings
any act that produces a satisfaction is more likely to occur again and any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again: Law of Effect.
Earning is a process of _____ _____. Process of making _______.
making connections, associatioins
Ivan Pavlov studied
Conditioned refelxes
What was Pavlovs experiment
Dogs salivate when food is placed in front of them. Salivation is a reflex, not a learned behavior.
What type of reflex did Pavlov consider salivation to be
Unconditioned reflex, unlearned reflex
Pavlov said salivation at the sight of food is learned through association between sight of food and the food itself making it what kind of reflex
conditioned reflex
What did Pavlov discover about a variety of stimuli
they can be conditioned to cause salivation without food being presented
Pavlovs conditioned reflex required ______ and a _____ _____ connection if ____ is to occur
reinforcement, stimulus response, learning
Pavlov demonstrated how _____ ____ ___ could be in physiological terms; described the ______ of the ____ _____
higher mental processes, physiology, learning process
Vladimir Bekhterev did the same kind of work as Pavlov but he was looking more at
Motor responses
What did Bekhterev find about reflexes
they could be elicited by the original stimuli
Imagine a person touches a hot stove and immediately pulls their hand away (a natural reflex). Now, let’s say every time before they touch the stove, a bell rings. Over time, the person might start pulling their hand away just at the sound of the bell, even if they haven’t touched the stove yet (a conditioned reflex).
However, Bekhterev found that the person could still react reflexively to the original stimulus (the heat of the stove) even after conditioning occurred. So, even though they learned to react to the bell, their natural reflex to pull away from heat remained intact.
This contrasts with Pavlov, who focused on glandular secretions (like saliva in dogs), while Bekhterev focused more on muscular reflexes.
Bekhterev is noted for
having applied pavlovian principles to the muscles of the body
____ ____ became the basic foundation for behaviorism
Animal psychology
