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PSY 102 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

Study for Exam 4

1
Q

Cerebral Dominance

A

each hemisphere specializes in different tasks, 1 takes the dominant role while 1 plays assist.

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2
Q

Damage to Broca’s area causes what?

A

nonfluent aphlasia which causes a failure in written or verbal language expression
- “Tan” man

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3
Q

damage to Wernike’s area causes what?

A

fluent aphasia which causes one to not be able to remember certain words

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4
Q

Damage to Liepman causes what?

A

aproxia which causes loss of control over muscles required to produce speech

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5
Q

Which side of the body does the Right hemisphere process

A

The right hemisphere processes the left side of the body’s infromation

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6
Q

Which side of the body does the left hemisphere process

A

the left hemisphere processes the right side of the body

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7
Q

In which direction is information processes in the brain?

A

Contralaterally: Having to do with the opposite side of the body.

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8
Q

What areas of information does the left hemisphere process? How can the left hemisphere be characterized?

A

The left hemisphere processes information related to
- language
- writing
- motor control needed for language
- positive emotion regulation

It can be characterized as more analytical and detail oriented, the ‘nerdy’ half of the brain

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9
Q

What areas of information does the right hemisphere process? How can the right hemisphere be characterized?

A

The right hemisphere process information related to
- emotional perception (of tone, body language, etc…)
- facial recognition
- visual processes
- negative emotions

The right hemisphere is more concerned with the ‘gist’ of things can be considered the ‘artsy’ side of the brain

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9
Q

What is a fact concerning language and lateralization

A

language is the most lateralized cognitive process; centered in the left hemisphere

for right handed people 95% of language is processed in the left hemisphere

For left handed people 80% of language is processed in the left hemisphere

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10
Q

Planum Temporale

A

larger in the left hemisphere (called the Wernicke’s area in the left)
- 5x larger in left hemisphere for
65% of people

Responsible for language comprehension

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10
Q

Heshcl’s Gyrus

A

Location of primary auditory cortex and responsible for speech comprehension
- larger in left hemisphere

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11
Q

Frontal Operculum

A

In the left hemisphere is known as Broca’s area; responsible for speech production

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12
Q

what is a commissure

A

the nerve fissures that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
- SUBCORTICAL

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13
Q

Commissurectomy

A

“Split brain surgery” which separates the two hemispheres of the brain
- usually separating the
CORPUS COLLOSUM

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14
Q

What are some affect arising from a Commissurectomy aka “Split Brain Surgery”

A
  • the brain hemispheres can still communicate indirectly (through body, etc…)
  • Helping hang phenomenon
  • capable of learning 2 things at once
  • Chimeric figures processed differently based on which hemisphere is doing processing
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15
Q

Innateness Theory of Language Acquisition

A

A biological / nativist approach to language acquisition; states we are born with biological structures / programming that allow us to learn language easily and naturally.
-

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16
Q

Which side of the brain is responsible for the emotional intonation of speech

A

Right

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17
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

the strengthening on synapses due to frequent activation which increases the responsiveness of the synapse in the future; the basis of learning

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18
Q

what is the most lateralized function?

A

Language

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19
Q

Semantic memory

A

memory for words and concepts; part of declarative memory.

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20
Q

what is memory consolidation where does it occur?

A

it’s the process where information is strengthened and converted into long term storage largely handled by the hippocampus

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21
Q

what is the main commissure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain called?

A

Corpus callosum

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitter allows LTP to happen?

A

Glutamate

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23
Q

Which part of the brain plays a key role in habit formation and procedural memory?

A

The Striatum

24
Q

what is a individual mental activity that makes up larger categories of function

A

constituent cognitive processes

25
Q

What are the branches of Long term memory?

A

Procedural
Declarative 1. semantic
2. episodic

26
Q

Which type of long term memory is least likely to be “lost” to amnesia or otherwise?

A

procedural LTM, because it’s more implicit than the other types of LTM

27
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory

A

we are only aware / conscious of explicit memory; implicit memories seep in overtime

28
Q

What was the hypothesis and conclusion of the Lashley engram study?

A

Lashley hypothesized there was a physical connection created through classical conditioning.

His hypothesis was wrong and there is no one specific spot of connection which facilitates learning, but rather many areas throughout the brain

29
Q

What is an area of the brain that modern research suggests is important for learning?

A

modern research suggests that the Lateral interpositus nucleus is important for learning

30
Q

What is memory reconsolidation?

A

When a consolidated memory is retrieved it has to go through the process of consolidation again

31
Q

what is something that can go wrong with memory reconsolidation?

A

When a memory is retrieved and then reconsolidated, the memory can be mis-remembered or altered and then is reconsolidated “wrong” or falsely

32
Q

what is the relationship between cortisol and memories?

A

Slightly elevated cortisol can improve memory by activating the amygdala and hippocampus

too much cortisol can impair memory

33
Q

How do we learn language through constituent cognitive processes

A
  1. phonological analysis
  2. Grammatical analysis
  3. Semantic analysis
34
Q

What are the results of the Willems study?

A

connection between thinking a word and the motor cortex response for that word lights up

EX: think throw -> brain parts used for physical throwing light up

35
Q

What are the results of the Damasio study?

A

PET scans show our brains light up in different areas depending on the category of the word in the temporal lobe.

36
Q

What are the results of the baveliers study?

A

found in fMRI that the small areas of the brain involved with language all around the brain are different withing different people

37
Q

What are some additional qualities of LTP?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Cooperativity
  3. Associativity
38
Q

What is Specificity?

A

A quality of LTP which states only active synapses can be strengthened through LTP

ACTIVE ONLY

39
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

when two or more axons stimulate the post synaptic neuron at the same time, it produces LTP more strongly than if it was just one axon stimulating the postsynaptic

40
Q

Associativity

A

weaker synapses that are connected to a really strong LTP synapse can become strengthened by association.

MUST BE ACTIVE

41
Q

What is the process of LTP?

A
42
Q

What symptoms are required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

A

at least two symptoms, one of which must be hallucination, delusion, or disorganized
speech

43
Q

What part of the brain is often enlarged due to schizophrenia?

A

Ventricles

44
Q

What are some symptoms of postpartum depression?

A

Sadness - Fatigue - Irritability - Sleep disturbances - Impaired concentration - Impaired activity of daily living

45
Q

What hormones are involved and are affected during postpartum depression?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone - Cortisol – Oxytocin

46
Q

What areas of the brain are affected by psilocybin?

A

Claustrum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatal connectivity

47
Q

What are some behavioral benefits to microdosing?

A

Reduce anxiety, mood improvement, Improved Mental Health

48
Q

Do serial killers have a high IQ?

A

Serial killers are more likely to have either a higher or lower IQ than average

49
Q

What mental disorders are definitely more common in serial killers?

A

Every personality disorder

50
Q

Does the amount of grey matter impact the actions of serial killers?

A

No sig dif

51
Q

What biological systems does mindfulness affect?

A

HPA axis, SAM (sympathetic, adrenal, medullary) axis
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
insula
hypothalamus

52
Q

Which parts of the brain are smaller for individuals who are diagnosed with DID?

A

hippocampus and amygdala

53
Q

Why might the nucleus accumbens be activated during personality switch?

A

allow escape from pain and consequently has reinforcing (rewarding) value

54
Q

What are the brain structures involved with attraction?

A

Ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens , Caudate nucleus, Ventral pallidum

55
Q

Which two hormones are involved in lust?

A

b. testosterone and estrogen

56
Q

Does PTSD Affect the size of the hippocampus?

A

Decreased volume

57
Q

What areas in the brain does PTSD affect?

A

Hippocampus, Prefrontal cortex, Hypothalamus, Amygdala

58
Q

How do abnormalities in the amygdala and the limbic system cause the symptoms and development of Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Excessive amygdala activation to negative emotion
hippocampus and amygdala show atrophy (decreased volume)

59
Q

Can genetics influence the likelihood of developing BPD?

A

yuh

PSY 102 (2 decks)

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