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PSY 102 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

prepare for Exam 3

1
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep

A

light sleep with fast brain waves, characterized by production of theta waves

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2
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

eye movement stops ; bursts of brain waves characterized by sleep spindles and k-waves

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3
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

blood pressure and heart rate fall, characterized by delta waves “deep sleep” and hard to rouse

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4
Q

Rem sleep

A

4th stage of sleep in order however higher in activity levels than 3, Rapid eye movement under sleep paralysis
1. lots of brain activity as if one is awake
2. dreaming 3-4 cycles
3. cortical plasticity for infants (brain development through ‘experience’ of dreams
4. heart rate and blood pressure rise back up

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5
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a brain structure located in anterior of hypothalamus which regulates circadian rhythms

detection of light from the optic nerve causes this area to release hormones
Pathway
retina - optic nerve - retinohypothalamic path - SCN

Damage here can cause body rhythms to become erratic

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6
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in the circadian rhythm

A

Various genes & Hypothalamus (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - SCN)

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7
Q

What is the order the sleep stages follow

A

stage 1 - 2 - 3 - 2 - REM

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8
Q

How long does a sleep cycle take

A

90 mins

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9
Q

What changes happen in the duration of Stage 3 (deep) and REM sleep ?

A

As the night goes on the amount / duration of REM sleep increases and the amount / duration of Stage 3 deep sleep decreases

More Stage 3 sleep in the beginning of sleep cycle

More REM sleep towards end of sleep cycle.

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10
Q

Circadian rhythm Theory

A

Evolutionary approach to BioPsych; we need sleep to stay safe at night and conserve energy

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11
Q

Restoration Theory

A

Physiological approach to BioPsych; we need sleep to restore and replenish energy + bodily recovery

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12
Q

Consolidation Theory

A

Cognitive approach to sleep theory; we need sleep to prune brain (neural Darwinism), brain and memory recovery so we will have better responses to stress and threats

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13
Q

What are some benefits of REM sleep?

A
  1. regulate metabolism
  2. regulate Autonomic nervous system
  3. increase / better memory
  4. cortical plasticity (infants)
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14
Q

what is sleep dept?

A

deficiency in sleep below what is needed for basic functioning which leads to impaired motor and cognitive functions

lowered immune system

REM rebound

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of sleep deprivation

A
  • impaired cognition
  • higher anxiety levels
  • more symptoms of depression
  • risk of stroke
  • risk of heart disease
  • risk of breast cancer
  • risk of diabetes
  • weight gain
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16
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

an area at the front of the hypothalamus

– SLEEP –
- releases GABA = inhibition and calming

– SEXUAL BEHAVIOR–
- larger in Bio males
- involved in normal sexual behavior

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17
Q

Posterior Hypothalamus

A

An area of the brain in the back of the hypothalamus which is involved in wakefulness

releases hormones
- histamines
- Orexin aka hypocretin

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18
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

An area of the Hypothalamus (2x on the sides of the main structures) which regulate basal forebrain

releases the hormones
- acetylcholine during wakefullness & REM sleep

-ALSO-

controls insulin secretion; alters receptiveness to taste and increases drive to eat.

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19
Q

Reticular formation

A

an area of the brain extending from the brain stem which maintains wakefulness and promotes slow wave sleep

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20
Q

Pons

A

an area of the brain involved in dreaming and REM sleep

REM Sleep: starts REM and causes sleep paralysis

Also releases GABA which causes cortical inhibition during sleep

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21
Q

Pineal Gland

A

an endochrine gland which synthesizes melatonin from serotonin

Damage (Tumors) here can cause one to stay awake for days

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

an area of the brain which also releases dopamine to trigger onset of REM sleep

Involved in the emotional response to dreams

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23
Q

Dyssomnias

A

a collection of sleep disorders that affect the quality and quantity of sleep

24
Q

parasomnias

A

a collection of sleep disorders that cause abnormal activities during sleep

25
Q

Insomnia

A

A dyssomnia type sleep disorder characterized by chronic insufficient sleep, which afflicts 1/3 of adults

26
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

a combination of lifestyle habits and sleeping conditions that help you get uninterrupted sleep
- dark quiet room
- cold environment
- avoid stimulants (coffee, drugs…)

27
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a dyssomnia type sleep disorder characterized by sudden ‘attacks’ of REM sleep during the day while awake
- become fainting goats (cataplexy)
- frequent sleep paralysis
- Hypnagogic hallucinations onset of sleep

caused by lack of Orexin releasing cells in posterior hypothalamus

28
Q

REM Sleep Behavioral Disorder (RBD)

A

A parasomnia type sleep disorder in which the normal sleep paralysis is not experienced

  • physically act out on dreams with potential to harm themselves or others
  • links to Parkinson’s
29
Q

NREM Sleep Arousal Disorder

A

A parasomnia type sleep disorder which occurs during stage 3 (deep) sleep. When a person who is asleep preforms actions as if they were awake, some parts of their brain are awake some are asleep.

includes
- sexsomnia
- sleep walking
- night terrors

30
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

thirst that comes from eating too much salt which increases concentration gradient of salt outside a cell

31
Q

What is the process of Osmotic thrist

A

brain and digestive track know when there’s too much salt present -> send info the OVLT and SFO -> send info to hypothalamus -> hypothalamus releases vassopressin which holds onto water in the body

32
Q

hypovolemic Thirst

A

thirst that stems from loosing fluids (vomiting, diarrhea…) body needs salt and other solubles K and Na+

33
Q

what is the process of hypovolemic thirst?

A

receptors in kidney / blood vessels -> OVLT & SFO -> hypothalamus-> pituitary gland -> releases vasopressin and angiotensin 2 -> causes sodium specific hunger through aldoestrone and angiotensin 2 -> change taste buds to crave salt

34
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone released from the pancreas which converts stored glycogen into glucose to be used by cell

  • high when in fasting phase
  • when glucose in blood is too low
35
Q

how does satiety work

A

GI tract / stomach -> vagus nerve -> hypothalamus

Duoendum -> OEA and CCK -> vagus nerve -> hypothalamus

  • bloodborne signals through peptides (amino acids)
36
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

a structure of the hypothalamus which functions as the master area controlling hunger ans satiety with a set of neurons for each

37
Q

Para-ventricular Nucleus (PVN)

A

important for satiety and inhibits the lateral nucleus

38
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

inhibits eating

damage here can lead to weight gain

39
Q

Ghrelin

A

a hunger hormone which is released by stomach when hungry causing stomach contractions

40
Q

melanocortin

A

a hormone released by para-ventricular nucleus which inhibits food intake

41
Q

Orexin

A

a hormone released by lateral hypothalamus involved in seeking food and eating for taste

42
Q

what do hormones do for sexual development

A
  1. influence development of physical and behavioral sexual characteristics
  2. activate reproduction behavior in adults
43
Q

Endocrine glands

A

primary function is to release hormones also releases chemicals directly into circulatory system

44
Q

Tropic hormones

A

hormones that influence release of hormones from other glands

45
Q

Exochrine glands

A

primary function is to release hormones into ducts usually going to surface of body

46
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the master gland releases peptide and protein hormones along with tropic hormones

47
Q

Gonadotropin

A

hormones released from pituitary gland; stimulates release of gonadal hormones

48
Q

steroid hormones

A

released from gonads and synthesized from cholesterol involved in normal sexual behavior in adults

  • androgens
  • estrogens
  • progestins
49
Q

how do steroid hormones exert their effects?

A
  1. bind to membrane receptors - rapid
  2. Enter cells & activate proteins
  3. bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes to affect genes
50
Q

MPOA

A

an area of the hypothalamus in the brain that causes normal sexual behavior in males

51
Q

VMN

A

an area of the brain that causes normal sexual behavior in females

52
Q

what are two causes of normal sexual behavior in males?

A
  1. Androgens from the testes are essential for arousal
    • removal = loss of sex behavior
  2. testosterone -> MPOA -> MPOA releases dopamine -> high sex drive
53
Q

what are two causes of normal sexual behavior in males?

A
  1. interaction of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries
  2. Estraditol increases sensitivity along with release of dopamine from MPOA
54
Q

What happens to both men and women when the gonads are removed?

A

sex drive does down

55
Q

organizing effects of hormones

A

long lasting structural effects due to hormones

56
Q

Activating effects of hormones

A

temporary effects usually estraditol and testosterone usually affecting behavior for short periods of time

57
Q
A

PSY 102 (2 decks)

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