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EXAM 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

A

Id, ego, superego

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2
Q

Id

A

Unconscious component. Seeks gratification and avoidance of pain
(Pleasure principle)

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3
Q

Ego

A

Conscious part. Tries to balance pleasure and rules
(Reality Principle)

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4
Q

Superego

A

Reflects one moral conscience
(The rights and wrongs)

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5
Q

Neurotic Psyche

A

Emotional Instability

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6
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness: a person may experience loss of memory for unpleasant events

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7
Q

Rationalization

A

Attempting to justify certain actions or mistakes. The reasons/excuses given sound rational, but they may not be the real reason for the behavior.

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8
Q

Projection

A

Unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person instead of recognizing that “I hate him”, a person may feel that “he hates me”

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9
Q

Reaction formation

A

Defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them: sexual interest in a married coworker might appear as strong dislike instead.

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10
Q

Sublimation

A

Converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps symbolically expressing them: sexual or aggressive desires may appear as artistic creativity or devotion to athletic excellence

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11
Q

Displacement

A

Deflecting an impulse form its original target to a less threatening one: angry at the boss may be expressed through hostility towards a family member or pet

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12
Q

Denial

A

Simply discounting the existence of treating impulses: a person may vehemently deny ever having had even the slightest degree of physical attraction to a person of the same sex

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13
Q

Compensation

A

Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears: a business executive’s extreme competitiveness might be aimed at compensating for unconscious feelings of inferiority

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14
Q

Five stages of personality development

A

Oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

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15
Q

Oral personality development

A

mouth is the center of attention

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16
Q

Anal personality development

A

Learning to quell ID impulses, mostly in the form of using the toilet

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17
Q

Phallic personality development

A

Marked by a child learning the importance of and meaning of their genitals

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18
Q

Oedius complex

A

Boys like their mommas

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19
Q

Electra complex

A

girls like their fathers

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20
Q

Latency personality development

A

Shows a break from the oedius and Electra complex’s and greater emphasis on social interests and peers

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21
Q

Genital personality development

A

Occurs around puberty as child begins to turn into a adult (onward thru the rest of our lives)

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22
Q

Karen Horney

A

Freud said women have “penis” envy, Horney stated that men are envious of the the ability to procreate (“Womb envy”)

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23
Q

Carl Jung

A

Believed that we grow into our personalities as we explore various inborn drives including sex drive, dev various levels of introversion and extroversion and other psychological processes

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24
Q

Alfred Adler

A

noted that the personality may involve people are coming to terms with their own sense of inferiority, and that they naturally and rationally try to compensate for these underdeveloped skills

(Inferiority crises)

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25
Q

Object-Relations theories

A

Examine show early life relationship between child and caregivers (mostly moms) determine how their personalities develop

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26
Q

Attachment Theories

A

Examines how we move from dependent attachments to separating from others & developing a more complete, independent sense of self

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27
Q

Evaluating the Psychodynamic Approach

A
  1. Based on OBSERVATION and PERSONAL cases (susceptible to Freud’s bias)
  2. theories are just THEORIES (not open to scientific exploration)
  3. ideas were SEXITS (promoting male superiority + often ignored women)
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28
Q

Traits Approach

A

Each person has a unique collection of personality traits

  1. Traits are stable + predictable over time
  2. Traits are predictable over situations + can be used to anticipate behaviors
  3. people having unique collections of traits
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29
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Central traits:
-Typify our usual behaviors
-Are the foundation of our personalities

Secondary Traits:
-Appear more situationally
-Less consistent + predictable

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30
Q

Raymond Cattle 16 Factor trait theory

A
  • warmth
  • intellect
  • emotional stability
  • aggressiveness
  • liveliness
  • dutifulness
  • social assertion
  • sensitivity
  • paranoia
  • abstraction
  • introversion
  • Anxiety
  • open-mindedness
  • independence
  • perectionism
  • tension
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31
Q

The BIG 5 (Ocean)

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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32
Q

The most important of OCEAN

A

Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Neuroticism

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33
Q

Biological trait theory

A
  • Founded by Hans + Sybil Eysenck
  • PEN
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34
Q

What is PEN

A

P - Pscychoticism vs. Super ego control
E - Ectraverision vs. Introversion
N - Neuroticism vs. Emotional stability

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35
Q

Psychoticism

A

Independent, cold, non-conforming, anti-social, hostile

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36
Q

Social-Cognitive theory

A

Examines the interactive influences of one’s thoughts. processes + their social experiences

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37
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Making the decision to do or not do something

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38
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Alburt Bandura
- BEP (behavior external personal

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39
Q

Locus of Control

A
  • Julain Rotter
  • Internal Locus
    • Believe that your in control of your life/situation
  • External Locus
    • Believe that things happen outside of your control
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40
Q

Cognitive/Affective Theory

A
  • Walter Mischel
  • Behavior is the result of individual perspective of themself in a situation
  • Self-regulatory expectancies
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41
Q

Evaluation of Social-Cognitive Approach

A

Strongest Aspect
- Model is willing to combine different approaches together
Doesn’t address bio, gene, unconventional
not complex in individual models

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42
Q

Prominent humanistic theory

A

Focuses on individual free will and personal choice

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43
Q

Actualizing tendency

A

Carl Rogers

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44
Q

Self-actualization

A

Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
- Unconditional positive regard
(needed early in life [its when our parents love us no matter what])

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45
Q

Evaluation of the Humanistic Approach

A
  • Fairly positive (ignores negative)
  • Seen as Naive
  • Poorly defined
  • Too simple
46
Q

Projective personality measures

A

Rorschach ink blot

47
Q

Non-projective Personality

A

MMI (Minnesota Multipersonality)
BFI
Myer-Briggs

48
Q

MMI

A

Minnesota Multi Personality
11 Function V Dysfunction:
- Hypochondriasis
- Depression
- Hysteria
- Psychopathic
- Intro version
- Paranoia
- Psychathenia
- Schizophrenia
- Hypomania
- Masc
- Fem

49
Q

BFI

A

Big 5
NEO-PI-3

50
Q

What aspects of OCEAN change with age?

A

Consciousness goes UP through adulthood
Agreeableness goes UP through adulthood (Peaks 50-70)
Extraversion goes DOWN through adulthood
Neuroticism goes DOWN through adulthood

51
Q

What makes up Myer-Briggs?

A

Mind (Introvert v. Extrovert)
Energy (Observant v. Intuitive)
Nature (Thinking v. Feeling)
Tactics (Judging v. Prospecting)
Identity (Assertive v. Turbulent)
ex: I’m ISFJ - T

52
Q

Myer-Briggs : Mind

A

Introvert v. Extrovert

53
Q

Myer-Briggs : Energy

A

Observant v. Intuitive

54
Q

Myer-Briggs : Nature

A

Thinking v. Feeling

55
Q

Myer-Briggs : Tactics

A

Judging v. Prospecting

56
Q

Myer-Briggs : Identity

A

Assertive v. Turbulent

57
Q

Myer-Briggs NERIS Analytics

A

Intuitive + Thinking

58
Q

Myer-Briggs NERIS Diplomats

A

Intuitive + Feeling

59
Q

Myer-Briggs NERIS Sentinals

A

Observant + Judging

60
Q

Myer-Briggs NERIS Explorers

A

Observant + Prospecting

61
Q

Overview Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

A

Determined by largely unconscious intrapsychic conflicts
(Case studies)

62
Q

Overview Trait Approach to Personality

A

Determined by traits or needs
(Analysis of tests for basic personality dimensions)

63
Q

Overview Self-Cognitive Approach to Personality

A

Determined by learning, cognitive factors, and specific situations
(Analysis of interactions between people and situations)

64
Q

Overview Humanistic Approach to Personality

A

Determined by innate growth tendency and individual perception of reality
(Studies of relationships between perceptions and behavior)

65
Q

What are the MAJOR Approaches to Personality?

A

Psychodynamic
Traits
Self-Cognitive
Humanistic

66
Q

Social Psychology

A
  • G Allport
  • The scientific study of how our thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the actual/imagined/implied presence of others
  • How the situation interacts with the person
67
Q

Stanford Prison Study

A

Cut off after 6 days
SITUATIONAL!

68
Q

Social Thinking

A

Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences

69
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior (The situation or personality is why they’re acting that way; no other reason)

70
Q

We tend to attribute
– the behavior of others to …
– and our own behavior to …

A

internal causes
external causes

71
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Underestimate the impact of the situation + overestimate the impact of personal disposition
(EXAMPLE: WE SEE A DRIVER SWERVING ON THE ROAD)

72
Q

Situational Response to Swerving Driver

A

Maybe he is ill? Unwell? I hope they’re ok… I’ll back off and give them space

73
Q

Dispositional Response to Swerving Driver

A

Road rage! Crazy, may push up on the driver or speed past them

74
Q

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

A

Getting someone to agree to a SMALLER request makes it easier for them to then agree to a BIGGER request

(The ball is rolling)

75
Q

Door in the Face Phenomenon

A

Getting someone to DISagree with a BIGGER request makes it easier for them to then agree to a SMALLER request (ei: what you wanted them to do in the first place)

(Complete opposite to foot in the door method)

76
Q

Ingratiation Phenomenon

A

Appearing more friendly to someone before requesting them to do something

77
Q

Low ball Phenomenon

A

Make an attractive offer AT FIRST, but then flip the script last second so the other person then feels an obligation to still follow through.

78
Q

Norm of Reciprocity + Persuasion Phenomenon

A

Someone else does something small for you and you feel like you owe them if they ask for something later on

79
Q

“Thats NOT all!”

A

Commercials doing the add-on thing, where they keep building up a ‘deal’ to convince you to get this ‘limited time offer’

80
Q

Roles

A

The set of expectations about a social position, which defines how those in the position “ought to behave”

(Think of your role as a student vs. your role as a granddaughter)

81
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When our attitudes and behavior do not match
(We are more likely to change our attitudes to oblige to the “path of least resistance”)

(Example: we know smoking is bad, but others proceed to smoke anyway. Rather than change their smoking behavior, they rather change their attitudes toward smoking and make excuses for it)

82
Q

insufficient Justification

A

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient.”

83
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A
  • We decide whether a situation requires action by seeing how others react
    – Others are doing the same thing, so no action is taken
84
Q

Arousal: Cost-Reward

A

Assistance is provided when the unpleasant feeling of seeing someone suffering outweighs the cost of helping

85
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The chances that someone will help decreases as the number of people present increases

86
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Assuming someone else will help or take responsibility

87
Q

Familiarity with others

A

Stranger v. Friend v. Relative

88
Q

Personality of the Helper

A

Empathy v. Authoritarianism

89
Q

Compliance

A

Change in behavior due to direct request

(think foot in door/door in face)

90
Q

Mindless conformity

A
  • Our actions are on autopilot
  • Leads to appropriate behavior
  • real or imagined influence of others
91
Q

Asch Conformity Experiment

A

75% of participants changed their answer when they had to ‘go against’ what the group was answering

92
Q

Conform group size

A

4+
BUT IF ONE OTHER PERSON IS GOING AGAINST THE GROUP THEY STAND TOGETHER!

93
Q

Informative Socail Influence

A

Seeing others as a source of information, you may believe you misinterpreted directions and then go with the group answer instead, thinking they know more than you

happens when the situation is:
ambiguous
crises
or if there are experts

94
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Just for social approval, to fall into the ‘norms’ and fit in, even if you know they are wrong

happens because:
- a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance
- our fundamental need for social companionship

95
Q

Mass Psychogenic illness

A

When you have PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS but there is quite literally nothing wrong with you

96
Q

Social Impact Theory

A

– Strength - How important is the group
– Immediacy - close in space and time
– Number of people in the group
Influence does not increase after 3 or 4
Some studies say 4 or 5

97
Q

Milgrem’s study on obedience

A

63% of participents shocked xxx

98
Q

What makes people Obey?

A
  • Person giving orders is close at hand
  • Person giving orders is a legitimate authority figure
  • Authority figure supported by a prestigious institution
  • Victim was depersonalized or distant
  • There were no models for defiance
99
Q

Smoke Filled Room

A

Informative Influence

100
Q

Elevator Face the Rear

A

Normative Influence

101
Q

Ingroup

A

“Us” - people with whom one shares a
common identity

102
Q

Outgroup

A

“Them”- those perceived as different or apart
from one’s ingroup

103
Q

ABCs of Attitude

A

Affect
Cognition
Behavior

104
Q

ABCs - Affect

A

Prejudice

105
Q

ABCs - Behavior

A

Discrimination

106
Q

ABCs - Cognition

A

Stereotype

107
Q

Why do we Stereotype?

A
  • Kernel of Truth
  • Saves Cognitive effort
  • Ingroup Bias
108
Q

Self Fulfilling Prophecies

A

When beliefs and expectations create reality

109
Q

Rosenthal & Fode

A

Told 2 teams to train rats, one team had the “dumb” rats and the other had “smart” ones

110
Q
A

Psychology (4 decks)

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