Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 modifiable risk factor to prevent CVD?

A

Hypertension

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2
Q

What risks increases as blood pressure increases?

A

-MI
-HF
-Stroke
-Renal disease
-Retinopathy

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3
Q

What ethnic group has the highest prevalence of hypertension?

A

African Americans

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4
Q

How does HTN effect African Americans?

A

-Increased “resistant htn”
-Develops younger ages
-More prevalent in women
-More aggressive (leads to severe end-organ damage)
-Highest death rate

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5
Q

How does HTN effect Hispanics?

A

-Less likely to receive tx
-Lowest rates of BP control
-Lowest rates of awareness of HTN and tx

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6
Q

How does HTN effect men?

A

Most at risk before early middle age

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7
Q

How does HTN effect women?

A
  • 2-3x more likely with oral contraceptive use
    -Preeclampsia can be an early sign of CVD
    -Most at risk >64
    -Harder to control in older women
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8
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by blood against walls of blood vessels

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9
Q

How does BP regulation work?

A

-Involves both systemic factors and peripheral vascular effects
-Important to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest
-The function of cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
-CO = SV x HR

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10
Q

What factors influence BP?

A

-Sympathetic NS
-Vascular endothelium
-Renal system
-Hormonal (endocrine system)

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11
Q

What happens to the Sympathetic NS when BP drops?

A

It activates & increases HR and cardiac contractility

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12
Q

What senses decreased BP in the sympathetic NS?

A

Baroreceptors

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13
Q

What do baroreceptors do when BP is low?

A

-Send message to vasomotor center in brainstem
-Leads to efferent nerves innervating cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

What happens after the activation of the SNS in response to low BP?

A

-Vasoconstriction in peripheral arterioles
-Renin is released from kidneys
-Increases CO and SVR

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15
Q

What happens after baroreceptors send a message to the nerves and muscle cells?

A

-Parasympathetic NS in stimulated

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16
Q

What does the stimulation of the PNS cause?

A

-Decreased HR (vagus nerve)
-CO decreases
-Results in decreased BP

17
Q

Where is Norepinephrine released from?

A

The SNS nerve endings

18
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A

Activates receptors in the SA node, myocardium, and vascular smooth muscle

**Response depends on receptors present

19
Q

What type of receptors do smooth muscle of blood vessels have?

A

a-adrenergic and b-adrenergic receptors

20
Q

What is a-1?

A

Vasoconstriction
-Increased contractility ( +inotropic)

21
Q

What is a-2?

A

Vasoconstriction
-Inhibits release of norepinephrine

22
Q

What is b-1?

A

Increased:
-Contractility
-HR
-Conduction

-Renin secretion

23
Q

What is b-2?

A

Vasodilation

24
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Vasodilation

25
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Open artery and remove plaque

26
Q

Patch graft angioplasty

A

Open artery, remove plaque, and sew patch to widen the lumen

27
Q

Amputation

A

If necrosis, gangrene, or osteomyelitis develop

28
Q
A