Exam 3 Flashcards
prepare for Exam 3
Stage 1 of Sleep
light sleep with fast brain waves, characterized by production of theta waves
Stage 2 of sleep
eye movement stops ; bursts of brain waves characterized by sleep spindles and k-waves
Stage 3 of sleep
blood pressure and heart rate fall, characterized by delta waves “deep sleep” and hard to rouse
Rem sleep
4th stage of sleep in order however higher in activity levels than 3, Rapid eye movement under sleep paralysis
1. lots of brain activity as if one is awake
2. dreaming 3-4 cycles
3. cortical plasticity for infants (brain development through ‘experience’ of dreams
4. heart rate and blood pressure rise back up
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a brain structure located in anterior of hypothalamus which regulates circadian rhythms
detection of light from the optic nerve causes this area to release hormones
Pathway
retina - optic nerve - retinohypothalamic path - SCN
Damage here can cause body rhythms to become erratic
Which parts of the brain are involved in the circadian rhythm
Various genes & Hypothalamus (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - SCN)
What is the order the sleep stages follow
stage 1 - 2 - 3 - 2 - REM
How long does a sleep cycle take
90 mins
What changes happen in the duration of Stage 3 (deep) and REM sleep ?
As the night goes on the amount / duration of REM sleep increases and the amount / duration of Stage 3 deep sleep decreases
More Stage 3 sleep in the beginning of sleep cycle
More REM sleep towards end of sleep cycle.
Circadian rhythm Theory
Evolutionary approach to BioPsych; we need sleep to stay safe at night and conserve energy
Restoration Theory
Physiological approach to BioPsych; we need sleep to restore and replenish energy + bodily recovery
Consolidation Theory
Cognitive approach to sleep theory; we need sleep to prune brain (neural Darwinism), brain and memory recovery so we will have better responses to stress and threats
What are some benefits of REM sleep?
- regulate metabolism
- regulate Autonomic nervous system
- increase / better memory
- cortical plasticity (infants)
what is sleep dept?
deficiency in sleep below what is needed for basic functioning which leads to impaired motor and cognitive functions
lowered immune system
REM rebound
What are some symptoms of sleep deprivation
- impaired cognition
- higher anxiety levels
- more symptoms of depression
- risk of stroke
- risk of heart disease
- risk of breast cancer
- risk of diabetes
- weight gain
Anterior Hypothalamus
an area at the front of the hypothalamus
– SLEEP –
- releases GABA = inhibition and calming
– SEXUAL BEHAVIOR–
- larger in Bio males
- involved in normal sexual behavior
Posterior Hypothalamus
An area of the brain in the back of the hypothalamus which is involved in wakefulness
releases hormones
- histamines
- Orexin aka hypocretin
Lateral Hypothalamus
An area of the Hypothalamus (2x on the sides of the main structures) which regulate basal forebrain
releases the hormones
- acetylcholine during wakefullness & REM sleep
-ALSO-
controls insulin secretion; alters receptiveness to taste and increases drive to eat.
Reticular formation
an area of the brain extending from the brain stem which maintains wakefulness and promotes slow wave sleep
Pons
an area of the brain involved in dreaming and REM sleep
REM Sleep: starts REM and causes sleep paralysis
Also releases GABA which causes cortical inhibition during sleep
Pineal Gland
an endochrine gland which synthesizes melatonin from serotonin
Damage (Tumors) here can cause one to stay awake for days
Amygdala
an area of the brain which also releases dopamine to trigger onset of REM sleep
Involved in the emotional response to dreams
Dyssomnias
a collection of sleep disorders that affect the quality and quantity of sleep
parasomnias
a collection of sleep disorders that cause abnormal activities during sleep
Insomnia
A dyssomnia type sleep disorder characterized by chronic insufficient sleep, which afflicts 1/3 of adults
Sleep Hygiene
a combination of lifestyle habits and sleeping conditions that help you get uninterrupted sleep
- dark quiet room
- cold environment
- avoid stimulants (coffee, drugs…)
Narcolepsy
a dyssomnia type sleep disorder characterized by sudden ‘attacks’ of REM sleep during the day while awake
- become fainting goats (cataplexy)
- frequent sleep paralysis
- Hypnagogic hallucinations onset of sleep
caused by lack of Orexin releasing cells in posterior hypothalamus
REM Sleep Behavioral Disorder (RBD)
A parasomnia type sleep disorder in which the normal sleep paralysis is not experienced
- physically act out on dreams with potential to harm themselves or others
- links to Parkinson’s
NREM Sleep Arousal Disorder
A parasomnia type sleep disorder which occurs during stage 3 (deep) sleep. When a person who is asleep preforms actions as if they were awake, some parts of their brain are awake some are asleep.
includes
- sexsomnia
- sleep walking
- night terrors
Osmotic thirst
thirst that comes from eating too much salt which increases concentration gradient of salt outside a cell
What is the process of Osmotic thrist
brain and digestive track know when there’s too much salt present -> send info the OVLT and SFO -> send info to hypothalamus -> hypothalamus releases vassopressin which holds onto water in the body
hypovolemic Thirst
thirst that stems from loosing fluids (vomiting, diarrhea…) body needs salt and other solubles K and Na+
what is the process of hypovolemic thirst?
receptors in kidney / blood vessels -> OVLT & SFO -> hypothalamus-> pituitary gland -> releases vasopressin and angiotensin 2 -> causes sodium specific hunger through aldoestrone and angiotensin 2 -> change taste buds to crave salt
Glucagon
a hormone released from the pancreas which converts stored glycogen into glucose to be used by cell
- high when in fasting phase
- when glucose in blood is too low
how does satiety work
GI tract / stomach -> vagus nerve -> hypothalamus
Duoendum -> OEA and CCK -> vagus nerve -> hypothalamus
- bloodborne signals through peptides (amino acids)
Arcuate Nucleus
a structure of the hypothalamus which functions as the master area controlling hunger ans satiety with a set of neurons for each
Para-ventricular Nucleus (PVN)
important for satiety and inhibits the lateral nucleus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
inhibits eating
damage here can lead to weight gain
Ghrelin
a hunger hormone which is released by stomach when hungry causing stomach contractions
melanocortin
a hormone released by para-ventricular nucleus which inhibits food intake
Orexin
a hormone released by lateral hypothalamus involved in seeking food and eating for taste
what do hormones do for sexual development
- influence development of physical and behavioral sexual characteristics
- activate reproduction behavior in adults
Endocrine glands
primary function is to release hormones also releases chemicals directly into circulatory system
Tropic hormones
hormones that influence release of hormones from other glands
Exochrine glands
primary function is to release hormones into ducts usually going to surface of body
Pituitary gland
the master gland releases peptide and protein hormones along with tropic hormones
Gonadotropin
hormones released from pituitary gland; stimulates release of gonadal hormones
steroid hormones
released from gonads and synthesized from cholesterol involved in normal sexual behavior in adults
- androgens
- estrogens
- progestins
how do steroid hormones exert their effects?
- bind to membrane receptors - rapid
- Enter cells & activate proteins
- bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes to affect genes
MPOA
an area of the hypothalamus in the brain that causes normal sexual behavior in males
VMN
an area of the brain that causes normal sexual behavior in females
what are two causes of normal sexual behavior in males?
- Androgens from the testes are essential for arousal
- removal = loss of sex behavior
- testosterone -> MPOA -> MPOA releases dopamine -> high sex drive
what are two causes of normal sexual behavior in males?
- interaction of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries
- Estraditol increases sensitivity along with release of dopamine from MPOA
What happens to both men and women when the gonads are removed?
sex drive does down
organizing effects of hormones
long lasting structural effects due to hormones
Activating effects of hormones
temporary effects usually estraditol and testosterone usually affecting behavior for short periods of time
