exam 4

Question 1

condensed structural formula

Answer 1

“break” C-C nones, list C first, then H, than other atoms, horizontal units in subscripted parentheses *practice writing

Question 2

skeletal formula

Answer 2

C never written, practice writing!!*

Question 3

alkanes

Answer 3

CnH2n+2; all carbons sp3 hybridized, straight or branched

Question 4

methane

Answer 4

CH4

Question 5

ethane

Answer 5

C2H6

Question 6

propane

Answer 6

C3H8

Question 7

butane

Answer 7

C4H10

Question 8

pentane

Answer 8

C5H12

Question 9

hexane

Answer 9

C6H14

Question 10

heptane

Answer 10

C7H16

Question 11

octane

Answer 11

C8H18

Question 12

nonane

Answer 12

C9H20

Question 13

decane

Answer 13

C10H22

Question 14

substituent

Answer 14

an atom or group replacing can H on parent chain of hydrocarbon; ex. chloromethane

Question 15

alkyl groups

Answer 15

alkaline-H atoms replace -ane with -yl, H atom replaced with other atom or group

Question 16

methyl

Answer 16

-CH3

Question 17

ethyl

Answer 17

-CH2CH3

Question 18

propyl

Answer 18

-CH2CH2CH3

Question 19

butyl

Answer 19

-CH2CH2CH2CH3

Question 20

isopropyl

Answer 20

-CHCH3 (branch on center C)
|
CH3

Question 21

Isobutyl

Answer 21

-CH2CHCH3 (branch on center C)
|
CH3

Question 22

secbutyl

Answer 22

-CH2CHCH3 (branch on first C)
|
CH3

Question 23

tertbutyl

Answer 23

CH3 (center C had all 4 Cs)
|
–CCH3
|
CH3

Question 24

IUPAC format

Answer 24

number-prefix parent suffix

number- where substituents are
prefix- what are substituents (+2, list alphabetically)
parent- how many carbons (use longest chain or if more than one have longest, use chain with mot groups)
suffix- functional group

same group more than once, use (di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. an is not used for alphabetization)

hyphens separate numbers and letters, commas separate number and numbers, only ethers. esters, and acids have spaces

*lower number higher priority

Question 25

cycloalkanes

Answer 25

same naming as alkanes, aadd cyclo- before parent

Question 26

alkenes

Answer 26

trigonal planar; one C=C double bond, CnH2n, suffix -ene instead of -ane; double bond needs a number; parent must contain C=C so C=C has lowest numbers

Question 27

alkynes

Answer 27

linear; at least one C triple bond C; CnH2n-2;use suffix -yne; difference: longest C chain containing the functional group

Question 28

geometric isomerism

Answer 28

trans/cis: EXAMPLES*

Question 29

reactions of alkanes

Answer 29

combustion and substitution

Question 30

combustion

Answer 30

CxHy + (X+y/4)O2 -> XCO2 + y/2H2O

Question 31

substitution

Answer 31

catalyst required- CH4 + CL2 (or F2, Br2) -> CH3Cl + HCl

Question 32

additions of alkene and alkynes

Answer 32

add two atom or groups to a multiple bond, turning it to a single bond (hydrogenation, halogenation, hydrohalogenation)

Question 33

hydrogenation

Answer 33

adding H2 to make alkanes

Question 34

halogenation

Answer 34

adding Cl2 or Br2

Question 35

hydrohalogenation

Answer 35

add HF/HCl/HBr/HI, which ever carbon had motor attached to it is the one that receives H, fewer H receives halogen

Question 36

aromatics

Answer 36

benzene ring with any substituents; benzene ring has double C bonds; no reactivity with Br2, alcohol in strong acid

Question 37

alcohols

Answer 37

-OH attached to sp3 hybridized carbon; naming: number parent so C-OH has lowest number, longest C chain attached to -OH; replace -e with -ol

Question 38

alcohol substitution

Answer 38

CH3OH + HCl -> CH3Cl + H2O; -OH for halogen

Question 39

acid-catalyzed elimination

Answer 39

CH3CH2OH (H2SO4) ->CH2=CH2+H2O, addition opposite of elimination, alcohols undergo oxidation

Question 40

alkane -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

Answer 40

OX -> <-RED

Question 41

Haloalkanes

Answer 41

R-X; have at least one C-halogen bond; halides considered branches and names just as alkyl groups with alkanes

Question 42

aldehydes

Answer 42

-H-C=O pattern; naming: find longest C chain containing H-C=O, this C numbered 1, replace -e with -al

Question 43

how to number in general

Answer 43

make it so the groups have the lowest numbers!!!

Question 44

ketone

Answer 44

O || C / \ R. R Naming: longest C chain containing the C=O number, give this C the smaller number, replace -e with -one; when adding polar molecules, add across the C=O of aldehydes with + part attaching to O-

Question 45

carboxylic acid

Answer 45

usually weak acid O=C-OH Naming: find longest C chain containing O=C-OH this C is ALWAYS 1 (no 1 In name), replace -e with -oic acid

Question 46

Esters

Answer 46

O || C / \ C OH Naming: find longest C chain with O=C-OH, C always 1 (not in name), group attached too O is stated first, named with -ate instead of -ic acid

Question 47

condensation rxns

Answer 47

acid + alcohol -> ester+ water

Question 48

ethers

Answer 48

C-O-C, unreactive, good solvents, NOT carbonyls Naming: list groups attached to O in alphabetical order (space) followed by ether

Question 49

amine

Answer 49

one or more C attached to N, Naming: 1. same as ethers but no spaces and end with "amine) 2. use -NH2 as branch called amino

Question 50

amine + strong acids

Answer 50

form ammonium

Question 51

amine + carboxylic acid (condensation)

Answer 51

forms amides

Question 52

stereoisomers

Answer 52

diff molecules w/ same connectivity but diff spacial direction

Question 53

optical isomers/enantiomers

Answer 53

stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images

Question 54

chirality

Answer 54

type of asymmetry, any mirror image (non-superimposable) is chiral

Question 55

chiral center

Answer 55

C with 4 different substituents