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Pharmacology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

Thyroid & Antithyroid, Diabetes, Bowel & Antiemetics, Vitamins

1
Q

Early Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

General weakness, muscle cramps, dry skin

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2
Q

Late Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Slurred speech, bradycardia, weight gain, cold intolerance

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3
Q

Adverse Effects of Thyroid Replacement Drugs:

A

-CV: tachycardia, palpitations, angina, HTN, cardiac dysrhythmias

-CNS: (excitation!) insomnia, tremors, HA, anxiety

-GI: nausea, diarrhea, cramps

-Other: weight loss, heat intolerance, menstrual irregularities, sweating, fever

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4
Q

Administration Alerts for Thyroid Replacement Drugs:

A

-administer in the morning at least 30 mins before eating or drinking

-take at the same time every day

-don’t take calcium or iron supplements within 4 hours of levothyroxine

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5
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

-drug of choice

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6
Q

Liothyronine

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

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7
Q

Liotrix

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

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9
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased metabolism, tachycardia, weight loss, anxiety

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10
Q

Thyroid Storm

A

life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism; if left untreated, mortality rates are 80-90%

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11
Q

Adverse Effects of Antithyroid Drugs:

A

Liver & bone marrow toxicity, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia

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12
Q

Administration Alerts for Antithyroid Drugs:

A

-Notify MD immediately if pregnancy is suspected

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13
Q

Methimazole

A

Antithyroid

-drug of choice

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14
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Antithyroid

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15
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Diabetes:

A

-fasting BG >126
-Polyuria, polyphagia, polydispsia
-glucosuria
-fatigue

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16
Q

Acute Diabetic Complications:

A

-DKA (excessively high BG)
-Ketones in blood & urine
-Acidosis
-Dehydration
-Electrolyte imbalances

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17
Q

Long-term Diabetic Complications:

A

Macrovascular (atherosclerotic plaque formation) & Microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy)

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18
Q

Type 1 DM

A

-Caused by an absolute lack of insulin production or the production of defective insulin

-Autoimmune

-10% of DM cases

-Tx: dietary restrictions, exercise, INSULIN THERAPY

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19
Q

Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy:

A

-Hypoglycemia (caused by insulin OD, improper timing, skipping a meal)

-Hyperglycemia (caused by underdose of insulin, stress, trauma on body)

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20
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A

tachycardia, confusion, sweating, drowsiness, coma & eventually death

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21
Q

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, glucosuria, fatigue

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22
Q

Onset of Rapid Insulin

A

30 mins

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23
Q

Duration of Rapid Insulin

A

3-5 hours

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24
Q

Insulin Aspart (Fiasp, NovoLog)

A

-Rapid
-Peak: 1-3 hours
-Admin: subq, 30 mins before meal

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25
Q

Insulin Lispro (Ademalog, Humalog)

A

-Rapid
-Peak: 30-60 mins
-Admin: subq, 30 mins before meal

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26
Q

Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)

A

-Rapid
-Peak: 60-90 mins
-Admin: subq, 30 mins before meals

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27
Q

Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)

A

-Short
-Onset: 30-60 mins
-Peak: 2-4 hours
-Duration: 5-8 hours
-Admin: subq or IV, 30-60 mins before meals

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28
Q

Insulin Isophane (NPH, Humulin N, Novolin N)

A

-Intermediate
-Onset: 1-2 hours
-Peak: 4-12 hours
-Duration: 18-24 hours
-Admin: subq, 30 mins before first meal of day and again 30 mins before supper if needed
-DO NOT mix with glargine

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29
Q

Insulin Degludec

A

-Long
-Onset: 1.6 hours
-No peak
-Duration: to 42 hours
-DO NOT MIX

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30
Q

Insulin Detemir

A

-Long
-Onset: 1.6 hours
-No peak
-Duration: to 24 hours
-DO NOT MIX

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31
Q

Insulin Glargine

A

-Long
-Onset: 1.5 (Lantus), 6 hours (Toujeo)
-No peak (Lantus), 12 hours (Toujeo)
-Duration: to 24 hours
-DO NOT MIX

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32
Q

Type 2 DM:

A

-Insulin resistance

-90% DM cases

-Tx: healthy diet, exercise

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33
Q

Metformin (B)

A

-Diabetes drug
-Drug of choice for type 2 DM
-Does NOT cause hypoglycemia

34
Q

Adverse Effects of Metformin

A

GI upset, HA, dizziness, agitation, fatigue

35
Q

Glimepiride

A

Diabetes Drug

36
Q

Glyburide

A

Diabetes Drug

37
Q

Adverse Effects of Diabetes Drugs:

A

Hypoglycemia, hematologic effects, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn

38
Q

Laxatives & Cathartics

A

Treat or prevent constipation, prepare bowel for surgery or diagnostic procedures

39
Q

Psyllium

A

-Bulk-forming laxative

40
Q

Methylcellulose

A

-Bulk-forming Laxative

41
Q

Bulk-forming laxative adverse effects:

A

Abdominal fullness or cramping, fainting, esophageal or GI obstruction if taken with insufficient fluid (8 oz!)

42
Q

Docusate Sodium & Adverse Effects:

A

-Stool softener

-abdominal cramping, diarrhea

43
Q

Bisacodyl & Adverse Effects:

A

-Stimulant

-abdominal cramping, nausea, fainting, diarrhea, fluid & electrolyte loss

44
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide Adverse Effects:

A

abdominal cramping, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, dysrhythmias, respiratory failure

(drink 8-10 glasses/day of water)

45
Q

Antidiarrheals

A

Used to treat diarrhea

46
Q

Lomotil

A

antidiarrheal

47
Q

Imodium

A

Antidiarrheal

48
Q

Paregoric

A

Antidiarrheal

49
Q

Adverse Effects of Antidiarrheals:

A

drowsiness, lightheadedness, nausea, dry mouth, constipation, respiratory depression, CNS depression

50
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

-Disorder of lower GI tract

-Symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, gas, constipation alternating with diarrhea

51
Q

Alosteron & Adverse Effects:

A

-Used to treat IBS with diarrhea

-constipation, abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash, ischemic colitis

52
Q

Lubiprostone & Adverse Effects:

A

-Used to treat IBS with constipation

-nausea, diarrhea, HA, dyspnea, allergic reaction

53
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A

-Includes UC & CD

-Symptoms: abdominal cramping, diarrhea w/periods of exacerbation and remission

54
Q

Mesalamine

A

Treats IBD

55
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Treats IBD

56
Q

Adverse Effects for IBD Drugs:

A

HA, abdominal pain, diarrhea, N/V, rash, flulike illness, hepatotoxicity, CKD

57
Q

Scopolamine & Adverse Effects:

A

-Antiemetic, transdermal patch for preventing motion sickness

-Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision

58
Q

Metoclopramide (reglan) & Adverse Effects:

A

-Antiemetic

-dry eyes, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, photosensitivity

59
Q

Ondansetron (Zofram) & Adverse Effects:

A

-Antiemetic

-HA, drowsiness, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea

60
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol)

A

Helps maintain normal vision & night vision

61
Q

Common Causes of VITAMIN A Deficiency:

A

Prolonged dietary deprivation, pancreatic diseases, cirrhosis

62
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN A:

A

yellow & dark green leafy vegetables, butter, eggs, whole milk, liver

63
Q

Vitamin D

A

Responsible for proper utilization of calcium & phosphorous, prevention of osteoporosis

64
Q

Vitamin D2

A

Obtained through diet

-fish liver oils, fish
-fortified foods: milk, OJ, cereals
-animal livers, eggs, butter, dairy products

65
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Produced in skin through UV

66
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

A

Helps convert food into energy

67
Q

Causes of VITAMIN B1 Deficiency:

A

Alcoholism, chronic liver disease, HIV, DM, older adults

68
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B1:

A

plant & animal products, whole-grains, dried beans, peanuts

69
Q

Vitamin B12 (Riboflavin)

A

Needed for normal respiratory function, maintains erythrocyte integrity

70
Q

Causes of VITAMIN B12 Deficiency:

A

Intestinal malabsorption, long-term infections, liver disease, malignancy, alcoholism

71
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B12:

A

green & leafy vegetables, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole-grains

72
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyrixodine)

A

Necessary for many metabolic functions & integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes

73
Q

Causes of VITAMIN B6 Deficiency:

A

inadequate intake, poor absorption, uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, heart failure

74
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B6:

A

liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals

75
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

A

Required for metabolic activties

76
Q

Dietary Sources for VITAMIN C:

A

Citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green peppers, liver

77
Q

Scurvy

A

Prolonged Vitamin C deficiency

78
Q

Vitamin E

A

Primary antioxidant

79
Q

Causes of VITAMIN E Deficiency:

A

prematurity, malabsorption

80
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN E:

A

Plant-seed oils, whole-grain cereals, eggs

81
Q

Vitamin K

A

Tx for patients with clotting disorders, wound healing

82
Q

Dietary Sources of VITAMIN K:

A

green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cauliflower, egg yolks, cheese, liver

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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