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psych121 > ch: 6,7,8,11 EXAM 3 > Flashcards

ch: 6,7,8,11 EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the ability to store & retrieve information over time

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2
Q

Primacy effect

A

refers to peoples tendency to more easily remember items at the beginning of a session

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3
Q

Recency effect

A

refers to people tendency to more easily remember items at the end of a session.

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4
Q

Schemas

A

make it easier to remember similar words

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5
Q

3 key functions of memory

A

1.Encoding
2.Storage
3.Retireval

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6
Q

Encoding

A

process in which our brains commit an event to memory

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7
Q

types of encoding (3)

A

1.Semantic- relating new info to previously stored knowledge
2.Visual imagery -storing new info by relating to mental image
3.organizational- storing new info by categorizing relationships between items

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8
Q

Encoding strategies (5)

A
  1. Massed practice (lot of info in short amt of time/ cramming)
    2.Spacing effect (space out studying time)
    3.Mnemonics (acronyms)
  2. effective encoding (practicing retrieving and reconstructing knowledge)
    5.retrieval practice (testing yourself, repeatedly)
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9
Q

Storage

A

process of maintaining memory over different periods of time

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10
Q

Sensory storage

A

storing memories for a few seconds or less

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11
Q

short-term memory

A

storing memories longer than a few seconds, but less than a minute

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12
Q

Working memory

A

when you actively store memories in your mind

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13
Q

long-term memory

A

memory you store long term (days,weeks,months,years)

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14
Q

Retrieval types (5)

A

1.recall (remember info out of thin air- birthday)
2.recognition (ability to recognize info when you see it)
3.relearning (learning something quicker when you’ve learned it before)
4.implicit memory (concept of relearning)
5.explicit memory (retrieving past experiences intentionally)

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15
Q

learning

A

process of permanently acquiring new knowledge

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16
Q

sensitization

A

presentation of a stimulus leads to a behavioral change in response to later stimuli

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17
Q

habituation

A

prolonged exposure to a stimulus decreases frequency of a response

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response, after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response

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19
Q

Ivon Pavlov

A

classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the tone of a metronome

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20
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that reliably elicits a response

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21
Q

John watson

A

classically conditioned a baby to be afraid of a mouse by pairing the presence of mouse with a loud bang

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22
Q

Unconditioned response

A

the response elicited by the stimulus

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23
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to reliably elicit the same response

24
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

25
Q

implicit learning

A

learning which happens passively through experiences

26
Q

explicit learning

A

learning which happens as an active process

27
Q

operant conditioning chamber

A

animal freely responds with a particular behavior and may do so at any rate or time

28
Q

reinforcement

A

aims to increase the frequency a desired behavior

29
Q

punishment

A

aims to decrease the frequency an undesired behavior

30
Q

positive operant conditioning

A

involves adding a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment

31
Q

negative operant conditioning

A

involves removing a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment

32
Q

motivation

A

internal causes of our purposeful behavior

33
Q

drives

A

internal state generated by physiological needs

34
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

35
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

organisms are motivated to reduce their drives

36
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (ex. play sport bc its fun)

37
Q

extrinsic

A

motivation to take actions that lead to reward

38
Q

biological motivations

A

food,sex

39
Q

competence

A

need to be effective in dealing with environment

40
Q

relatedness

A

need to have a close, affectionate relationship with others

41
Q

emotions

A

a temporary, subjective state (response to behavior)

42
Q

james-lange theory

A

state that emotions are a result of experiences of physiological reactions in the body

43
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously

44
Q

charles darwin 3 principles of emotion

A

1.serviceable habits (emotion serve a purpose)
2.antithesis (opposing expressions and how they are portrayed- fear vs disgust)
3.direct action (of excited nervous system on body. ex- laughter)

45
Q

Paul Ekman 6 emotions

A

happiness
surprise
disgust
fear
sadness
anger

46
Q

Tracys theory of emotions

A

different emotions are different adaptations based on the means to survive

47
Q

emotional contagion

A

when a person observes and then experiences the same emotion as another person

48
Q

Validity

A

how accurately you’re measuring what you are trying to measure

49
Q

Personality

A

an individuals characteristic style of behaving,thinking,and feeling

50
Q

state

A

a frame of mind in the moment

51
Q

trait

A

a core piece of your identity

52
Q

dimensions of personality that are considered valid

A
  • the big 5 (OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion , agreeableness, neuroticism)
    -HEXACO( honesty, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to new experience)
53
Q

Nature

A

genetic component
- traits are considered to be pre determined

54
Q

nuture

A

culture and upbringing (how and where you were raised)

55
Q
A

psych121 (2 decks)

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