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Pharmacology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

Thyroid & Antithyroid, Diabetes, Bowel & Antiemetics, Vitamins

1
Q

Early Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

General weakness, muscle cramps, dry skin

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2
Q

Late Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Slurred speech, bradycardia, weight gain, cold intolerance

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3
Q

Adverse Effects of Thyroid Replacement Drugs:

A

-CV: tachycardia, palpitations, angina, HTN, cardiac dysrhythmias

-CNS: (excitation!) insomnia, tremors, HA, anxiety

-GI: nausea, diarrhea, cramps

-Other: weight loss, heat intolerance, menstrual irregularities, sweating, fever

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4
Q

Administration Alerts for Thyroid Replacement Drugs:

A

-administer in the morning at least 30 mins before eating or drinking

-take at the same time every day

-don’t take calcium or iron supplements within 4 hours of levothyroxine

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5
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

-drug of choice

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6
Q

Liothyronine

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

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7
Q

Liotrix

A

Thyroid Replacement Drug

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

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9
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased metabolism, tachycardia, weight loss, anxiety

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10
Q

Thyroid Storm

A

life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism; if left untreated, mortality rates are 80-90%

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11
Q

Adverse Effects of Antithyroid Drugs:

A

Liver & bone marrow toxicity, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia

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12
Q

Administration Alerts for Antithyroid Drugs:

A

-Notify MD immediately if pregnancy is suspected

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13
Q

Methimazole

A

Antithyroid

-drug of choice

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14
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Antithyroid

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15
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Diabetes:

A

-fasting BG >126
-Polyuria, polyphagia, polydispsia
-glucosuria
-fatigue

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16
Q

Acute Diabetic Complications:

A

-DKA (excessively high BG)
-Ketones in blood & urine
-Acidosis
-Dehydration
-Electrolyte imbalances

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17
Q

Long-term Diabetic Complications:

A

Macrovascular (atherosclerotic plaque formation) & Microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy)

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18
Q

Type 1 DM

A

-Caused by an absolute lack of insulin production or the production of defective insulin

-Autoimmune

-10% of DM cases

-Tx: dietary restrictions, exercise, INSULIN THERAPY

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19
Q

Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy:

A

-Hypoglycemia (caused by insulin OD, improper timing, skipping a meal)

-Hyperglycemia (caused by underdose of insulin, stress, trauma on body)

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20
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A

tachycardia, confusion, sweating, drowsiness, coma & eventually death

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21
Q

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, glucosuria, fatigue

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22
Q

Onset of Rapid Insulin

A

30 mins

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23
Q

Duration of Rapid Insulin

A

3-5 hours

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24
Q

Insulin Aspart (Fiasp, NovoLog)

A

-Rapid
-Peak: 1-3 hours
-Admin: subq, 30 mins before meal

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25
Insulin Lispro (Ademalog, Humalog)
-Rapid -Peak: 30-60 mins -Admin: subq, 30 mins before meal
26
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)
-Rapid -Peak: 60-90 mins -Admin: subq, 30 mins before meals
27
Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
-Short -Onset: 30-60 mins -Peak: 2-4 hours -Duration: 5-8 hours -Admin: subq or IV, 30-60 mins before meals
28
Insulin Isophane (NPH, Humulin N, Novolin N)
-Intermediate -Onset: 1-2 hours -Peak: 4-12 hours -Duration: 18-24 hours -Admin: subq, 30 mins before first meal of day and again 30 mins before supper if needed -DO NOT mix with glargine
29
Insulin Degludec
-Long -Onset: 1.6 hours -No peak -Duration: to 42 hours -DO NOT MIX
30
Insulin Detemir
-Long -Onset: 1.6 hours -No peak -Duration: to 24 hours -DO NOT MIX
31
Insulin Glargine
-Long -Onset: 1.5 (Lantus), 6 hours (Toujeo) -No peak (Lantus), 12 hours (Toujeo) -Duration: to 24 hours -DO NOT MIX
32
Type 2 DM:
-Insulin resistance -90% DM cases -Tx: healthy diet, exercise
33
Metformin (B)
-Diabetes drug -Drug of choice for type 2 DM -Does NOT cause hypoglycemia
34
Adverse Effects of Metformin
GI upset, HA, dizziness, agitation, fatigue
35
Glimepiride
Diabetes Drug
36
Glyburide
Diabetes Drug
37
Adverse Effects of Diabetes Drugs:
Hypoglycemia, hematologic effects, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn
38
Laxatives & Cathartics
Treat or prevent constipation, prepare bowel for surgery or diagnostic procedures
39
Psyllium
-Bulk-forming laxative
40
Methylcellulose
-Bulk-forming Laxative
41
Bulk-forming laxative adverse effects:
Abdominal fullness or cramping, fainting, esophageal or GI obstruction if taken with insufficient fluid (8 oz!)
42
Docusate Sodium & Adverse Effects:
-Stool softener -abdominal cramping, diarrhea
43
Bisacodyl & Adverse Effects:
-Stimulant -abdominal cramping, nausea, fainting, diarrhea, fluid & electrolyte loss
44
Magnesium Hydroxide Adverse Effects:
abdominal cramping, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, dysrhythmias, respiratory failure (drink 8-10 glasses/day of water)
45
Antidiarrheals
Used to treat diarrhea
46
Lomotil
antidiarrheal
47
Imodium
Antidiarrheal
48
Paregoric
Antidiarrheal
49
Adverse Effects of Antidiarrheals:
drowsiness, lightheadedness, nausea, dry mouth, constipation, respiratory depression, CNS depression
50
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
-Disorder of lower GI tract -Symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, gas, constipation alternating with diarrhea
51
Alosteron & Adverse Effects:
-Used to treat IBS with diarrhea -constipation, abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash, ischemic colitis
52
Lubiprostone & Adverse Effects:
-Used to treat IBS with constipation -nausea, diarrhea, HA, dyspnea, allergic reaction
53
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
-Includes UC & CD -Symptoms: abdominal cramping, diarrhea w/periods of exacerbation and remission
54
Mesalamine
Treats IBD
55
Sulfasalazine
Treats IBD
56
Adverse Effects for IBD Drugs:
HA, abdominal pain, diarrhea, N/V, rash, flulike illness, hepatotoxicity, CKD
57
Scopolamine & Adverse Effects:
-Antiemetic, transdermal patch for preventing motion sickness -Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision
58
Metoclopramide (reglan) & Adverse Effects:
-Antiemetic -dry eyes, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, photosensitivity
59
Ondansetron (Zofram) & Adverse Effects:
-Antiemetic -HA, drowsiness, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea
60
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Helps maintain normal vision & night vision
61
Common Causes of VITAMIN A Deficiency:
Prolonged dietary deprivation, pancreatic diseases, cirrhosis
62
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN A:
yellow & dark green leafy vegetables, butter, eggs, whole milk, liver
63
Vitamin D
Responsible for proper utilization of calcium & phosphorous, prevention of osteoporosis
64
Vitamin D2
Obtained through diet -fish liver oils, fish -fortified foods: milk, OJ, cereals -animal livers, eggs, butter, dairy products
65
Vitamin D3
Produced in skin through UV
66
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Helps convert food into energy
67
Causes of VITAMIN B1 Deficiency:
Alcoholism, chronic liver disease, HIV, DM, older adults
68
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B1:
plant & animal products, whole-grains, dried beans, peanuts
69
Vitamin B12 (Riboflavin)
Needed for normal respiratory function, maintains erythrocyte integrity
70
Causes of VITAMIN B12 Deficiency:
Intestinal malabsorption, long-term infections, liver disease, malignancy, alcoholism
71
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B12:
green & leafy vegetables, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole-grains
72
Vitamin B6 (Pyrixodine)
Necessary for many metabolic functions & integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes
73
Causes of VITAMIN B6 Deficiency:
inadequate intake, poor absorption, uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, heart failure
74
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN B6:
liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals
75
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Required for metabolic activties
76
Dietary Sources for VITAMIN C:
Citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green peppers, liver
77
Scurvy
Prolonged Vitamin C deficiency
78
Vitamin E
Primary antioxidant
79
Causes of VITAMIN E Deficiency:
prematurity, malabsorption
80
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN E:
Plant-seed oils, whole-grain cereals, eggs
81
Vitamin K
Tx for patients with clotting disorders, wound healing
82
Dietary Sources of VITAMIN K:
green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cauliflower, egg yolks, cheese, liver

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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