Exam 4 Flashcards
Define speech
The communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
Define language
The words their pronunciation, methods of combining them understood by a community
Levels of motor speech system
Conceptual
Linguistic planning
Motor planning/ programming and execution of sounds
Indirect/direct pathway
Final common pathway
Speech
Conceptual level
Thoughts/feelings
Prefrontal cortex and limbic system
Linguistic planning
Language semantics, grammar etc
Angular gyrus, Wernicke area, insula and basal ganglia
Motor planning
Basal ganglia, cerebrum m1 and supplemental motor cortical areas
Coordinate movement of lips, tongue, jaw via cranial nerves, soft palate, Oro facial muscles
Direct motor pathway
Pyramidal system
Voluntary motor movement of contra lateral limbs/ speech muscles
Crosses over at descussates at medulla spiral juncture
M1/precentral gyrus
Includes lateral motor system- corticobubar and spinal tracts
Indirect motor pathway
Extrapyramidal system
Function: posture, muscle tone, speech
MC: basal ganglia + cerebella’s circuits
Includes Medial motor systems VATR
Final common pathway
Speech: includes cranial emerges and lower motor neurons in brain stem that apply muscle fibers to larynx
Respiration
Power for speech
Phonation
Raw sound for speech diagram
Resonance
Tonal qualities of speech
Articulation
Speech sounds
Prosody
Musical quality of speech
Apraxia
Loss of abilit to voluntarily execute movements of speech
Motor planning disorder, movements not coordinated
Affects Brock’s area, supp motor areas, insula and basal ganglia
Affects non speech orofacial movements
Dysarthria
Diff speaking bc muscles are not contracting at the right time or amount or receiving feedback
Affects basal ganglia cerebrum and final vocal output
Hypokinetic dsarthia
Characterized by reduced pitch monotonicitym reduced loudness, breathy voice, etc
FOXP2
Transcription factor which regulates expression of many genes
Single point mutation causes structural abnormalities in cortical and basal ganglia regions
Ability to learn and plan is impaired
PD afffects speech motor control
Death of dope neurons in substancia Nigra in midbrain leads to loss of signal in BG
Alpha synnuclein aggragates in dopeaminergic neurons and at synapses in striatum so movement + speech affected
Songbirds
Songbirds wired for production of sound if you manipulate FOXP2 in juvenile birds it affects birds ability to copy song
Langauage and communication
A transfer of ideas from one head to another
Involves
Encoding
Productions of sound
Decoding
Awareness
N400 peak
Neg peak at 400ms
Reflective of inappropriateness either wrong word or conflicts with knowledge
Broca’s area
Part of left hemisphere
Associated with language production
Wernicke area
Region at junction of temporal and parietal lobe next to A1
Plays important role in speech and written comprehension
Aphasia
Breakdown in one aspect of language
Typicalll from damage or neurodegen disease
Brocas aphasia
Difficulty with output
Non fluent aphasia
Deficit is linguistic
Usually shows agrammatism
Wernicke aphasia
Associated with fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension
Intact syntax and grammar but poor semantic
Critical period
Time window where environmental inputs essential for learning
Sensitive period
Time window where environment is important but not essential for learning
Conceptual knowledge
Enables us to recognize objects and events to make inferences about properties
Concept
Basic unit of knowledge and idea about something
Levels of conceptual knowledge
- Global level
- Basic level
- Specific level
3 Category theories
- Definitional
- Prototype
Exemplar
Definitional theory
Rule based approach
Category determined by defining features or attributes
Problems
Difficult
Can’t know all the rules
Prototype theory
Averaged representation of member commonly experienced
New item compare to prototype to determine if its member
Problems
Typicality effect
Prototypical members come to mind first
Exemplar
Involves comparison too sever specific prior examples
Atypical members averaged components
Exemplar vs prototype
Examplar
Multiple examples
Actual ex
Flexible
Prototype theory
Single
Abstract avg
Cog efficient- quick but problematic
Why not both
Exemplars for smaller categories
Prototypes for larger categories
Hub and spoke models
Category specific concepts are stored in diff areas of Cortec (spokes)
Info integrated in anterior temp lobes
Semantic dementia
Nd disease characterized by gradual deterioration of semantic memory
Progressive deterioration of knowledge of everyday objects
Key components of emotion
Input appraisal
Physiological reaction
Conscious experience
Expression
Evo reason for emotion
To organize and motivate action
Communicate with and learn from others
First theory of emotion
Stim-> CE -> Response
James Lange
Unique response elicited when cortex automatically interprets physio response
Problem with JL theory
Predicts one can’t have CE feeling in physio input doesnt reach cortex
Physio response not specific enough to produce emotions
Artificially inducing physio changes does not produce specific emotions
Canon bard theory
Stim -> (cortex) CE; Stim-> (hypothalamus) Response
Probs with CB theory
Assumes physio reactions don’t affect emotions
Overemphasized thalamus role in emo processes
Limbic system
Amygdala, associated with fear/ threat
Hypothalamus, center of limbic system
Hypothalamus
Regulates autonomic Nerv Sys and pituitary glan
Role in hormones involved in emotion and stress
Schaffer singer two factor theory
Stim -> Autonomic arrousal -> response; Context-> response
Ventral tegmental area
Neurons contain dopamine
Release in nuke accumben and PFC
Activation Associated with rewards
Anhedonia
Symptom of depression
Loss of ability to feel pleasure
Rumination
Associated with depression,
Repeated focus on symptoms of distress
Depression neurologically
Impaired function of reward pathway
Overactivity of default network
Classical theory of decision making
Humans make decisions that will result in the maximum expected utility
Key assumption is that humans act rational
Expected utility theory
We rationally weight chances and choices and and we know what value we get
We choose best value
Problems with classical model
Do we ever have perfect infor
Do we have time for this
Do we have preferences
Is this normal for all situations
Is this Neuro reasonable process?
3 experiments for DM
Epstein jelllybean experiment
Khaneman and tversky
Trolly footbridge dilemma
Are we rational?
Emotion seems to affect decision making
Impersonal decisions seem rational
personal not so much
Often violate normative choices
Hot system
Engaged auto during personal moral choices
Fast choices
Cold system
Engages executive functioning
Slower dm process
Impersonal decisions
Perturbation study of two systems
Patients with leasing in VMPFC lack ability to feel many emotes strongly
Make poorer decision
More utilitarian
Danzier et al parole study
Decision making is associated with available cog resources when confronted with logical decision
Framing study
Framing effect decisions impacted by the way options are framed
Ultimatum game
Likely reject offer if insula more active than pfc
ACC reflecting bottom up emotional response
LPFC likely indicative of controlled thinking
Charactersicts of executive function
Family of processes
Top down mental control
Develops through life
Predominantly in PFC
Evolution of EF
Evo in Frontal Parietal control network
Hemispheric difference for diff Efs
Strop test
Diff in response time and accuracy between in/congruent trials
Word reading auto
Successful performance requires inhibition
Prenatal development
Characterized by rapid cell division
Neural tube is initial nerv system
About 5 week basic brain outline
Postnatal development
Total brain volume 4x after birth
Most in first years
95% of adult size by age 6
Additive events
Increase in size of existing neurons
Synapticgenisis
PFC and FPCN are last to finish myelination
white matter increases into 20s
Synaptogenisis
Increase in complexity of neurons dendritic trees and formation of new synapse
Regressive events
Many OG synapses are lost= synaptic pruning
Gray matter V declines from age 6 onward
Myelination increases over Childhood
Why both Add and Reg events
Allows for plasticity experience dependent learning
Unused connnections discarded
Functional development shaped to need
Allows for environment to shape dev
Schizophrenia
Linked to too much pruning
Thinner cortex
Fewer synapses
Autism
Linked to too little pruning
More synapses
Thicker cortex
What happens in adolescence
Excitatory synapse undergo massive proliferation then pruning
Inhibitory synapses don’t proliferate until late adult years
Why peer pressure?
Brain regions part of reward network had higher activation when with friends
Nature
Inherited dispositions
Predetermined development
Nurture
Experience dependent
Probabilistic development
Epigenetics
Study of factors that affect gene expression without making changes in nucleotide sequence
DNA Methylation
Adding methyl causes gene silencing
Blocks binding of transcription factors involved in chromatin condensation
Histone modification
Chemical alterations to his tone proteins can affect chromatin structure and gene expression
Activates or represses gene expression
Inhibition Control
Controlling ones behaviors and emotions
Overriding strong internal predisposition of external lure
Doing what’s more needed
DorsoLaterla PFC
Task switching control
Discarding pervious schema and establishing new one
Anterior Cingulate cortex
PreSMA
EF 2 tasks
Either switch or preserve
Task can become default
Switching tasks causes errors and delays
All executive functions
Switching languages
Multi tasking
Problem solving
Decision making
Hot/cold system
Common causes of EF issues
Stroke, esp to FC
Tumor growth
Neurodegen disease
Frontottempal dementia
AD
Common symptoms of deficit EF
Difficulty maintaining focus distracted by external or internal mats
Preservative behavior
Impulsive/poor planning
Difficulties with goals
ADHD
Default mode interference
Effects
Working memory
Self regulation
Major depressive disorder
Broad impairment of EFS
Slower response in Stroop emotional
