Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the size range of most prokaryotic cells ?
.1 to 5.0 micrometers
What is the size range of most eukaryotic cells?
10 to 100 micrometers
How did eukaryotic cells evolve from the process of endosymbiosis?
Ancient prokaryotic cells, ex:bacteria were engulfed by another (host) cell. Instead of being digested the two established a relationship this bacteria then began to provide a beneficial function to the host which was eventually named an organelle.
What is cell theory and its three principles ?
All living organisms are made of cells
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure or organization in organisms
- Cells arise from other pre-existing cells
What are the three domains of life? (BAE)
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What do eukaryotic cells contain ?
Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
What do prokaryotic cells contain ?
No internal membrane-bound organelles and are generally single celled
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the nucleoid region?
This is where prokaryotic cells store their chromosome DNA (in the cells central part)
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Jelly like liquid that holds or contains parts of the cell (made of water, salts etc.)
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the Ribosomes?
These facilitate protein synthesis
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the cell membrane?
This selectively permeable membrane allows some molecules in and is made of lipids
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides structure to the cell and usually made of peptidoglycan
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the capsule?
This is the outermost layer of carbs it allows the cell to be sticky
(Prokaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the fimbriae (pili)
This hair like trait helps the cell attach to other surfaces
Cell transport in prokaryotes
The prokaryotes small size allows ions and organic molecules to quickly diffuse to other parts of the cell
What is the main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
Compartmentalization and the presence of membrane-bound organelles or “little organs”
What is the name of the variety of membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells ?
Endomembrane system
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
This is the membrane enclosing the nucleus its protein like pores allow material to move in and out
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the chromatin?
Carries DNA and its associated proteins
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the nucleous?
This is the condensed region where ribosomes form
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the peroxisomes?
Metabolize waste
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the RER?
Synthesize and store proteins
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the SER?
To produce and metabolize both fats and steroid hormones
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the vacuole?
To store and transport materials
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the microtubules?
Form the mitotic spindle and maintain the cells shape
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the centrosome?
Organize microtubules
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the intermediate filaments?
These are fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the micro filaments?
Maintain cell shape, interaction and movement
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer that regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the lysosomes?
To digest contents such as food and waste material
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify proteins
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
This jelly like substance holds or contains organelles
(Eukaryotic Cell)
What is the function of the mitochondria ?
To produce ATP energy
What are the EXTRA components in a plant cell? (CCPP)
Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Plasmodesmata, Plastids
What are chromosomes?
Structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA which is the hereditary material
What is chromatin?
The unwound protein-chromosome makes up the chromosome when condensed and decondensed
Why do phospholipid molecules form a bilayer structure in living systems?
They have a water loving or hydrophilic head and a water hating tail so by forming a bilayer the hydrophobic tail is shielded from water
What is the cell cycle?
An ordered series of events involving cell growth and division that results in two daughter cells
G1 Phase
The cell accumulates the building blocks of DNA associated proteins
S Phase
The DNA is copied the chromosome number is 46 the chromatid number doubles to 92
G2 Phase
The cell replenishes energy stores and some organelles are duplicated while the cytoskeleton is dismantled
Phospholipids
Hydrophillic polar head is made of chlorine and phosphate, hydrophobic fatty chains are made of glycerol (basic structure of the cell membrane)
(Mitosis) Prophase
Chromosomes become visible, mitotic spindle is assembled , microtubules assemble off the centrosome (preparing to separate the sisters)
(Mitosis) Prometaphase
Chromosomes continue to condense and are more visible centrosomes continue to move toward opposite poles
(Mitosis) metaphase
The mitotic spindle is fully developed and centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosomes are aligned at the “equatorial plate” each sister chromatid rests on one side of the plate.
(Mitosis) anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and separated from each other, each chromatid is now a chromosome
(Mitosis) telophase
Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles and start to decondense the nuclear envelope reassembles and begins to surround each new chromosome, metabolic spindle assembly breaks down
Cytokinesis
“Cell motion” cell division is completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.
G1 Checkpoint
Happens at the end of G1 phase checks for adequate nutrients and growth factors
G2 checkpoint
Before mitosis this checkpoint ensures DNA replication is complete
M checkpoint
Before anaphase this checkpoint verifies all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers
Cyclins
Regulatory proteins whose levels rise and fall with each turn of the cycle they target proteins and promote cell division
Diffusion
A movement of solute from the area of higher solute concentration to the area of lower solute concentration
Osmosis
Passive process where molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane (less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution)
Most permeable to least permeable (least easily)
Hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules, large polar molecules, ions
Hypertonic
Water leaves the cell
Isotonic
Evenly distributed water
Hypotonic
Water enters the cell
Passive transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane w/o the cell needing to expend energy ex. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
A type of passive transportation that utilizes proteins such as channel and carrier proteins to move molecules across the membrane
Active transport
The process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy
Intercellular signaling
Communication BETWEEN cells and other cells.
Intracellular signaling
Communication within a cell
Intracellular signaling
Communication within a cell
Endocrine signaling
Signaling between cells
Autocrine signaling
Occurs within a cell
Paracrine signaling
A cell produces a signal to induce a change in a nearby cell which will alter those cells behaviors
What do aquaporin proteins do?
Selectively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell
