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NSCS 200 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define speech

A

The communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words

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2
Q

Define language

A

The words their pronunciation, methods of combining them understood by a community

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3
Q

Levels of motor speech system

A

Conceptual
Linguistic planning
Motor planning/ programming and execution of sounds
Indirect/direct pathway
Final common pathway
Speech

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4
Q

Conceptual level

A

Thoughts/feelings
Prefrontal cortex and limbic system

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5
Q

Linguistic planning

A

Language semantics, grammar etc
Angular gyrus, Wernicke area, insula and basal ganglia

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6
Q

Motor planning

A

Basal ganglia, cerebrum m1 and supplemental motor cortical areas
Coordinate movement of lips, tongue, jaw via cranial nerves, soft palate, Oro facial muscles

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7
Q

Direct motor pathway

A

Pyramidal system
Voluntary motor movement of contra lateral limbs/ speech muscles
Crosses over at descussates at medulla spiral juncture
M1/precentral gyrus
Includes lateral motor system- corticobubar and spinal tracts

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8
Q

Indirect motor pathway

A

Extrapyramidal system
Function: posture, muscle tone, speech
MC: basal ganglia + cerebella’s circuits
Includes Medial motor systems VATR

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9
Q

Final common pathway

A

Speech: includes cranial emerges and lower motor neurons in brain stem that apply muscle fibers to larynx

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10
Q

Respiration

A

Power for speech

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11
Q

Phonation

A

Raw sound for speech diagram

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12
Q

Resonance

A

Tonal qualities of speech

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13
Q

Articulation

A

Speech sounds

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14
Q

Prosody

A

Musical quality of speech

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15
Q

Apraxia

A

Loss of abilit to voluntarily execute movements of speech
Motor planning disorder, movements not coordinated
Affects Brock’s area, supp motor areas, insula and basal ganglia
Affects non speech orofacial movements

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16
Q

Dysarthria

A

Diff speaking bc muscles are not contracting at the right time or amount or receiving feedback
Affects basal ganglia cerebrum and final vocal output

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17
Q

Hypokinetic dsarthia

A

Characterized by reduced pitch monotonicitym reduced loudness, breathy voice, etc

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18
Q

FOXP2

A

Transcription factor which regulates expression of many genes
Single point mutation causes structural abnormalities in cortical and basal ganglia regions
Ability to learn and plan is impaired

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19
Q

PD afffects speech motor control

A

Death of dope neurons in substancia Nigra in midbrain leads to loss of signal in BG
Alpha synnuclein aggragates in dopeaminergic neurons and at synapses in striatum so movement + speech affected

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20
Q

Songbirds

A

Songbirds wired for production of sound if you manipulate FOXP2 in juvenile birds it affects birds ability to copy song

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21
Q

Langauage and communication

A

A transfer of ideas from one head to another
Involves
Encoding
Productions of sound
Decoding
Awareness

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22
Q

N400 peak

A

Neg peak at 400ms
Reflective of inappropriateness either wrong word or conflicts with knowledge

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23
Q

Broca’s area

A

Part of left hemisphere
Associated with language production

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24
Q

Wernicke area

A

Region at junction of temporal and parietal lobe next to A1
Plays important role in speech and written comprehension

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25
Q

Aphasia

A

Breakdown in one aspect of language
Typicalll from damage or neurodegen disease

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26
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Difficulty with output
Non fluent aphasia
Deficit is linguistic
Usually shows agrammatism

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27
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

Associated with fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension
Intact syntax and grammar but poor semantic

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28
Q

Critical period

A

Time window where environmental inputs essential for learning

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29
Q

Sensitive period

A

Time window where environment is important but not essential for learning

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30
Q

Conceptual knowledge

A

Enables us to recognize objects and events to make inferences about properties

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31
Q

Concept

A

Basic unit of knowledge and idea about something

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32
Q

Levels of conceptual knowledge

A
  1. Global level
  2. Basic level
  3. Specific level
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33
Q

3 Category theories

A
  1. Definitional
  2. Prototype
    Exemplar
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34
Q

Definitional theory

A

Rule based approach
Category determined by defining features or attributes
Problems
Difficult
Can’t know all the rules

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35
Q

Prototype theory

A

Averaged representation of member commonly experienced
New item compare to prototype to determine if its member
Problems
Typicality effect
Prototypical members come to mind first

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36
Q

Exemplar

A

Involves comparison too sever specific prior examples
Atypical members averaged components

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37
Q

Exemplar vs prototype

A

Examplar
Multiple examples
Actual ex
Flexible
Prototype theory
Single
Abstract avg
Cog efficient- quick but problematic

38
Q

Why not both

A

Exemplars for smaller categories
Prototypes for larger categories

39
Q

Hub and spoke models

A

Category specific concepts are stored in diff areas of Cortec (spokes)
Info integrated in anterior temp lobes

40
Q

Semantic dementia

A

Nd disease characterized by gradual deterioration of semantic memory
Progressive deterioration of knowledge of everyday objects

41
Q

Key components of emotion

A

Input appraisal
Physiological reaction
Conscious experience
Expression

42
Q

Evo reason for emotion

A

To organize and motivate action
Communicate with and learn from others

43
Q

First theory of emotion

A

Stim-> CE -> Response

44
Q

James Lange

A

Unique response elicited when cortex automatically interprets physio response

45
Q

Problem with JL theory

A

Predicts one can’t have CE feeling in physio input doesnt reach cortex
Physio response not specific enough to produce emotions
Artificially inducing physio changes does not produce specific emotions

46
Q

Canon bard theory

A

Stim -> (cortex) CE; Stim-> (hypothalamus) Response

47
Q

Probs with CB theory

A

Assumes physio reactions don’t affect emotions
Overemphasized thalamus role in emo processes

48
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdala, associated with fear/ threat
Hypothalamus, center of limbic system

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates autonomic Nerv Sys and pituitary glan
Role in hormones involved in emotion and stress

50
Q

Schaffer singer two factor theory

A

Stim -> Autonomic arrousal -> response; Context-> response

51
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

Neurons contain dopamine
Release in nuke accumben and PFC
Activation Associated with rewards

52
Q

Anhedonia

A

Symptom of depression
Loss of ability to feel pleasure

53
Q

Rumination

A

Associated with depression,
Repeated focus on symptoms of distress

54
Q

Depression neurologically

A

Impaired function of reward pathway
Overactivity of default network

55
Q

Classical theory of decision making

A

Humans make decisions that will result in the maximum expected utility
Key assumption is that humans act rational

56
Q

Expected utility theory

A

We rationally weight chances and choices and and we know what value we get
We choose best value

57
Q

Problems with classical model

A

Do we ever have perfect infor
Do we have time for this
Do we have preferences
Is this normal for all situations
Is this Neuro reasonable process?

58
Q

3 experiments for DM

A

Epstein jelllybean experiment
Khaneman and tversky
Trolly footbridge dilemma

59
Q

Are we rational?

A

Emotion seems to affect decision making
Impersonal decisions seem rational
personal not so much
Often violate normative choices

60
Q

Hot system

A

Engaged auto during personal moral choices
Fast choices

61
Q

Cold system

A

Engages executive functioning
Slower dm process
Impersonal decisions

62
Q

Perturbation study of two systems

A

Patients with leasing in VMPFC lack ability to feel many emotes strongly
Make poorer decision
More utilitarian

63
Q

Danzier et al parole study

A

Decision making is associated with available cog resources when confronted with logical decision

64
Q

Framing study

A

Framing effect decisions impacted by the way options are framed

65
Q

Ultimatum game

A

Likely reject offer if insula more active than pfc
ACC reflecting bottom up emotional response
LPFC likely indicative of controlled thinking

66
Q

Charactersicts of executive function

A

Family of processes
Top down mental control
Develops through life
Predominantly in PFC

67
Q

Evolution of EF

A

Evo in Frontal Parietal control network
Hemispheric difference for diff Efs

68
Q

Strop test

A

Diff in response time and accuracy between in/congruent trials
Word reading auto
Successful performance requires inhibition

69
Q

Prenatal development

A

Characterized by rapid cell division
Neural tube is initial nerv system
About 5 week basic brain outline

70
Q

Postnatal development

A

Total brain volume 4x after birth
Most in first years
95% of adult size by age 6

71
Q

Additive events

A

Increase in size of existing neurons
Synapticgenisis
PFC and FPCN are last to finish myelination
white matter increases into 20s

72
Q

Synaptogenisis

A

Increase in complexity of neurons dendritic trees and formation of new synapse

73
Q

Regressive events

A

Many OG synapses are lost= synaptic pruning
Gray matter V declines from age 6 onward
Myelination increases over Childhood

74
Q

Why both Add and Reg events

A

Allows for plasticity experience dependent learning
Unused connnections discarded
Functional development shaped to need
Allows for environment to shape dev

75
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Linked to too much pruning
Thinner cortex
Fewer synapses

76
Q

Autism

A

Linked to too little pruning
More synapses
Thicker cortex

77
Q

What happens in adolescence

A

Excitatory synapse undergo massive proliferation then pruning
Inhibitory synapses don’t proliferate until late adult years

78
Q

Why peer pressure?

A

Brain regions part of reward network had higher activation when with friends

79
Q

Nature

A

Inherited dispositions
Predetermined development

80
Q

Nurture

A

Experience dependent
Probabilistic development

81
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of factors that affect gene expression without making changes in nucleotide sequence

82
Q

DNA Methylation

A

Adding methyl causes gene silencing
Blocks binding of transcription factors involved in chromatin condensation

83
Q

Histone modification

A

Chemical alterations to his tone proteins can affect chromatin structure and gene expression
Activates or represses gene expression

84
Q

Inhibition Control

A

Controlling ones behaviors and emotions
Overriding strong internal predisposition of external lure
Doing what’s more needed
DorsoLaterla PFC

85
Q

Task switching control

A

Discarding pervious schema and establishing new one
Anterior Cingulate cortex
PreSMA

86
Q

EF 2 tasks

A

Either switch or preserve
Task can become default
Switching tasks causes errors and delays

87
Q

All executive functions

A

Switching languages
Multi tasking
Problem solving
Decision making
Hot/cold system

88
Q

Common causes of EF issues

A

Stroke, esp to FC
Tumor growth
Neurodegen disease
Frontottempal dementia
AD

89
Q

Common symptoms of deficit EF

A

Difficulty maintaining focus distracted by external or internal mats
Preservative behavior
Impulsive/poor planning
Difficulties with goals

90
Q

ADHD

A

Default mode interference
Effects
Working memory
Self regulation

91
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Broad impairment of EFS
Slower response in Stroop emotional

NSCS 200 (2 decks)

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