Exam 4 Flashcards
Kinetic energy
Energy an object has due to its motion (an object moving has kinetic energy)
Potential Energy
The stored (potential) energy in an object due to its position it has the potential to do work
EGradient
Position of different concentrations of a substance
EChemical
The potential energy type that exists within chemical bonds that releases when those bonds break
ELight
Kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to the human eye
ESound
Mechanical energy transmitted through a medium by the vibration of an object manifests as sound waves
EHeat
The transfer of energy from a high temperature to a low one
Exogonic
Releases energy (exit) when it occurs
Endergonic
Requires energy or an input to occur
Catabolic reaction
Large molecules are broken down into small ones (energy is released)
Anabolic reaction
Small molecules are assembled into large ones (energy is required aka endergonic)
Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction ex:amount of friction required to light a match
Relate the concepts of disorder,organization,energy, and stability
Entropy is the measure of disorder in a system the more bonds in a molecule the more ability to do work and higher enthalpy entropy increases from solid to gas state
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transformed from one type to another but the total amount of energy must remain the same you cannot create or destroy energy
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer that takes place will increase the entropy or disorder of the universe and reduce the amount of usable energy or potential energy available to do work
How do enzymes facilitate chemical reactions?
ATP and enzymes which are proteins or glycoproteins that lower the Ea needed by grabbing onto reactant molecules and placing stress on the bonds causing them to break enzymes are able to speed up reactions.
Enzymes substrates and products
Enzymes are what are being attached to by the substrates products are the result of this attachment
Why are enzymes specific?
The active sit of an enzyme is already perfectly complementary to the substrate so only a particular substrate molecule can interact with an enzyme
What affect does heat and pH have on enzyme function
They can denature in environments that are too acidic or hot
competitive inhibition
The inhibitor binds to the enzyme active site preventing the substrate from binding
Non-competitive inhibition
The inhibitor binds to an allosteric site separate from the active site allowing for the inhibitor to bind to the enzyme regardless of whether the substrate has bonded to the active site however this changes the active site
Feedback inhibition
Overall maintains homeostasis the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway acting as a brake to prevent overproduction of that product maintaining a balanced metabolic state in the cell
Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO(2) + H2O =(insert sunlight)= C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
Why are leaves green?
Chlorophyll is absorbed as the color violet/blue and red/orange wavelengths of light and reflects it back as the color green which is why leaves appear as green in the visible light spectrum
Structure of a chloroplast
Outer membrane(outside)
Inner membrane(lining before the stroma)
Inter membrane space (directly outside the inner membrane)
Thylakoids(disc shaped structure) aka pancake
Thylakoid Lumen(area inside the pancakes)
Granum(stack of pancakes)
Chlorophyll(embedded in the thylakoid membrane this pigment absorbs light and is responsible for the color of leaves)
Function and Sequence of Light Dependent reaction of photosynthesis
- Light absorption by chlorophyll:
Chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast absorb light energy from the sun. - Photosystem II (PSII):
The absorbed energy is transferred to the reaction center of PSII, causing an electron to be excited and ejected. - Water splitting:
To replace the lost electron, PSII splits a water molecule, releasing oxygen as a byproduct and providing electrons to the electron transport chain. - Electron transport chain:
The high-energy electrons travel through a series of carrier proteins within the thylakoid membrane, pumping protons (H+ ions) from the stroma into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient. - Photosystem I (PSI):
The electrons reach PSI, where they are further energized by light absorption. - NADPH production:
The high-energy electrons from PSI are transferred to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), reducing it to NADPH. - ATP synthesis:
The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain drives the movement of protons through ATP synthase, which phosphorylates ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
How is ATP synthase powered to produce ATP from ADP+P
The movement of protons through protein channels coupled with the synthesis of ATP. Protons flow through the F0 channel causes it to rotate, converting the energy of the proton gradient into mechanical rotational energy or a form of kinetic energy the F1 unit synthesizes ATP as a result of F0’s rotation
Calvin Cycle
Carbon fixation: CO2 is added to RuBP, forming a six-carbon compound that immediately splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) with the help of the enzyme RuBisCO.
Reduction: Using energy from ATP and NADPH, 3-PGA molecules are converted into G3P.
Regeneration: Some G3P molecules leave the cycle to form glucose, while others are recycled to regenerate RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue.
Major inputs and outputs of photosynthesis
In: light, h2O, NADP+ and H+, ADP+P
Out: O2, NADPH, ATP
Trace Mass and Energy in Photosynthesis
Mass: H20 , O2 , CO2
Energy: Light, ATP, NADPH, sugars amino and fatty acids
How is energy transformed in photosynthesis
Light energy is transformed into gradient energy through the proton gradient in the thylakoid membrane this drives protein synthesis of ATP a chemical energy molecule
Cellular Respiration and its equation
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP(energy)
Process in which cells convert chemical energy from nutrients like glucose into usable form or energy aka ATP
Steps of of Cellular respiration
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Pyruvate Oxidation(mitochondria)
Citric Acid Cycle(mitochondria)
Oxidative Phosphorylation(mitochondria)
Structure of mitochondria
Outer Membrane (outside)
Inner membrane matrix(the space within the inner membrane)
Inter membrane space (the space between the inner and outer membrane)
Steps of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis (cytoplasm):
Starting molecule: Glucose (6-carbon sugar)
Key steps: Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP, then split into two 3-carbon molecules (G3P), which are further oxidized to produce pyruvate while generating NADH and ATP.
Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP - Pyruvate Oxidation (transition stage, mitochondrial matrix):
Starting molecule: Pyruvate
Key steps: Pyruvate is decarboxylated (loses a CO2 molecule), oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA, generating NADH.
Products: Acetyl-CoA, NADH, CO2 - Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle, mitochondrial matrix):
Starting molecule: Acetyl-CoA
Key steps: Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (a 4-carbon molecule) to form citrate, which undergoes a series of oxidation reactions, releasing CO2, generating NADH and FADH2, and regenerating oxaloacetate.
Products: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (or GTP), 2 CO2 - Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane):
Key players: NADH, FADH2, carrier proteins embedded in the membrane
Key steps: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred along the electron transport chain, pumping protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
Final step: Electrons are passed to oxygen (the final electron acceptor), which combines with protons to form water
ATP Synthesis (inner mitochondrial membrane):
Key player: ATP synthase
Key step: The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain drives the rotation of ATP synthase, allowing ADP and Pi to be combined to form ATP
Explain the role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration
After electrons pass through the ETC they need to be removed to prevent the chain from becoming clogged without oxygen accepting electrons the electron chain would backup and the proton gradient wouldn’t be able to be generated
What is the goal of cellular respiration
To create ATP or energy
Where is the majority of ATP produced in cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain stage
Explain the process of anaerobic respiration including both fermentation and the ATP/PCr pathways
This process generates ATP without the use of oxygen this occurs in glycolysis either after fermentation or ATP/PCr pathway mainly used in muscle cells during strenuous activity
Difference between fermentation in animal cells and yeast/fungal cells
In yeast fungal cells this process is called alcoholic fermentation in animal cells the process is called lactic acid fermentation
Determine circumstances when various ATP production pathways are used
ATP/PCr : immediate high intensity bursts of energy
Anaerobic Fermentation : when oxygen is limited
Aerobic Fermentation : when oxygen is readily available
Inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
CO2,H2O,ATP
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related
The products of photosynthesis glucose and oxygen are used as reactants in cellular respiration and the byproduct of cellular respiration is used as a reactant in photosynthesis
Relation of bond length, electronegativity and potential energy in chemical bonds
The larger the difference in electronegativity the shorter the bond length and the LESS potential energy to do work
Which is oxidized which is reduced
O2 is reduced C6H12O6 is oxidized
Major Outputs of cellular respiration in the making of a singular glucose molecule
H2O , ATP and CO2
Outputs of glycolysis
Pyruvate ATP and NADH
How do electrons flow through cellular respiration
Food-NADH-electron transport chain-H2O
At the end of the citric acid cycle where is most of the energy that was contained in the chemical bonds of glucose
In reduced electron carriers.
Some of the energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of
An electrochemical gradient.
After exhaling a deep breath you are not exhaling
Waste products of glycolysis
ATP-ADP
ADP-ATP
Anabolic
Catabolic
Transition site
Brief period where reactant bonds are breaking and new product bonds are forming this is unstable
Enthalpy
When this decreases or stored energy is released free energy is decreased, when enthalpy increases or there is more energy in a system free energy increases (more energy available to do work)
Why is water necessary for photosynthesis to occur
Water is split by photosystem II after it is activated by light this provides electrons for the photosynthetic electron support chain is
The best way to detect lack of photosystem II in an organism would be to
Test for the production of O2 in the light
Redox Reaction
Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons OIL RIG oxidation involves loss reduction involves gain
Spontaneous reaction
Reaction occurs occurs on its own without an energy input
Non-spontaneous reaction
Requires external energy to proceed
Calvin Cycle Outputs
Glucose G3P ADP NADP+
Where does photosynthesis occur
Chloroplast
Products of light reactions
ATP and NADPH O2 (comes out)
What powers ATP synthase
H+ proton gradient
Outputs of pyruvate oxidation
NADH CO2 Acetyl-PoA
Flow of energy through mitochondria
Citric Acid Cycle NADH Electron Transport Chain
Citric Acid Cycle aka Kerbs Cycle outputs
ATP
NADH
FADH2
CO2
