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Psychology > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

-Perception
-Categorization
-Judgement
-Attention
-Memory
-Problem Solving

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2
Q

Sensation

A

“Raw Sensory Information”
(Think 5 senses; EXCEPT SMELL– THATS LINKED RIGHT TO MEMORY)

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3
Q

Perception

A

“Make IT make sense”
(The hypothalamus interpreting sensation)

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4
Q

Cultural Variations in Perception…

A

we LITERALLY see the world differently (Masuda)
(ei: European art has lower horizons + bigger figures.)

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5
Q

Front-Horizontal Foreshortening Theory

A

Societies exposed to open vistas, interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance.

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6
Q

Ponzo Illusion

A

(the train track illusion)
| ___ |
| |
| ___ |
the illusion is that the top bar is bigger than the bottom bar, but they are actually the same size

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7
Q

Muller-Lyyer Illusion

A

(Corner of the room illusion)
v
|
^
(This is inside of a room; thus the ‘corner’ is further away)
^
|
v
(This is the outside corner. Meaning its closer)

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8
Q

Figure-Ground Discrimination

A

A person standing against a building NOT a person shaped hole in a building. (Figure vs Background

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8
Q

Proximity grouping

A

(00) (00 0 00 0)

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8
Q

Grouping Principle

A

Gestalt Laws

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9
Q

Common Region grouping

A

(0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0)

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9
Q

Similarity grouping

A

xxxx
oooo
xxxx
oooo

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9
Q

Continuity grouping

A

\ )
( \
We see the curved line and the straight line as there own grouping vs \ ) and ( \

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9
Q

Closure grouping

A

ooo oooo ooo
o oooo o
o o o o
o o o o
o oooo o
ooo oooo ooo

(There is a square in the negative space but no real connecting lines)

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10
Q

Connectedness grouping

A

0 ooo 0 ooo 0 ooo 0 ooo 0

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11
Q

Texture grouping

A

(idk how to give a example in the cards w/o images so thats all you get)

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12
Q

Simplicity grouping

A

Just accepting the simplest explanation

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13
Q

Common Fate grouping

A

Same Direction/Speed == together

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14
Q

Synchrony grouping

A

Same Time Stimuli == Same Source

(We hear someone speaking, their mouth moving is grouped)

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15
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to perceive 3D space + judge distance

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16
Q

Monocular cue

A

overlapping
relative size
Height in visual field
linear pov
lower clarity

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17
Q

Ames Illusion

A

That wonky room where someone looks HUGE and the other small
___ ——–
|O O |
|/\ /\ |

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18
Q

Perceptual Constancy Principle

A

-Size Constancy
-Shape Constancy
-Color Constancy
-Brightness Constancy

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19
Q

Monster Illusion

A

I WISH I COULD ADD PHOTOS
ITS THAT GOOFY MF
two monsters that are the same size, running down the hall. The one in front looks smaller tho

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20
Q

Color Perception Universals

A

White Green Yellow
^ ^ ^
v v v
Black Red Blue

(Inversed American flag)

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21
Q

Looming

A

Object coming @ you looks big

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22
Q

Vestibular + touch sense

A

Stationary objects do NOT MOVE (but when we physically push on our eyeball, things look shakey)

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23
Q

Size illusion

A

Judgement made based on context

0000 ……
0 o 0 . o .
0000 ……

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24
Q

Context effect

A

Think of the
C H T
T A E
example (the middle letter looked like the weird H but in the context of C and T it looked like A)

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25
Q

Object Agnosia

A

When we can’t perceive objects correctly
(Man that mistook wife for a hat)

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26
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

When we can’t perceive faces
(we instead identify people by what they are wearing, how they style their hair and accessories)

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27
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Prior knowledge of what you can EXPECT to see
(prior bias: A |3 C vs 11 12 |3)

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28
Q

Bottom Up Processing (lol)

A

Trying to use features to build up a proper interpretation of what something represents
(ei: just seeing |3)
Chinses

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29
Q

Schemas

A

Mental representation of the world (redundant)

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30
Q

Perceptual Sets

A

Readiness to perceive a stimuli in a certain way
(ei: a robber hold up a stick and a eye witness thinks it looks like a shotgun because they hold it in a threatening manner)

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31
Q

Backmasking

A

(THINK OF THE TIME PROFESSOR GOODMON PLAYED THE SONG BACKWARDS AND IT SOUNDED LIKE “SMOKING MAJARANA IS GOOD”)
its when you hear music/something in reverse and try to make sense of it

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32
Q

Attention (Specifically DSAR)

A

-Direct our sensory + perception
-Select specific info to process further
-Allocate mental energy needed to process
-Regulate the flow of resources for a task

33
Q

Analytic thinking

A

focused on object + attributes (individualist)
(THINK OF THE PEOPLE WHO CHOSE THE CARROT IN THE PHOTO OF THE BUNNY, CARROT AND DOG)

34
Q

Holistic thinking

A

Focused on the whole context (associative way of thinking; collectivists)
(THINK OF THE PEOPLE WHO CHOSE THE DOG IN THE PHOTO OF THE BUNNY, CARROT AND DOG)

35
Q

Directing Attention

A

Voluntary Control - Purposefully pushing distractions out
Involuntary Control - Loud noises, looming

36
Q

What is memory?

A

An internal record or representation of a prior event/experience

37
Q

Name the 4 memory models

A
  • Information Processing
  • Parallel Distributed Processing (Neural Net)
  • Levels of Processing Model
  • Traditional 3 Stage Memory
38
Q

Information Processing

A

A process that encodes, stores, and retrieves information
(THINK COMPUTER!)

39
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing (Neural Net)

A

Memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units
(THINK SPIDER WEB!)

40
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

Depends on the degree of depth of mental processing occurring when information is encountered
(REMEMBER SHALLOW -> DEEP)

41
Q

Traditional 3 Stage Memory Model

A

Memory requires 3 different ‘storage boxes’ to hold + process information for various times

  sensory
        v Short Term (WM)
       ^  v
Long Term
42
Q

Mood Dependent Memory

A

Memory retrieval increases when mood matches that memory

43
Q

Encoding (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)

A

Information -> Memory
-Acoustic
-visual
-semantic

44
Q

Storage (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)

A

Maintain in memory
-Episodic
-Procedural
-Semantic

45
Q

Retrieval (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)

A

Recover from memory
-recall
-recognition

46
Q

Sensory Memory Storage

A

Purpose - Holds Sensory Information
Duration - Visual > Lasts up to 1/2 sec
Auditory > Lasts 2-3 sec
Capacity - Large

47
Q

Short-Term Memory Storage

A

Purpose - Holds perceptions for analysis
Duration - up to 30 seconds w/o rehearsal
Capacity - Limited 5-9 items

48
Q

Long-Term Memory Storage

A

Purpose - Relatively permanent storage
Duration - Relatively permanent
Capacity - Relatively unlimited

49
Q

Touch

A

Haptic

50
Q

Hearing

A

Echoic

51
Q

Sight

A

Iconic

52
Q

Smell

A

Olfactory

53
Q

Taste

A

Gustatory

54
Q

Baddeley’s Model

A
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual)
  • Central Executive (conductor)
  • Phonological Loop (language)
55
Q

Improve WM

A

-Maintenance Rehearsal
-Repeat out loud
-Reduce Immediate distractions
-Chunking

56
Q

George Miller Magic number __

A

7! (+ or - 2)
WM can only hold 7 (+ or - 2) chunks

57
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory with conscious recall
(Semantic memory / episodic memory)

58
Q

Semantic memory

A

facts and general knowledge
(spider has 8 legs, banana is yellow)

59
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Personal experiences and events
(high school graduation)

60
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory without conscious recall
(Procedural memory/ classically conditioned memory/ priming)

61
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Motor skills and habits
(How to drive, brushing teeth, riding a bike)

62
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli
(Phobias, prejudice)

63
Q

Priming

A

Earlier exposure facilitates retrieval
(Heightened fear after scary movie)

64
Q

Improve LTM

A

-Organization
-Elaborative Rehearsal
-Spaced Practice
-Retrieval Cues

65
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

We remember stuff at the beginning and the end, not much of the middle

66
Q

Remembering stuff we hear first in a list is known as….

A

Primary Effect

67
Q

Remembering stuff we hear last in a list is known as….

A

Recency effect

68
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Typical; used to ‘maintain’ a loop
Little effort
not effective

69
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

More effort
Relating things to stuff we already know

70
Q

Memory Errors

A

We reconstruct memory’s ALL THE TIME! Think of a big fish stories…

71
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

“Forgetting occurs rapidly after learning”

72
Q

Forgetting Theories

A

-Decay
-Interference
-Motivated Forgetting
-Encoding
-Retrieval

(DIMER? like.. a dim-er mind, for sure)

73
Q

Decay Theory

A

Memory degrades with time

74
Q

Interference Theory

A

One memory interferes with the retrieval with another

75
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The new stuff we learn interferes with the recall of old (retro) information

76
Q

Proactive Interference

A

We have trouble learning new things because we know old information

77
Q

Motivated Forgetting Theory

A

We choose to forget memories that are unpleasant, painful, threating, or embarrassing

78
Q

Encoding forgetting Theory

A

Information in working memory that never gets to LTM (never gets encoded)

79
Q

Retrieval forgetting Theory

A

Tip of the tongue moment when you are trying to recall information

80
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

When you forget OLD memories

81
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

You can’t make NEW memories

82
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Taking a picture with minds eye (You feel like you’ll never forget it)
strongly associated with emotion
still subject to forgetting it
(think 9/11 or the challenger)

83
Q

Peg-word Mnemonic

A

Rhyming, mental image, route

84
Q

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

A

Pen
Coat hanger
Tricycle
Car
$5
Monkey Tail
Golf Club
8 Ball
Para scope
Bowling Pins

85
Q

Pen
Coat hanger
Tricycle
Car
$5
Monkey Tail
Golf Club
8 Ball
Para scope
Bowling Pins

A

Blood
Frog
Lice
Flies
Cow Death
Boils
Hail
Locust
Darkness
Death of first born

86
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

when objects disappear and then reappear nearby the brain
assumes they have moved smoothly from one location to another

Psychology (4 decks)

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