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psych121 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

studies interpersonal interaction and the causes and consequences of sociality

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

the idea that everything we know, we learned from those around us and our environment

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3
Q

Observational learning

A

-people learn by observing other people

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4
Q

Communication and emotional contagion

A

emotions help us communicate and our emotions can actually be contagious

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5
Q

groups and cooperation

A

people must adjust their behavior when interacting in groups

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6
Q

peoples opinions in a group affect each others opinions

A

-deindividuation
-conformity
-groupthink

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7
Q

The asch line study

A

studied conformity (a tendency to do what others do)

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8
Q

Nudge theory

A

people can be easily influenced to make desired decisions simply by a certain outcome being suggested.
EX) paying 5 cents for bags decreases how many people ask for bags

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9
Q

groupthink

A

group consensus dominated the decision making process, hiding the individual opinions of the group

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10
Q

desire for harmony

A

overrides realistic evaluations of decisions and alternatives

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11
Q

groupthink emerges when

A

need for agreement takes priority over motivation to obtain accurate information and make appropriate decisions

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12
Q

characteristics in groupthink (4) (CGSL)

A
  1. highly cohesive groups- more likely to reject deviant opinions
  2. group structure- people w similar backgrounds, strong leader, lack systematic procedures for making decisions
  3. stressful situations- provoke groupthink reassurance from others is highly desirable
  4. low knowledge- individuals lack knowledge or feel other members are more qualified
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13
Q

types of power (LRER)

A
  1. legitimate power- power given soley because of status
    2.reward/ coercive power- power that comes from ability to reward or punish others
    3.expert power- power gained by having expertise over others
  2. referent power- power based on others respect for your character
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14
Q

Stanley milgram

A

conducted a series of experiments assessing obedience to authority

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15
Q

Bystander effect

A

as number of bystanders increases, person un need is less likely to receive help

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16
Q

emergency occurs

A

observers most likely to take action if no one else is around

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17
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

we take one aspect about someone and make assumptions about who they are as a person

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18
Q

confirmation bias

A

we tend to seek out information that supports our beliefs while ignoring information that goes against them

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19
Q

availability heuristic

A

we use easily available information to make quick decisions, even if the available info is not fully representative of all info

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20
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

state of psychological tension when you realize inconsistency between your actions and your beliefs

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21
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

process by which expectations about a person eventually lead to that person behaving in ways that confirm those expectations

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22
Q

The escalation of commitment

A

the more time and resources spent on something, the less likely you’ll be able to walk away from it (even if walking away is the more logical solution)

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23
Q

Attractiveness

A

1.body shape
2.facial symmentry
3.age

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24
Q

The mere exposure effect

A

states that the more time we spend with someone, the more attractive they become

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25
Q

Aggression types

A

instrumental: planned violent behavior that is purposeful and helps to achieve some goal
hostile: violent behavior with the intent to do harm

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26
Q

theories of aggression:

A

-biological factors
-neurological differences
-hormone differences
-environmental factors
-psychological- violent people often mimic behaviors of others
-income inequality and murder are correlated

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27
Q

altruism

A

helping another person with no expectation of personal benefit or gain

28
Q

Abnormal psychology

A

studies causes,criteria,and treatment of mental illness and disorders

29
Q

mental disorder

A

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior,thought,or emotion that causes impairment.

30
Q

classifying disorders

A

DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:
a classification system that designates specific criteria which qualify a mental disorder.

31
Q

what causes mental illness?

A

the biopsychosocial model: biological, psychological, and social factors influence the presence, severity, and manifestation of a mental disorder.

32
Q

Phobias

A

persistent and irrational fear of specific object, situation of activity

33
Q

panic disorder

A

involves the sudden onset of terror
-sweating, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, nausea,dizziness,depersonalization

34
Q

agoraphobia

A

a specific phobia involving the fear of public places

35
Q

generalized anxiety disorders

A

characterized by chronic and excessive worrying, accompanied by 3 of the following: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleeping disturbances

36
Q

mania

A

a state of abnormally elevated levels of energy, identified by grandiose ideas and sense of self

37
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

severely depressed mood which lasts 2 weeks or more

38
Q

bipolar disorder

A

involves rotating periods of mania and depression
types I and II- differs in severity of manic episodes

39
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

ones mood experiences a significant change during a specific season or time period of the year

40
Q

personality disorder clusters (3)

A
  1. odd/eccentric
    2.dramatc/erratic
    3.anxious/inhibited
41
Q

odd/eccentric

A
  • paranoid personality disorder: involves routine distrust in others and the consistent assumption that people have sinister motives
    -schizoid personality disorder: extreme introversion, prefers to distance themselves from others
    -schizotypical: strong feelings of “magical thinking”, engage in behaviors and thoughts that deviate
42
Q

dramatic/erratic

A

-antisocial PD: pervasive disregard for morals, feelings, or needs of others

43
Q

Sociopath

A

has a sense of morality, but still may engage in deviant behavior without remorse

44
Q

psychopath

A

no sense of morality and no remorse

45
Q

borderline PD:

A

unstable mood, unpredictable, manipulators

46
Q

histrionic PD

A

attention seeking, grandiose gestures and speech, exaggerated illness, excessively flirtatious, belief that everyone loves them

47
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

inflated sense of self-importance, exaggerates achievements, assumes other will recognize them as superior, tends to exploit others, fantasies of personal success

48
Q

Anxious/ inhibited

A

avoidant and dependent PD
avoidant: involves intense longing for social contact, avoids due to fear of rejection
dependent: requires excessive approval from others

49
Q

OCP obsessive compulsive personality

A

needs everything to be done perfectly

50
Q

OCD

A

repetitive intrusive thoughts, functions of compulsions decrease stress associated with obsessions , behaviors must be carried out in certain sequence

51
Q

psychotic disorders

A

schizophrenia: extreme disruption of basic psych process, distorted perception of reality, alerted or blunted emotion, disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior

52
Q

Childhood and adolescent disorders

A

-ADHD: persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that causes significant impairments in functioning
-Autism spectrum disorder: shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities

53
Q

history of mental illness treatment

A

-associated w witchcraft/possession of evil spirits
-drilling hole in skull to release demons
-prefrontal lobotomy: treats severe psychosis
-institutionalization (l1st asylum- bethlehem in london

54
Q

dorthea dix -1800s

A

nurse who advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill

55
Q

psychopharmacology

A

medications to treat symptoms of mental illness

56
Q

psychotherapy

A

“talk therapy”
-interaction between trained therapist and client
-therapist helps clients identify and change problematic cognitions, feelings, and behaviors

57
Q

forms of psychotherapy

A

individual: based on relationship between client an therapist
group therapy: therapist works w several people at once
family and couples therapy
eclecticism: combine different therapies

58
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

goals:
-bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
-gain insight into unconscious thoughts, behaviors, and motives via psychoanalysis

59
Q

behavioral modification

A

changing a specific problematic behavior; examines current behavior

60
Q

behavioral therapy

A

assumes:
-behavior is learned
-symptom relief achieved via changing overt, maladaptive behaviors

61
Q

exposure therapy

A

confront emotion- arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to decrease in emotional response

62
Q

cognitive therapy

A

identify and correct distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

63
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

blend of cognitive and behavioral strategies
-problem focused
-action oriented
-encourage transparency between therapist and client

64
Q

antidepressants

A

SSRIs most commonly used
-drugs: prozac,celexa,lexapro,zoloft
-high rate of effectiveness and low rate of side effects
inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in synapse

65
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

electrical currents delivered to the brain- induces seizures that minimize symptoms
-modernized ECT- now safe and effective for severe depressive and/or manic symptoms

66
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

uses magnetic fields to stimulate neuronal activity and improve depressive symptoms
-a non-invasive procedure to help fight depression. it uses a magnetic pulse to stimulate brain cells that control mood.

psych121 (2 decks)

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