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chem 105b exam 4 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

condensed structural formula

A

“break” C-C nones, list C first, then H, than other atoms, horizontal units in subscripted parentheses *practice writing

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2
Q

skeletal formula

A

C never written, practice writing!!*

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3
Q

alkanes

A

CnH2n+2; all carbons sp3 hybridized, straight or branched

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4
Q

methane

A

CH4

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5
Q

ethane

A

C2H6

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6
Q

propane

A

C3H8

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7
Q

butane

A

C4H10

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8
Q

pentane

A

C5H12

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9
Q

hexane

A

C6H14

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10
Q

heptane

A

C7H16

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11
Q

octane

A

C8H18

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12
Q

nonane

A

C9H20

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13
Q

decane

A

C10H22

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14
Q

substituent

A

an atom or group replacing can H on parent chain of hydrocarbon; ex. chloromethane

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15
Q

alkyl groups

A

alkaline-H atoms replace -ane with -yl, H atom replaced with other atom or group

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16
Q

methyl

A

-CH3

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17
Q

ethyl

A

-CH2CH3

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18
Q

propyl

A

-CH2CH2CH3

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19
Q

butyl

A

-CH2CH2CH2CH3

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20
Q

isopropyl

A

-CHCH3 (branch on center C)
|
CH3

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21
Q

Isobutyl

A

-CH2CHCH3 (branch on center C)
|
CH3

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22
Q

secbutyl

A

-CH2CHCH3 (branch on first C)
|
CH3

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23
Q

tertbutyl

A

CH3 (center C had all 4 Cs)
|
–CCH3
|
CH3

24
Q

IUPAC format

A

number-prefix parent suffix

number- where substituents are
prefix- what are substituents (+2, list alphabetically)
parent- how many carbons (use longest chain or if more than one have longest, use chain with mot groups)
suffix- functional group

same group more than once, use (di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. an is not used for alphabetization)

hyphens separate numbers and letters, commas separate number and numbers, only ethers. esters, and acids have spaces

*lower number higher priority

25
Q

cycloalkanes

A

same naming as alkanes, aadd cyclo- before parent

26
Q

alkenes

A

trigonal planar; one C=C double bond, CnH2n, suffix -ene instead of -ane; double bond needs a number; parent must contain C=C so C=C has lowest numbers

27
Q

alkynes

A

linear; at least one C triple bond C; CnH2n-2;use suffix -yne; difference: longest C chain containing the functional group

28
Q

geometric isomerism

A

trans/cis: EXAMPLES*

29
Q

reactions of alkanes

A

combustion and substitution

30
Q

combustion

A

CxHy + (X+y/4)O2 -> XCO2 + y/2H2O

31
Q

substitution

A

catalyst required- CH4 + CL2 (or F2, Br2) -> CH3Cl + HCl

32
Q

additions of alkene and alkynes

A

add two atom or groups to a multiple bond, turning it to a single bond (hydrogenation, halogenation, hydrohalogenation)

33
Q

hydrogenation

A

adding H2 to make alkanes

34
Q

halogenation

A

adding Cl2 or Br2

35
Q

hydrohalogenation

A

add HF/HCl/HBr/HI, which ever carbon had motor attached to it is the one that receives H, fewer H receives halogen

36
Q

aromatics

A

benzene ring with any substituents; benzene ring has double C bonds; no reactivity with Br2, alcohol in strong acid

37
Q

alcohols

A

-OH attached to sp3 hybridized carbon; naming: number parent so C-OH has lowest number, longest C chain attached to -OH; replace -e with -ol

38
Q

alcohol substitution

A

CH3OH + HCl -> CH3Cl + H2O; -OH for halogen

39
Q

acid-catalyzed elimination

A

CH3CH2OH (H2SO4) ->CH2=CH2+H2O, addition opposite of elimination, alcohols undergo oxidation

40
Q

alkane -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

A

OX ->
<-RED

41
Q

Haloalkanes

A

R-X; have at least one C-halogen bond; halides considered branches and names just as alkyl groups with alkanes

42
Q

aldehydes

A

-H-C=O pattern; naming: find longest C chain containing H-C=O, this C numbered 1, replace -e with -al

43
Q

how to number in general

A

make it so the groups have the lowest numbers!!!

44
Q

ketone

A

O
||
C
/ \
R. R
Naming: longest C chain containing the C=O number, give this C the smaller number, replace -e with -one; when adding polar molecules, add across the C=O of aldehydes with + part attaching to O-

45
Q

carboxylic acid

A

usually weak acid O=C-OH
Naming: find longest C chain containing O=C-OH this C is ALWAYS 1 (no 1 In name), replace -e with -oic acid

46
Q

Esters

A

O
||
C
/ \
C OH

Naming: find longest C chain with O=C-OH, C always 1 (not in name), group attached too O is stated first, named with -ate instead of -ic acid

47
Q

condensation rxns

A

acid + alcohol -> ester+ water

48
Q

ethers

A

C-O-C, unreactive, good solvents, NOT carbonyls
Naming: list groups attached to O in alphabetical order (space) followed by ether

49
Q

amine

A

one or more C attached to N,

Naming:
1. same as ethers but no spaces and end with “amine)
2. use -NH2 as branch called amino

50
Q

amine + strong acids

A

form ammonium

51
Q

amine + carboxylic acid (condensation)

A

forms amides

52
Q

stereoisomers

A

diff molecules w/ same connectivity but diff spacial direction

53
Q

optical isomers/enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images

54
Q

chirality

A

type of asymmetry, any mirror image (non-superimposable) is chiral

55
Q

chiral center

A

C with 4 different substituents

56
Q
A

chem 105b exam 4 (2 decks)

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