EXAM 4 Flashcards
Biotic Stress
Pathogen attack
Insect attack
Abiotic stress
Heat/Cold
Drought
Salt
Metals
Flooding
Horticultural pests
An organism that conflicts with profit, health or convenience
Injurious to plants
Horticultural pest groups
Weeds
Invertebrates
Pathogens
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Insects
Mites
Snails, slugs
Pathogens
Bateria
Fungi
Viruses
Nematodes
Why is host identification important?
Helps with pest diagnosis
Sure of what is causing damage
Select effective management
Make sure you’re controlling a pest and not a harmless organism
How to identify plant pest?
Life cycle?
How does it reproduce?
Host preference?
Influenced by __? (temp, soil type)
Natural enemies
Symptoms of pest problem
Changes in the plant’s growth or appearance in response to pest activity
Signs of pest problem
Presence of the actual pest organism or direct evidence of the pest’s activity
Why is plant scouting important?
Determine how best to manage the best, and which tactics to employ
How to plant scout?
Is the problem getting worse or better?
Is it spreading?
How was the top before the pest appeared?
Alternate host
A host that comes form a different family compared to the family of the primary host and helps a crop pest to complete its life cycle
Vector
Human example:
- West Nile virus (no vaccine, no specific cure)
- Manage the vector: mosquitoes
Plant disease example:
- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWS)
- Manage the thrips
Integrated pest management (IPM)
I - Focus on interactions between crop, pests, crop management, environment, and various tactics
P - Any organism that exists at a level that causes plant injury and causes economic loss or concern
M - Using all available tacts to minimize negative impacts
How does resistant pest populations develop?
Genetics traits OR as pesticides are applied more frequently, the population will soon consist of mostly resistant individuals
Pest management goals
- Prevention
- Suppression
- Eradication
Pest management tactics
- Biological (predators, diseases)
- Cultural (water, fertilizer, light)
- Mechanical (cultivation, burning)
- Chemical (pesticides, growth regulators)
- Genetic (resistance via traditional breeding, GMOs)
- Regulatory (quarantines, laws, eradication)
GMO cons
Bolstering an unsustainable system
GMO pros
Chemical perfection
Uniformity size
Pomology
The science of growing fruit
Types of strawberries
June bearing - Flower set during previous fall
Everbearing - Mid-them late summer
Day neutral - Hight temps cause vegetative growth vs. flowering/fruit
Cultural requirements for production of strawberries
- Fertile, well-drained soil
- Raised beds
- Straw mulch
- Keep soil moist until 1st frost
Raspberries
Receptacle remains on plant
Blackberries
Receptacle with fruit
Floricanes
Produce flowers and fruit once per season on second year canes
Primocane
Produce flowers and fruit on floricanes
Challenges for growing blueberries in CO
Soil pH
Desiccation during winter - wind & low humidity
Growing blueberries in container
- Large container
- Soilless substrate
- Full sun
- Winter protection required
Viticulture
Harvesting of grapes
Types of grapes
- American cultivars (used for juice and fresh consumption)
- European cultivars (Tight clusters, wine-like flavor)
- French-American hybrids (Depend on parentage)
Production of grapes
- Site selection- sliced and well drained
- Flower on 1st year wood
- Avoid overwatering
- Low fertilizer rates
- Many pests
What different tree fruits can be grown in Colorado?
Apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peached, nectarines, plums
Pome fruits
- Core and firm
- Tolerate clay soils
- Fewer pest problems
- Less frost damage
Stone fruits
- Fleshy with pit
- Not on clay or wet soils
- Major pest problems
-Early bloom = frost damage
Rank tree fruits from easiest to difficult to produce
Pears
Apples
Cherries
Peaches
Nectarines
Plums
Apricots
Pruning
Physical removal of parts of the plant
Arboriculture
Pruning and care of woody plants
Dehorning
Heavy drastic pruning of large limbs
DONT DO IT
Pollarding
Removing the upper branches of a tree
Keeps trees smaller than they would normally grow
Thinning out
Removal of branches back to their point of origin
What is thinning used for?
- Decrease density of the canopy
- Encourage other branches to grow and rejuvenate plant
- Redirect growth
Heading back
Removal of the terminal portions of the branch
What is heading used for?
- Increase density of the canopy
- Encourage branching
General rules for pruning
- Heading cuts made about 1/4” above lateral bud
- Cuts made at an angle
Why pruning for fruit trees?
- Increase air circulation (reduce fungal diseases)
- Increases sun & yield (more sun, more flower)
- Extends life (Prevents damage(
Post harvest
Involves the handling processes of a crop immediately following harvest
Cooling, cleaning, sorting, packing, storing and shipping
Goal of post-harvest handling
Maintain the highest level of quality
Grades and standards
Published by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service to ensure quality and availability of food
Field packing
Place harvested product in their final storage container
Physiological maturity
Can develop after detachment
Horticultural maturity
Stage when ready for eating
Post harvest handling process
Dumping/collection
Pre-sorting
Washing
Sizing/grading
Wrapping
Packing
Cooling
Marketing of horticultural products
- Direct to consumer (CSA, farm stand)
- Retail (farmers market)
- Wholesale (chain stores)
