ch: 6,7,8,11 EXAM 3 Flashcards
Memory
the ability to store & retrieve information over time
Primacy effect
refers to peoples tendency to more easily remember items at the beginning of a session
Recency effect
refers to people tendency to more easily remember items at the end of a session.
Schemas
make it easier to remember similar words
3 key functions of memory
1.Encoding
2.Storage
3.Retireval
Encoding
process in which our brains commit an event to memory
types of encoding (3)
1.Semantic- relating new info to previously stored knowledge
2.Visual imagery -storing new info by relating to mental image
3.organizational- storing new info by categorizing relationships between items
Encoding strategies (5)
- Massed practice (lot of info in short amt of time/ cramming)
2.Spacing effect (space out studying time)
3.Mnemonics (acronyms) - effective encoding (practicing retrieving and reconstructing knowledge)
5.retrieval practice (testing yourself, repeatedly)
Storage
process of maintaining memory over different periods of time
Sensory storage
storing memories for a few seconds or less
short-term memory
storing memories longer than a few seconds, but less than a minute
Working memory
when you actively store memories in your mind
long-term memory
memory you store long term (days,weeks,months,years)
Retrieval types (5)
1.recall (remember info out of thin air- birthday)
2.recognition (ability to recognize info when you see it)
3.relearning (learning something quicker when you’ve learned it before)
4.implicit memory (concept of relearning)
5.explicit memory (retrieving past experiences intentionally)
learning
process of permanently acquiring new knowledge
sensitization
presentation of a stimulus leads to a behavioral change in response to later stimuli
habituation
prolonged exposure to a stimulus decreases frequency of a response
classical conditioning
type of learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response, after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response
Ivon Pavlov
classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the tone of a metronome
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that reliably elicits a response
John watson
classically conditioned a baby to be afraid of a mouse by pairing the presence of mouse with a loud bang
Unconditioned response
the response elicited by the stimulus
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to reliably elicit the same response
spontaneous recovery
tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
implicit learning
learning which happens passively through experiences
explicit learning
learning which happens as an active process
operant conditioning chamber
animal freely responds with a particular behavior and may do so at any rate or time
reinforcement
aims to increase the frequency a desired behavior
punishment
aims to decrease the frequency an undesired behavior
positive operant conditioning
involves adding a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment
negative operant conditioning
involves removing a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment
motivation
internal causes of our purposeful behavior
drives
internal state generated by physiological needs
homeostasis
tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
drive-reduction theory
organisms are motivated to reduce their drives
intrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (ex. play sport bc its fun)
extrinsic
motivation to take actions that lead to reward
biological motivations
food,sex
competence
need to be effective in dealing with environment
relatedness
need to have a close, affectionate relationship with others
emotions
a temporary, subjective state (response to behavior)
james-lange theory
state that emotions are a result of experiences of physiological reactions in the body
cannon-bard theory
emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously
charles darwin 3 principles of emotion
1.serviceable habits (emotion serve a purpose)
2.antithesis (opposing expressions and how they are portrayed- fear vs disgust)
3.direct action (of excited nervous system on body. ex- laughter)
Paul Ekman 6 emotions
happiness
surprise
disgust
fear
sadness
anger
Tracys theory of emotions
different emotions are different adaptations based on the means to survive
emotional contagion
when a person observes and then experiences the same emotion as another person
Validity
how accurately you’re measuring what you are trying to measure
Personality
an individuals characteristic style of behaving,thinking,and feeling
state
a frame of mind in the moment
trait
a core piece of your identity
dimensions of personality that are considered valid
- the big 5 (OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion , agreeableness, neuroticism)
-HEXACO( honesty, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to new experience)
Nature
genetic component
- traits are considered to be pre determined
nuture
culture and upbringing (how and where you were raised)
