Exam 4 Flashcards
what is an IRB?
it is an institutional review board that ensures experiments will: comply with applicable regulations, follow institutional regulations, adequately protect research participants. they are often made up of people with diverse backgrounds, academics from different departments, nearby facilities and community members
IRB
all research using human participants that is federally funded must have IRB review, they ask for specific things like how you will maintain participant confidentiality
unethical studies discussed in class
Tuskegee Syphilis study, stanford prison experiment, facebooks emotional contingency study,
history of unethical guideline creation
Nuremberg code, declaration of Helsinki, National research act, 45 CFR part 46
respect for persons
protect participants autonomy and dignity, must have informed consent, fully inform participants about the nature purposes risks and benefits of the study, participants voluntarily participate without influence or coercion, special protections are needed for individuals who hay have diminished autonomy like children of those with cognitive impairments, additional safeguards are necessary to ensure their well-being and protection
beneficence
moral obligation to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants, careful assessment of potential risks and benefits in research, ensure that the researcher has a favorable risk-benefit ratio, researchers should strive to enhance the well-being of participants and avoid unnecessary harm
justice
the benefits and burdens of research should be distributed fairly, selection of research participants is equitable, vulnerable or disadvantaged groups are not unfairly targeted or excluded, selection of research participants based on scientific/ethical considerations, the benefits of research should be shared broadly across society
anonymity vs confidentiality
confidentiality: the protection of sensitive information being disclosed to unauthorized individuals or entities
anonymity: concealing the identity of an individual
when do we debrief
when we deceive
questionnaire
a set of questions created to learn about individuals
survey
refers to the set of questions but also the entire sampling and analytic process
pros of mail surveys
can reach a wide variety of people, relatively low cost, helps avoid sample bias, replies are likely to be complete, more likely to provide valid responses
cons of mail surveys
some people don’t have a mailing address, some people can’t read or write, low response rate
pros of internet surveys
very low cost, more complete responses, easier to find hyper specific groups in larger quantities, no down time between posting and gathering information, interviewer bias is reduced
cons of internet surveys
poor response rate, actual response rate is hard to decipher, favors internet savvy people
pros of personal interviews
you can walk up to someone and survey them directly, verify who you’re actually talking to, high response rate, good for long surveys and tedious questions, can clarify responses by asking follow up questions
cons of personal interviews
harder to ensure participant confidentiality, potential for interview bias, shake of the head, may receive socially desirable responses
what are socially desirable responses
responses that are deemed appropriate by society, but might not accurately reflect the respondents beliefs or practices, may also give responses they think the interviewer wants to hear
what is a funnel structure
start: with more general, interesting and easy to answer questions
middle: ask questions that require more thought than the easy questions
end: ask specific questions
double barrel questions
they ask more than one question at a time
leading questions
present information within the questions that leads respondents to answer in a desired manner
loaded questions
include terms that emotionally laden and are not neutral
mutually exclusive
cannot overlap
demographic questions
descriptive questions about the respondents social statistics
reliability
the degree to which a measure provides consistent answers
test-retest reliability
measures the degree to which a test generates the same results upon retesting
alternative form reliability
assess how well different yet equivalent forms of the same test yield comparable results
construst reliability
the degree to which there is consistency among scoring for a particular construct that is tested
validity
the degree to which a measurement tool actually measures what it’s supposed to
face validity
the degree to which a measurement tool appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be
construct validity
the extent to which the concepts supposed to be measured within a tool are actually being measured
criterion validity
measures how well the results of an instrument correlate with a specific outcome of behavior
single study design
include the manipulation of the IV to investigate its impact on the DV
case study
description of an individual and that persons experiences
withdrawal designs
give an intervention and then take it away
reversal designs
instead of withdrawing an intervention it is replaced, a new and opposite intervention is introduced
