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Advanced Pharmacology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

Drugs

1
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-coagulant. Enhances antithrombin activity (1000x) which inhibits Xa and thrombin. Reversed by protamine sulfate.

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2
Q

LMW heparin

A

Anti-coagulant, enhances antithrombin and is more specific for factor Xa inactivation.

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3
Q

Fondaparinux

A

Anti-coagulant, increases antithrombin. The least efficacious.

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4
Q

Protamine sulfate

A

Reversal agent for heparin.

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5
Q

Hirudin/ Lepirudin

A

Anti-coagulant. Derived from leeches also can be made recombinantly. Binds to both active and substrate sites on thrombin.

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6
Q

Argatroban

A

Direct thrombin inhibitor.

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7
Q

Dabigatran

A

Bind to thrombin active sites.

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8
Q

Warfarin

A

Direct thrombin inhibitor. Prevents synthesis of factors 2, 7, 9 ,10 via tampering with redox metabolism of vitamin K. Reversed by vitamin K, factor 9, FFP

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9
Q

Rivaorxaban

A

Factor Xa inhibitor.

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10
Q

Apixaban

A

Factor Xa inhibitor.

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11
Q

tPA

A

Fibrinolytic. Rapidly lyses thrombi. Treatment for ischemic strokes.

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12
Q

Streptokinase

A

Fibrinolytic

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13
Q

Urokinase

A

Fibrinolytic

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14
Q

Aspirin

A

COX inhibitor. Acetylation of Serine 529 residue irreversibly modifies COX1 enzyme from binding with arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins and TXA2. Less platelet aggregation and has some anti-inflammatory effects. High incidence of GI ulcers.

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15
Q

Clopidogrel

A

ADP inhibitor. Anti-platelet aggregation.

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16
Q

Abiciximab

A

Mab anti-platelet aggregation.

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17
Q

vitamin K

A

For warfarin overdose. Helps replenish factors.

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18
Q

Fresh frozen plasma

A

To replenish factors. For hemophilia.

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19
Q

Aminocaproic acid

A

Fibrinolytic inhibitor. Targets plasminogen pathway. Clot stabilizer. Used post-operatively.

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20
Q

Tranexamic acid

A

Anti-fibrinolytic used for massive hemorrhage/ trauma to help stop bleeding.

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21
Q

Lispro and Aspart

A

Rapid acting insulin

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22
Q

Humulin

A

Short acting insulin

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23
Q

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

A

intermediate acting insulin

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24
Q

Glargine and Detemir

A

Long acting insulin

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25
Q

Metformin

A

Biguanides. Inhibits gluconeogenesis.

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26
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Insulin secretagogue. Blocks the K+ channel in the beta cells causing insulin release. Black box warnings for increased cardiovascular events.

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27
Q

Thiazolidinediones (TZD’s)

A

Decreases insulin resistance by increasing insulin signal transduction.

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28
Q

Acarbose

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Blocks digestion of complex carbs.

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29
Q

Bile acid binding resin

A

Sticks to cholesterol and glucose in bile acids and excretes them.

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30
Q

Amylin

A

Made by beta cells, suppresses glucagon release from the alpha cells

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31
Q

Semaglutide

A

GLP-1 agonist, which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release.

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32
Q

Statin

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Side effects: muscle pain.

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33
Q

Gliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor. Prevents glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

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34
Q

Sitagliptin

A

(Januvia) combination therapy in NIDDM. DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4 inhibits GLP-1).

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35
Q

Niacin

A

Inhibits VLDL from leaving the hepatocytes. Side effects: flushing, itching, dry skin.

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36
Q

Gemfibrozil

A

A fibrate. Increases lipolysis in the liver. Decreases VLDL and LDL a little.

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37
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Blocks uptake of dietary cholesterol.

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38
Q

Evolocomab

A

PCSK9 inhibitor. Allows more receptors to get recycled to pull more LDL out of the blood. Very effective when used with a statin.

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39
Q

Celecoxib

A

COX2 selective inhibitor, no effect on constitutive COX1

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40
Q

Meloxicam

A

COX2 selective inhibitor. Less effective than celebrex.

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41
Q

Diclofenac

A

COX and LOX inhibitor. Can be given topically for arthritic pain.

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42
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID. Used for pain and to decrease inflammatory response. COX1 and COX2 inhibition. Causes less GI upset than aspirin.

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43
Q

Indomethacin

A

COX and LOX inhibitor. Used for arthritis, gout, and patent ductus arteriosus.

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44
Q

Ketorolac

A

Toradol. COX inhibitor. Used for severe pain in sports medicine. Helps decrease need for opioids.

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45
Q

Acetaminophen

A

COX2 inhibition in the CNS. Can be used for headache (vasoconstriction in the brain) and fever (peripheral vasodilation).

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46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Suppress inflammation. Increase Annexin 1, SLP-1, IL-10 and decrease NFkB.

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47
Q

Morphine

A

Phenanthrene opioid strong agonist

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48
Q

Dilaudid

A

Phenanthrene opioid strong agonist

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49
Q

Codeine

A

phenanthrene opioid moderate agonists

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50
Q

Oxycodone

A

moderate agonist phenanthrene opioid

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51
Q

Percocet

A

Moderate opioid agonist. Combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone.

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52
Q

Methadone

A

Phenylheptylamine opioid strong agonist

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53
Q

Fentanyl

A

Strong agonist phenylpiperadine opioid

54
Q

Meperidine

A

Phenylpiperadine opioid strong agonist

55
Q

Tramadol

A

Phenylpiperadine opioid moderate agonist

56
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial opioid agonist used for opioid abuse

57
Q

Butorphanol

A

Partial opioid agonist used for post-op shivering

58
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Partial opioid agonist. An antitussive

59
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist. Used for opioid toxicity reversal.

60
Q

Naltrexone

A

Opioid antagonist used for alcohol withdrawal

61
Q

Naloxegol

A

Opioid antagonist used to increase GI motility when taking opioids.

62
Q

Penecillin

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inserting beta lactam ring into enzyme responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria. Allergies are common.

63
Q

Ampicillin

A

Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.

64
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.

65
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.

66
Q

Vancomycin

A

Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. Resistant to beta lactamase. Drug of “last resort.” Lots of toxicity reactions.

67
Q

Polymixin

A

Antibiotics that disrupt cell membrane by attaching to phospholipids and acting as detergents. Especially effective for gram - bacteria.

68
Q

Daptomycin

A

Antibiotics that disrupt cell membrane by attaching to phospholipids and acting as detergents. Especially effective for gram - bacteria.

69
Q

Tetracycline

A

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic. Most broad spectrum. Can cause severe GI disorders.

70
Q

Erythromycin

A

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum.

71
Q

Azithromycin

A

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum.

72
Q

Neomycin

A

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum. Topical.

73
Q

Rifamycin

A

Antibiotic that targets DNA/RNA synthesis by binding to bacteria RNA polymerase and inhibiting mRNA synthesis.

74
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Antibiotic that targets nucleic acid synthesis. Fluoroquinolone. Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase. Useful for UTIs and bone infections. Excellent gram - activity.

75
Q

Sulfonamide

A

Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis by competitively inhibiting PABA.

76
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis by competitively inhibiting PABA.

77
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Antifungal.

78
Q

Lamisil

A

Antifungal.

79
Q

Hydroxychloroquine

A

Antiprotozoal treatment for malaria.

80
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antiprotozoal treatment for giardia and trichomonas. Side effect: black “hairy” tongue.

81
Q

Niclosamide

A

Treatment for parasitic worms (tapeworms)

82
Q

Acyclovir

A

Antiviral that inhibits viral DNA polymerases and therefore viral DNA synthesis. Used to treat HSV and Varicella.

83
Q

Azidothymidine (AZT)

A

anti-retroviral used to treat HIV. Part of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy “HAART”

84
Q

Lamivudine

A

anti-retroviral used to treat HIV. Part of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy “HAART”

85
Q

Interferon

A

Produced by the body to signal for cell suicide. Can also be made recombinantly as an antiviral. Activate MHC-1 receptors to signal for CD8+ “T-killer” cells.

86
Q

Tamiflu

A

For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. PO.

87
Q

Relenza

A

For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. Inhaled powder.

88
Q

Xofluza

A

For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. Not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

89
Q

Paxlovid

A

PO treatment for COVID. Approved for emergency use only.

90
Q

Remdesivir

A

Treatment for COVID (IV therapy).

91
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Useful treatment for COVID by targeting inflammatory response and suppressing cytokine release.

92
Q

Carbidopa

A

Given in conjunction with Levodopa. Inhibits COMT and dopa decarboxylase which increases the amount of L-dopa, so more can cross BBB (up to 10%).

93
Q

Levodopa

A

Given to increase dopamine. Only about 3% of L-dopa can cross BBB, but can be useful for treatment of PD.

94
Q

Primavanserin

A

(Nuplazid) antipsychotic that is an inverse agonist for the serotonin receptors in the visual cortex. Used to treat delusions and hallucinations associated with levodopa/carbidopa use.

95
Q

Pramipexole

A

Dopamine receptor agonist. Binds receptor freeing up more dopamine.

96
Q

Selegiline

A

MAO-B inhibitor used to increase dopamine. Beneficial for movement disorders like Parkinson’s.

97
Q

Tolcapone

A

COMT inhibitor to decrease degradation of dopamine. Beneficial for movement disorder’s like PD.

98
Q

Apomorphine

A

A morphine derivative. Dopamine agonist.

99
Q

Baclofen

A

Muscle relaxant can be used for symptom management with cerebral palsy

100
Q

Tetrabenazine

A

Depletes dopamine. Used to treat Huntington’s symptoms which are the result of decreased GABA inhibition.

101
Q

Haloperidol

A

Dopamine receptor blocker. Treatment adjunct for Huntington’s disease.

102
Q

Riluzole

A

Na+ channel blocker used for ALS treatment (progressive loss of motorneurons)

103
Q

Tacrine

A

AChesterase inhibitor. A palliative drug for Alzheimer’s disease.

104
Q

Memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist. A palliative drug for Alzheimer’s disease.

105
Q

Echinacea

A

Used for immunity support. Increases WBC and cytokines. Can decrease cold symptoms by about a day.

106
Q

Garlic

A

inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. Can reduce cholesterol. Can also have some anti-platelet effects.

107
Q

Gingko biloba

A

Can increase scavenging of free radicals, and increase blood flow. Claims to help reduce incidence of dementia, good for memory.

108
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

For mild depression. CPY450 inducer.

109
Q

Ginseng

A

For memory, and immune system.

110
Q

Milk Thistle

A

For hepatotoxicity.

111
Q

Saw Palmetto

A

For BPH.

112
Q

Kava kava

A

Anti-toxicity.

113
Q

Kombucha

A

For blood pressure control, anti-cancer and good gut health.

114
Q

Aloe

A

Laxative and burn ointment

115
Q

Black cohosh

A

For menstrual discomfort.

116
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Alkylating agent. Works by alkylating DNA or interdigitates itself in between DNA stands. Nitrogen mustards. Good for neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions for immunosuppression.

117
Q

Chlorambucil

A

Alkylating agent. Nitrogen mustard. Drug of choice for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Well-tolerated.

118
Q

Nitrosoureas

A

Alkylating agents. Very lipid soluble and can cross BBB. Used for meningeal tumors.

119
Q

Cisplatin

A

Platinum analog. Intercalating agent to prevent replication of DNA and inhibits cell proliferation. Does not cross BBB.

120
Q

Methotrexate

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis. Cytotoxic and immunosuppressive. Do NOT take if pregnant!

121
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Anti-cancer drugs that include: folate antagonists, purine and pyrimidine antagonists.

122
Q

Vincristine

A

Vinca alkaloid derived from the periwinkle plant. Anti-cancer plant-based drug. Prevents mitotic spindle from forming cannot form new daughter cells.

123
Q

Paclitaxel (Taxol)

A

Plant-based anti-cancer drug that stabilizes the mitotic spindle preventing split of two new daughter cells.

124
Q

Dactinomycin

A

Intercalating agent. Antitumor antibiotic.

125
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.

126
Q

Bleomycin

A

Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.

127
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Interfere with hormonal signaling. Can be useful anti-cancer drugs. Especially for leukemias and lymphomas.

128
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.

129
Q

Fulvestrant

A

Anti-cancer drugs. Interfere with hormone signaling. Estrogen receptor down regulator.

130
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Anti-cancer drugs. Interfere with hormone signaling. Estrogen receptor modulator.

Advanced Pharmacology (3 decks)

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