Exam 4

Question 1

what is an IRB?

Answer 1

it is an institutional review board that ensures experiments will: comply with applicable regulations, follow institutional regulations, adequately protect research participants. they are often made up of people with diverse backgrounds, academics from different departments, nearby facilities and community members

Question 2

IRB

Answer 2

all research using human participants that is federally funded must have IRB review, they ask for specific things like how you will maintain participant confidentiality

Question 3

unethical studies discussed in class

Answer 3

Tuskegee Syphilis study, stanford prison experiment, facebooks emotional contingency study,

Question 4

history of unethical guideline creation

Answer 4

Nuremberg code, declaration of Helsinki, National research act, 45 CFR part 46

Question 5

respect for persons

Answer 5

protect participants autonomy and dignity, must have informed consent, fully inform participants about the nature purposes risks and benefits of the study, participants voluntarily participate without influence or coercion, special protections are needed for individuals who hay have diminished autonomy like children of those with cognitive impairments, additional safeguards are necessary to ensure their well-being and protection

Question 6

beneficence

Answer 6

moral obligation to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants, careful assessment of potential risks and benefits in research, ensure that the researcher has a favorable risk-benefit ratio, researchers should strive to enhance the well-being of participants and avoid unnecessary harm

Question 7

justice

Answer 7

the benefits and burdens of research should be distributed fairly, selection of research participants is equitable, vulnerable or disadvantaged groups are not unfairly targeted or excluded, selection of research participants based on scientific/ethical considerations, the benefits of research should be shared broadly across society

Question 8

anonymity vs confidentiality

Answer 8

confidentiality: the protection of sensitive information being disclosed to unauthorized individuals or entities
anonymity: concealing the identity of an individual

Question 9

when do we debrief

Answer 9

when we deceive

Question 10

questionnaire

Answer 10

a set of questions created to learn about individuals

Question 11

survey

Answer 11

refers to the set of questions but also the entire sampling and analytic process

Question 12

pros of mail surveys

Answer 12

can reach a wide variety of people, relatively low cost, helps avoid sample bias, replies are likely to be complete, more likely to provide valid responses

Question 13

cons of mail surveys

Answer 13

some people don’t have a mailing address, some people can’t read or write, low response rate

Question 14

pros of internet surveys

Answer 14

very low cost, more complete responses, easier to find hyper specific groups in larger quantities, no down time between posting and gathering information, interviewer bias is reduced

Question 15

cons of internet surveys

Answer 15

poor response rate, actual response rate is hard to decipher, favors internet savvy people

Question 16

pros of personal interviews

Answer 16

you can walk up to someone and survey them directly, verify who you’re actually talking to, high response rate, good for long surveys and tedious questions, can clarify responses by asking follow up questions

Question 17

cons of personal interviews

Answer 17

harder to ensure participant confidentiality, potential for interview bias, shake of the head, may receive socially desirable responses

Question 18

what are socially desirable responses

Answer 18

responses that are deemed appropriate by society, but might not accurately reflect the respondents beliefs or practices, may also give responses they think the interviewer wants to hear

Question 19

what is a funnel structure

Answer 19

start: with more general, interesting and easy to answer questions
middle: ask questions that require more thought than the easy questions
end: ask specific questions

Question 20

double barrel questions

Answer 20

they ask more than one question at a time

Question 21

leading questions

Answer 21

present information within the questions that leads respondents to answer in a desired manner

Question 22

loaded questions

Answer 22

include terms that emotionally laden and are not neutral

Question 23

mutually exclusive

Answer 23

cannot overlap

Question 24

demographic questions

Answer 24

descriptive questions about the respondents social statistics

Question 25

reliability

Answer 25

the degree to which a measure provides consistent answers

Question 26

test-retest reliability

Answer 26

measures the degree to which a test generates the same results upon retesting

Question 27

alternative form reliability

Answer 27

assess how well different yet equivalent forms of the same test yield comparable results

Question 28

construst reliability

Answer 28

the degree to which there is consistency among scoring for a particular construct that is tested

Question 29

validity

Answer 29

the degree to which a measurement tool actually measures what it’s supposed to

Question 30

face validity

Answer 30

the degree to which a measurement tool appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be

Question 31

construct validity

Answer 31

the extent to which the concepts supposed to be measured within a tool are actually being measured

Question 32

criterion validity

Answer 32

measures how well the results of an instrument correlate with a specific outcome of behavior

Question 33

single study design

Answer 33

include the manipulation of the IV to investigate its impact on the DV

Question 35

case study

Answer 35

description of an individual and that persons experiences

Question 36

withdrawal designs

Answer 36

give an intervention and then take it away

Question 37

reversal designs

Answer 37

instead of withdrawing an intervention it is replaced, a new and opposite intervention is introduced