Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 181 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy an object has due to its motion (an object moving has kinetic energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Potential Energy

A

The stored (potential) energy in an object due to its position it has the potential to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EGradient

A

Position of different concentrations of a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EChemical

A

The potential energy type that exists within chemical bonds that releases when those bonds break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ELight

A

Kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to the human eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ESound

A

Mechanical energy transmitted through a medium by the vibration of an object manifests as sound waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

EHeat

A

The transfer of energy from a high temperature to a low one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exogonic

A

Releases energy (exit) when it occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires energy or an input to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Large molecules are broken down into small ones (energy is released)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Small molecules are assembled into large ones (energy is required aka endergonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction ex:amount of friction required to light a match

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Relate the concepts of disorder,organization,energy, and stability

A

Entropy is the measure of disorder in a system the more bonds in a molecule the more ability to do work and higher enthalpy entropy increases from solid to gas state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transformed from one type to another but the total amount of energy must remain the same you cannot create or destroy energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer that takes place will increase the entropy or disorder of the universe and reduce the amount of usable energy or potential energy available to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do enzymes facilitate chemical reactions?

A

ATP and enzymes which are proteins or glycoproteins that lower the Ea needed by grabbing onto reactant molecules and placing stress on the bonds causing them to break enzymes are able to speed up reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enzymes substrates and products

A

Enzymes are what are being attached to by the substrates products are the result of this attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

The active sit of an enzyme is already perfectly complementary to the substrate so only a particular substrate molecule can interact with an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What affect does heat and pH have on enzyme function

A

They can denature in environments that are too acidic or hot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

competitive inhibition

A

The inhibitor binds to the enzyme active site preventing the substrate from binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

The inhibitor binds to an allosteric site separate from the active site allowing for the inhibitor to bind to the enzyme regardless of whether the substrate has bonded to the active site however this changes the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Overall maintains homeostasis the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway acting as a brake to prevent overproduction of that product maintaining a balanced metabolic state in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Equation for Photosynthesis

A

6CO(2) + H2O =(insert sunlight)= C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

Chlorophyll is absorbed as the color violet/blue and red/orange wavelengths of light and reflects it back as the color green which is why leaves appear as green in the visible light spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Structure of a chloroplast

A

Outer membrane(outside)
Inner membrane(lining before the stroma)
Inter membrane space (directly outside the inner membrane)
Thylakoids(disc shaped structure) aka pancake
Thylakoid Lumen(area inside the pancakes)
Granum(stack of pancakes)
Chlorophyll(embedded in the thylakoid membrane this pigment absorbs light and is responsible for the color of leaves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function and Sequence of Light Dependent reaction of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll:
    Chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast absorb light energy from the sun.
  2. Photosystem II (PSII):
    The absorbed energy is transferred to the reaction center of PSII, causing an electron to be excited and ejected.
  3. Water splitting:
    To replace the lost electron, PSII splits a water molecule, releasing oxygen as a byproduct and providing electrons to the electron transport chain.
  4. Electron transport chain:
    The high-energy electrons travel through a series of carrier proteins within the thylakoid membrane, pumping protons (H+ ions) from the stroma into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient.
  5. Photosystem I (PSI):
    The electrons reach PSI, where they are further energized by light absorption.
  6. NADPH production:
    The high-energy electrons from PSI are transferred to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), reducing it to NADPH.
  7. ATP synthesis:
    The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain drives the movement of protons through ATP synthase, which phosphorylates ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is ATP synthase powered to produce ATP from ADP+P

A

The movement of protons through protein channels coupled with the synthesis of ATP. Protons flow through the F0 channel causes it to rotate, converting the energy of the proton gradient into mechanical rotational energy or a form of kinetic energy the F1 unit synthesizes ATP as a result of F0’s rotation

28
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon fixation: CO2 is added to RuBP, forming a six-carbon compound that immediately splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) with the help of the enzyme RuBisCO.
Reduction: Using energy from ATP and NADPH, 3-PGA molecules are converted into G3P.
Regeneration: Some G3P molecules leave the cycle to form glucose, while others are recycled to regenerate RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue.

29
Q

Major inputs and outputs of photosynthesis

A

In: light, h2O, NADP+ and H+, ADP+P
Out: O2, NADPH, ATP

30
Q

Trace Mass and Energy in Photosynthesis

A

Mass: H20 , O2 , CO2
Energy: Light, ATP, NADPH, sugars amino and fatty acids

31
Q

How is energy transformed in photosynthesis

A

Light energy is transformed into gradient energy through the proton gradient in the thylakoid membrane this drives protein synthesis of ATP a chemical energy molecule

32
Q

Cellular Respiration and its equation

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP(energy)

Process in which cells convert chemical energy from nutrients like glucose into usable form or energy aka ATP

33
Q

Steps of of Cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Pyruvate Oxidation(mitochondria)
Citric Acid Cycle(mitochondria)
Oxidative Phosphorylation(mitochondria)

34
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Outer Membrane (outside)
Inner membrane matrix(the space within the inner membrane)
Inter membrane space (the space between the inner and outer membrane)

35
Q

Steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm):
    Starting molecule: Glucose (6-carbon sugar)
    Key steps: Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP, then split into two 3-carbon molecules (G3P), which are further oxidized to produce pyruvate while generating NADH and ATP.
    Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation (transition stage, mitochondrial matrix):
    Starting molecule: Pyruvate
    Key steps: Pyruvate is decarboxylated (loses a CO2 molecule), oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA, generating NADH.
    Products: Acetyl-CoA, NADH, CO2
  3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle, mitochondrial matrix):
    Starting molecule: Acetyl-CoA
    Key steps: Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (a 4-carbon molecule) to form citrate, which undergoes a series of oxidation reactions, releasing CO2, generating NADH and FADH2, and regenerating oxaloacetate.
    Products: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (or GTP), 2 CO2
  4. Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane):
    Key players: NADH, FADH2, carrier proteins embedded in the membrane
    Key steps: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred along the electron transport chain, pumping protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
    Final step: Electrons are passed to oxygen (the final electron acceptor), which combines with protons to form water
    ATP Synthesis (inner mitochondrial membrane):
    Key player: ATP synthase
    Key step: The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain drives the rotation of ATP synthase, allowing ADP and Pi to be combined to form ATP
36
Q

Explain the role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration

A

After electrons pass through the ETC they need to be removed to prevent the chain from becoming clogged without oxygen accepting electrons the electron chain would backup and the proton gradient wouldn’t be able to be generated

37
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration

A

To create ATP or energy

38
Q

Where is the majority of ATP produced in cellular respiration?

A

Electron transport chain stage

39
Q

Explain the process of anaerobic respiration including both fermentation and the ATP/PCr pathways

A

This process generates ATP without the use of oxygen this occurs in glycolysis either after fermentation or ATP/PCr pathway mainly used in muscle cells during strenuous activity

40
Q

Difference between fermentation in animal cells and yeast/fungal cells

A

In yeast fungal cells this process is called alcoholic fermentation in animal cells the process is called lactic acid fermentation

41
Q

Determine circumstances when various ATP production pathways are used

A

ATP/PCr : immediate high intensity bursts of energy
Anaerobic Fermentation : when oxygen is limited
Aerobic Fermentation : when oxygen is readily available

42
Q

Inputs and outputs of cellular respiration

A

CO2,H2O,ATP

43
Q

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related

A

The products of photosynthesis glucose and oxygen are used as reactants in cellular respiration and the byproduct of cellular respiration is used as a reactant in photosynthesis

44
Q

Relation of bond length, electronegativity and potential energy in chemical bonds

A

The larger the difference in electronegativity the shorter the bond length and the LESS potential energy to do work

45
Q

Which is oxidized which is reduced

A

O2 is reduced C6H12O6 is oxidized

46
Q

Major Outputs of cellular respiration in the making of a singular glucose molecule

A

H2O , ATP and CO2

47
Q

Outputs of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate ATP and NADH

48
Q

How do electrons flow through cellular respiration

A

Food-NADH-electron transport chain-H2O

49
Q

At the end of the citric acid cycle where is most of the energy that was contained in the chemical bonds of glucose

A

In reduced electron carriers.

50
Q

Some of the energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of

A

An electrochemical gradient.

51
Q

After exhaling a deep breath you are not exhaling

A

Waste products of glycolysis

52
Q

ATP-ADP
ADP-ATP

A

Anabolic
Catabolic

53
Q

Transition site

A

Brief period where reactant bonds are breaking and new product bonds are forming this is unstable

54
Q

Enthalpy

A

When this decreases or stored energy is released free energy is decreased, when enthalpy increases or there is more energy in a system free energy increases (more energy available to do work)

55
Q

Why is water necessary for photosynthesis to occur

A

Water is split by photosystem II after it is activated by light this provides electrons for the photosynthetic electron support chain is

56
Q

The best way to detect lack of photosystem II in an organism would be to

A

Test for the production of O2 in the light

57
Q

Redox Reaction

A

Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons OIL RIG oxidation involves loss reduction involves gain

58
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Reaction occurs occurs on its own without an energy input

59
Q

Non-spontaneous reaction

A

Requires external energy to proceed

60
Q

Calvin Cycle Outputs

A

Glucose G3P ADP NADP+

61
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

Chloroplast

62
Q

Products of light reactions

A

ATP and NADPH O2 (comes out)

63
Q

What powers ATP synthase

A

H+ proton gradient

64
Q

Outputs of pyruvate oxidation

A

NADH CO2 Acetyl-PoA

65
Q

Flow of energy through mitochondria

A

Citric Acid Cycle NADH Electron Transport Chain

66
Q

Citric Acid Cycle aka Kerbs Cycle outputs

A

ATP
NADH
FADH2
CO2

BIO 181 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions