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HORT 100 > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotic Stress

A

Pathogen attack
Insect attack

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1
Q

Abiotic stress

A

Heat/Cold
Drought
Salt
Metals
Flooding

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2
Q

Horticultural pests

A

An organism that conflicts with profit, health or convenience

Injurious to plants

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3
Q

Horticultural pest groups

A

Weeds
Invertebrates
Pathogens
Vertebrates

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4
Q

Invertebrates

A

Insects
Mites
Snails, slugs

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Bateria
Fungi
Viruses
Nematodes

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6
Q

Why is host identification important?

A

Helps with pest diagnosis

Sure of what is causing damage

Select effective management

Make sure you’re controlling a pest and not a harmless organism

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7
Q

How to identify plant pest?

A

Life cycle?
How does it reproduce?
Host preference?
Influenced by __? (temp, soil type)
Natural enemies

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8
Q

Symptoms of pest problem

A

Changes in the plant’s growth or appearance in response to pest activity

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9
Q

Signs of pest problem

A

Presence of the actual pest organism or direct evidence of the pest’s activity

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10
Q

Why is plant scouting important?

A

Determine how best to manage the best, and which tactics to employ

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11
Q

How to plant scout?

A

Is the problem getting worse or better?

Is it spreading?

How was the top before the pest appeared?

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12
Q

Alternate host

A

A host that comes form a different family compared to the family of the primary host and helps a crop pest to complete its life cycle

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13
Q

Vector

A

Human example:
- West Nile virus (no vaccine, no specific cure)
- Manage the vector: mosquitoes

Plant disease example:
- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWS)
- Manage the thrips

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14
Q

Integrated pest management (IPM)

A

I - Focus on interactions between crop, pests, crop management, environment, and various tactics

P - Any organism that exists at a level that causes plant injury and causes economic loss or concern

M - Using all available tacts to minimize negative impacts

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15
Q

How does resistant pest populations develop?

A

Genetics traits OR as pesticides are applied more frequently, the population will soon consist of mostly resistant individuals

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16
Q

Pest management goals

A
  • Prevention
  • Suppression
  • Eradication
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17
Q

Pest management tactics

A
  • Biological (predators, diseases)
  • Cultural (water, fertilizer, light)
  • Mechanical (cultivation, burning)
  • Chemical (pesticides, growth regulators)
  • Genetic (resistance via traditional breeding, GMOs)
  • Regulatory (quarantines, laws, eradication)
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18
Q

GMO cons

A

Bolstering an unsustainable system

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19
Q

GMO pros

A

Chemical perfection

Uniformity size

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20
Q

Pomology

A

The science of growing fruit

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21
Q

Types of strawberries

A

June bearing - Flower set during previous fall

Everbearing - Mid-them late summer

Day neutral - Hight temps cause vegetative growth vs. flowering/fruit

22
Q

Cultural requirements for production of strawberries

A
  • Fertile, well-drained soil
  • Raised beds
  • Straw mulch
  • Keep soil moist until 1st frost
23
Q

Raspberries

A

Receptacle remains on plant

24
Q

Blackberries

A

Receptacle with fruit

25
Q

Floricanes

A

Produce flowers and fruit once per season on second year canes

26
Q

Primocane

A

Produce flowers and fruit on floricanes

27
Q

Challenges for growing blueberries in CO

A

Soil pH
Desiccation during winter - wind & low humidity

28
Q

Growing blueberries in container

A
  • Large container
  • Soilless substrate
  • Full sun
  • Winter protection required
29
Q

Viticulture

A

Harvesting of grapes

30
Q

Types of grapes

A
  1. American cultivars (used for juice and fresh consumption)
  2. European cultivars (Tight clusters, wine-like flavor)
  3. French-American hybrids (Depend on parentage)
31
Q

Production of grapes

A
  • Site selection- sliced and well drained
  • Flower on 1st year wood
  • Avoid overwatering
  • Low fertilizer rates
  • Many pests
32
Q

What different tree fruits can be grown in Colorado?

A

Apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peached, nectarines, plums

33
Q

Pome fruits

A
  • Core and firm
  • Tolerate clay soils
  • Fewer pest problems
  • Less frost damage
34
Q

Stone fruits

A
  • Fleshy with pit
  • Not on clay or wet soils
  • Major pest problems
    -Early bloom = frost damage
35
Q

Rank tree fruits from easiest to difficult to produce

A

Pears
Apples
Cherries
Peaches
Nectarines
Plums
Apricots

36
Q

Pruning

A

Physical removal of parts of the plant

37
Q

Arboriculture

A

Pruning and care of woody plants

38
Q

Dehorning

A

Heavy drastic pruning of large limbs

DONT DO IT

39
Q

Pollarding

A

Removing the upper branches of a tree

Keeps trees smaller than they would normally grow

40
Q

Thinning out

A

Removal of branches back to their point of origin

41
Q

What is thinning used for?

A
  • Decrease density of the canopy
  • Encourage other branches to grow and rejuvenate plant
  • Redirect growth
42
Q

Heading back

A

Removal of the terminal portions of the branch

43
Q

What is heading used for?

A
  • Increase density of the canopy
  • Encourage branching
44
Q

General rules for pruning

A
  • Heading cuts made about 1/4” above lateral bud
  • Cuts made at an angle
45
Q

Why pruning for fruit trees?

A
  • Increase air circulation (reduce fungal diseases)
  • Increases sun & yield (more sun, more flower)
  • Extends life (Prevents damage(
46
Q

Post harvest

A

Involves the handling processes of a crop immediately following harvest

Cooling, cleaning, sorting, packing, storing and shipping

47
Q

Goal of post-harvest handling

A

Maintain the highest level of quality

48
Q

Grades and standards

A

Published by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service to ensure quality and availability of food

49
Q

Field packing

A

Place harvested product in their final storage container

50
Q

Physiological maturity

A

Can develop after detachment

51
Q

Horticultural maturity

A

Stage when ready for eating

52
Q

Post harvest handling process

A

Dumping/collection
Pre-sorting
Washing
Sizing/grading
Wrapping
Packing
Cooling

53
Q

Marketing of horticultural products

A
  • Direct to consumer (CSA, farm stand)
  • Retail (farmers market)
  • Wholesale (chain stores)

HORT 100 (4 decks)

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