Exam 3 Flashcards
What is hypovolemia?
Fluid volume deficit
What are symptoms of hypovolemia?
-Thirst
-Dry mucous membranes
-Confusion, restlessness
-Cold/clammy skin
-Postural hypotension, tachycardia
-Decreased/concentrated urine output
-Weakness
-Weight loss
-Sunken eyeballs
What are symptoms of hypervolemia?
-Bounding pulse
-Hypertension (HTN)
-Confusion
-Headache
-Dyspnea, crackles, pulmonary edema
-Weight gain
-Pitting edema
-Polyuria
-Difficulty concentrating/irritability
What are the different acid-base imbalances?
-Respiratory acidosis (increased PaCO2)
-Metabolic acidosis (decreased HCO3)
-Respiratory alkalosis (decreased PaCO2)
-Metabolic alkalosis (increased HCO3)
What are symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
-Warm, flushed skin
-Seizures
-Hypoventilation
-Hypoxia
What are symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?
-Dizziness, lightheadedness
-Diarrhea, epigastric pain
-Numbness
-Hyperreflexia
-Hyperventilation (paper bag)
What are symptoms of metabolic acidosis?
-Cold, clammy skin
-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-Muscle weakness
-Deep, rapid respirations
Whata re symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?
-Irritability, lethargy
-Anorexia
-Tremors, muscle cramps
-Seizures
-Hypoventilation
What are symptoms of hypernatremia?
-Thirst
-Change in LOC (confusion)
-Restlessness
-Seizures
What are symptoms of hyponatremia?
-Headache
-Difficulty concentrating/irritability
-Confusion
-Seizures
-Coma
What are symptoms od hyperkalemia?
-Muscle cramps/weakness
-Diarrhea/vomiting
-ECG changes (arrhythmias)
-Decreased reflexes (late)
What are symptoms of hypokalemia?
-Muscle cramps/weakness
-Soft/flabby muscles
-Decreased DTRs
-Constipation/paralytic ileus
-ECG changes (arrhythmias)
-Coma
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?
-Decreased bone density (bone pain/fractures)
-Depressed DTRs
-ECG changes (arrhythmias)
-Nephrolithiasis
-Seizures
-Coma
What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
-ECG changes (arrhythmias)
-Spasms (laryngeal) and stridor
-Numbness (fingers, face, mouth, limbs)
-Tetany (+Chvostek’s, +Trousseau’s)
-Irritability
Whata re the symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
-Hypotension, bradycardia
-Facial flushing/warm skin
-Urinary retention
-Confusion
-Decreased DTRs
**LOW
What are symptoms of hypomagensemia
-Tetany, Hyperactive DTRs (+Chvostek’s, +Trousseau’s)
-HTN, tachycardia
-Paresthesia
-Muscle cramps/tremors
-Seizures
When is homeostasis seen?
-With changed in perfusion
-Gas exchange
-Mobility
-Cognition
How much body weight is water in adults?
50-60%
What factors determine water content?
-Body mass
-Gender
-Age
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid in spaces between cells
What is intravascular fluid?
Liquid part of blood – plasma
What is transcellular fluid?
-Joint space fluid
-CSF
-Pleural fluid
What are the hypotonic solutions?
0.45% NaCl
What are the isotonic solutions?
-D5W
-0.9% NaCl
What are the hypertonic solutions?
D10W
3% NaCl
What is the range for HCO3 (anion)
22-26
What is the range for Cl (anion)
98-106
What is the range for PO43 (anion)
3.0 - 4.5
What is the range for total Ca+ (cation)
9.0 - 10.5
What is the range for Ionized Ca+ (cation)
4.5 - 5.6
What is the range for Mg+ (cation)
1.3 - 2.1
What is the range for K+ (cation)
3.5 - 5.0
What is the range for Na+ (cation)
136 - 145
What is the range for BUN (kidneys)
10 - 20
What do isotonic solutions treat
-Fluid and Na+ loss
-Diarrhea/vomiting
-Surgery
-Burns
-GI fluid loss (NG tube suction)
-Hypovolemia
How do iso solutions work?
Only expand the ECF (doesn’t move into cell)
What does 3% NaCl treat?
Hypernatremia
Head injuries
What does D10W treat
Parenteral nutrition (food replacement
How do hyper solutions work
draws water out of cells into ECF
What does 0.45% NaCl treat
hypernatremia
What does D5W treat? (hypotonically)
short term calorie replacement
-NPO (water loss) pts
Why are hypo solutions not used as daily replacement
It depletes ECF and decreases BP
