Exam 4 Flashcards
In the transformation from a passionate to a companionate and compassionate bond, what may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives?
Commitment
In interviews with arranged marriage couples from diverse countries who reported that their love gradually grew over time, contributing factor?
Commitment
Adriane developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child, Adriane probably characterizes his most important adult relationships in terms of?
Trust, happiness, and love. (not dependent)
According to Levinson of the many components of the _________________ usually only a few relating to family close friendships and occupation are central.
Life structure
Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people
constructed a dream that guided their decision making.
Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster
social stability
Lane is considering dropping out of high school and finding a job, Lane should know that drop outs ___________ than high school graduates
Remain in menial low paying jobs
Most potential high school dropouts need what
intensive remedial instruction in small classes
The gender gap in ____________ is typically small, varies considerably across nations and has diminished over the past 30 years
Mathematics
Brains, jocks, popular and druggies are typical examples of teenager
Crowds
Since 1972 High school
girls sports participation has increased
American employers regard high school graduates as
unprepared for skilled business, industrial occupations, and manual trades.
Laurant plans to major in engineering in college, when asked if he might change his career path, he responds I might, but I doubt it. I spent a lot of time studying my options and I’m pretty sure that engineering is right for me
Identity achievement
Individuals in identity moratorium
Have not made definite commitments
Identity foreclosed individuals
Display a dogmatic inflexible style
Individuals at Kohlberg post conventional stage
Define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
Although Kohlberg proposes 6 stages of moral development
few people move beyond stage 4
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development does not
adequately represent the morality of girls and women
Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher states the longer a person
remains in school
- What is true about free-radical damage
It increases with age
More than half of births of African-American mothers in their twenties
Women without a partner
Which statement about adolescent mothers is true?
Very few give up their infants for adoption
Early maturing adolescents of both sexes
often seek out older companions
After the birth of a child, gender roles of a husband and wife usually
become more traditional
Which individual probably has the highest number of other-sex friends
Melina an employed female chemist- Highly educated employed women
Which girl is most likely to experience puberty first?
Jaeda who is an overweight middle SES African- American
Sleep-deprived adolescents
are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability
For most young people, identity development
is a process of exploration followed by commitment
The first outward sign of puberty is
height and weight growth spurt
Typically, north American parents
rarely talk about sex in their children’s presence
Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence
Authoritative
True/False In adolescence, inhibition improves
True
_________ contributes to the unusually high US divorce rate
Individualism
Sonia, age 15 is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is
Intimacy
____________ is the most consistent predictor of marriage stability
Age at marriage
Mike and Carol are married, mike is the head of the household he works as an architect, Carols takes care of the home and children. What type of marriage do they have
Traditional
Senescence,
begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency
Telomeres,
Protect the end of chromosomes from destruction
What are the adult overweight and obese percentages in the US
Overweight 34 percent, 38 percent obese = 72%
What happens to obesity rates between the ages of 20 and 60?
the rates rise steadily because young adults who are overweight and obese typically get heavier
What types of women delay parenthood?
Those in high-status, demanding careers
What are the hallmarks of commitment within relativism?
Don’t choosing between 2 opposing views, formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. Willingness to revise their own internal belief system when presented with relevant evidence. actively seek differing perspectives to deepen their knowledge and clarify the basis for their own perspective, information gathering. health identity development.
Compared to students placed in a college preparatory track, students placed in general education and vocational tracks
are three times as likely to drop out of high school
Sexual attitudes in North America are
relatively restrictive
Scientific reasoning
develops gradually out of many specific experiences
High-achieving students typically have parents who .
remain invested in their teenagers’ education and keep tabs on academic progress
Compared to students grouped by ability into higher tracks, those in low tracks .
experience reduced teacher expectations
Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually
feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits
In which of the following countries do high school girls have better math scores than high school boys?
Sweden and Iceland
School and community programs that reduce drug experimentation .
teach skills for resisting peer pressure
Programs that __________________ can make staying in school easier for at-risk adolescents.
offer flexible work‒study arrangements
Which statement about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true?
In general, U.S. boys’ and girls’ rates of sexual intercourse are similar.
Sex education ____________________
must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do
Disturbed eating is highest in
Western Nations
Which parent–child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers?
Overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers.
Male puberty usually begins with
the enlargement of the testes
Ceremonies such as a bar or bat mitzvah in Jewish communities and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities resemble the initiation ceremonies of many tribal and village societies, but they .
do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society
True/False Menarche takes place immediately before the peak of the height spurt
False
True/False In the sequence of pubertal events, the growth spurt occurs at approximately the same age for both boys and girls.
False
True/False Both heredity and physical health contribute to pubertal growth
True
True/False Research indicates that adolescence is a period of storm and stress for most teenagers
False
True/False Both biological and social forces contribute to the adolescent experience.
True
True/False Compared to girls, boys tend to get less social support for the physical changes of puberty.
True
True/False Most researchers agree that high sex hormone levels are primarily responsible for adolescent moodiness.
False
True/False Psychological distancing between parents and children is normal during adolescence, and most parent-child conflict is mild.
True
Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.
False
Jacob’s father, grandfather, and two of his uncles are all accountants. From the time he was in junior high, Jacob has indicated that he plans to be an accountant just like the rest of his family. During his first semester of college, Jacob declares a major in accounting.
Identity Foreclosure
Janeesa spent her junior and senior year of high school exploring career options within the field of education. She attended career fairs and shadowed a social worker, a school principal, a special education teacher, and a speech and language pathologist. After her first semester of college, Janeesa declared her major in special education.
Identity Achievement
Yuri is about to finish high school. Although she plans to attend college, Yuri has not decided what she wants to do with her life. She has considered medicine, law, and business. Yuri has volunteered at a nursing home and currently works part-time as a secretary for a small law firm. Yuri plans to spend her first year or two of college exploring her options before settling on a major.
Identity moratorium
Ashton is a junior in high school and seems uninterested in college or trade school. He has worked several part-time jobs but usually quits within a few weeks. When asked what he wants to do with his life, Ashton usually says, “It really doesn’t matter to me what I do. I’m not in any hurry to go to college or start a career. There’s plenty of time for that later.”
Identity diffusion
Landon’s parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood?
Close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
Although the morality of males and females draws on both care and justice, some evidence indicates that
males tend to focus equally on justice and care more than females
What level of Kohlberg’s morality accepts the rules of authority figures and judges actions by their consequences
the preconventional level
What is the single most consistent predictor of mental health throughout adolescence?
the quality of the parent-child relationship
Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the “Heinz dilemma.” He tends to overlook people’s intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
True/False Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers
true
What are the results of poor academic self-esteem?
the adolescent is anxious and unfocused
In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families were asked to describe their friendships, boys were more likely than others to resist conforming to gender stereotypes.
Hispanic
What factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
Civic Engagement
Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably .
Identity foreclosed
In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over increase during the teenage years.
personal affairs
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” Dolph states, “Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz’s duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there’d be no civilization, just crime and violence.” Dolph is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
(Depression) Adolescents are likely than younger children to
far more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages
Postformal thought
Cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operations
Epistemic cognition
Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas
Dualistic thinking
In Perry’s theory, the cognitive approach typical of younger college students, who divide information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad.
Relativistic thinking
viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. As a result, their thinking became more flexible and tolerant.
Commitment within relativistic thinking
viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. As a result, their thinking became more flexible and tolerant.
Pragmatic thought
In Labouvie-Vief ‘s theory, a structural advance in thinking in adulthood, in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems and contradictions are accepted as part of existence.
Cognitive-affective complexity
awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences
Expertise
Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor
Who will have a smaller thymus- Regena (50) or Owen (25)
Regena
True/False Nearly 20 percent of U.S. recent high school graduates who do not continue their education are unemployed.
True
Alcohol and drug use peaks among U.S. and then declines steadily with age.
19- to 25-year-olds
Which adult is more likely to be obese? Jenn a European American, Jasmine, a Hispanic American, Victoria, a Native American, or Verónica, an African American
Verónica
One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the .
release of free radicals
Young people’s vocational aspirations correlate strongly with their
parents’ jobs
adults are better than adults at coping with stress
Middle-aged; young
About 60 percent of youths participate in successful work‒study apprenticeships instead of attending college-preparatory high schools
German
When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Solange says, “I’m good at math and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or working as an engineer would be good.” Solange is in the period of vocational development.
Tentative
As the lens of the eye stiffens and thickens with age, .
ability to focus on close objects declines
is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
Cigarette smoking
True/False Of young people who smoke cigarettes, the overwhelming majority started before age 21
True
Family and friends can help a dieter by
offering encouragement, which helps foster the dieter’s self-esteem and self-efficacy
According to the “random events” view, as spontaneous or externally caused mutations accumulate, .
abnormal cancerous cells are often produced
True/False According to Erikson, the early adulthood stage brings far more risks than opportunities
False
True/False Research confirms that a secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy
True
True/False People with a sense of isolation tend to compete rather than cooperate, are not accepting of differences, and are easily threatened when others get too close.
True
True/False In Levinson’s theory, the life structure has little to do with one’s happiness and psychological well-being.
False
True/False Most career-oriented women display “split dreams” in which both marriage and career are prominent.
True
True/False “Settling down” accurately describes women’s experiences during their thirties.
False
True/False Both Vaillant and Levinson agree that quality of relationships with important people shape the life course.
True
True/False According to Vaillant, during their forties, men focus on career consolidation and individual achievement.
False
True/False Few societies have time tables for accomplishing major developmental tasks
False
True/False Young adults may feel distressed because their own timing of major milestones is not widely shared by their contemporaries.
True
When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. According to research by Bernice Neugarten, Yolanda has a well-defined _ _________________.
Social Clock
Raymond is a single, African-American, 30-year-old man. Statistically, what is the most likely reason for his singlehood?
Unemployment
Among economically better-off young people, _ _________________ occurs much _ _________________ in the lifespan than it did a generation or two ago.
marrying; later
About half of U.S. emerging adults _ _________________.
remain stable in their religious commitment, or lack thereof
Gloria’s marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) _ _________________ attachment history.
resistant
According to Levinson, a second transition occurs around age _ _________________.
30
Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on _ _________________.
Generativity
Which individual is the most likely to establish positive bonds quickly with stepchildren?
Wade, a step father with children of his own
In the United States today, the average age of leaving home _ _________________.
resembles the departure age at the beginning of the twentieth century
Isaac is the child of gay fathers. Isaac will probably have __________________ children of heterosexual parents.
similar gender-role behavior as
Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, Emma’s parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the _ _________________.
Family life cycle
Which statement is true about the gender differences in career development?
Many women enter and exit the labor market several times, unlike the continuous career lives of most men.
Among U.S. adults age 40 and older, 85 percent of women and 76 percent of men _ _________________.
are parents
Are the majority of women, with children, stay-at-home moms?
The majority of women with children are in the work force, most in dual-earner marriages or cohabiting relationships
What relationship can aid in career progress?
Access to an effective mentor—a person with greater experience and knowledge who is invested in the junior person’s career success and who fosters a bond of trust
The majority of U.S. married couples who cohabitated first will divorce. Which population is an exception?
Lesbian and gay cohabiters are exceptions to the high risk for breakup just described.
What does research say about factors relating to divorce?
the strongest predictors of divorce were infidelity, spending money foolishly, drinking or using drugs, expressing jealousy, engaging in irritating habits, and moodiness. marriage at a younger age, previous divorce, divorced parents, economically independent women whose income exceeds their husband, economically disadvantaged couples, individualism.
What are characteristics of those who are voluntarily childless?
highly educated, have prestigious occupations, are very committed to their work, and are less traditional in gender-role attitudes
How do couples juggle home responsibilities
men in dual-earner marriages participate much more in childcare than in the past, although on average they put in just 60 percent of weekly hours that mothers do.
Recent surveys indicate women in the United States and European nations spend, on average, nearly twice as much time as men on housework
Marriage involving a clear division of roles—husband as head of household responsible for family economic well-being, wife as caregiver and homemaker.
Traditional
Marriage involving partners relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship. Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect this form of marriage.
Egalitarian
What is the most consistent predictor of marital stability
Age of marriage is the most consistent predictor of marital stability
Characterize the typical U.S. adult living at home with their parents today
Usually, role transitions, such as the end of college or military service, bring young people back. But tight job markets, high housing costs, mental health problems, failures in work or love, or desire by young people launching their work lives to conserve economic resources can also prompt a temporary return home.
How does parent-child attachment style impact future love relationships
recollections of childhood attachment patterns predict romantic relationships in adulthood
What are the primary relationship patterns of a parent-child avoidant attachment style?
Jealousy, emotional distance, lack of support in response to their partner’s distress, and little enjoyment of physical contact pervaded their most important love relationship. Avoidant adults often deny attachment needs through casual sexual encounters.
What are the primary relationship patterns of a parent-child resistant attachment style?
Their most important love relationship was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether the partner would return their affection. Resistant adults, though offering support, do so in ways that fit poorly with their partner’s needs. They are also quick to express fear and anger, and they disclose information about themselves at inappropriate times.
Define Transitions
the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another
Define life structure
the underlying design of a person’s life, consisting of relationships with individuals, groups, and institutions.
Define dream
an image of themselves in the adult world that guides their decision making
Define split-dreams
women dream of both marriage and a career
Define mentor
a person who facilitates realization of their dream—often a senior colleague at work but occasionally a more experienced friend, neighbor, or relative
What is Erikson’s conflict for early adulthood?
is intimacy versus isolation
What contributes to emerging adults’ psychological well-being?
U.S. emerging adults who are religious or spiritual tend to be better adjusted. They are higher in self-esteem and psychological well-being; less often engage in substance use, antisocial acts, or hookup and friends-with-benefits relationships; and are more often involved in community service.
What are the 6 Holland personality types
investigative, (scientific) social, (counseling or teaching) realistic, (mechanical- construction, plumbing) artistic, (writing or music) conventional, (structure, material possessions, accounting) and enterprising (adventurous, strong leader, sales and supervision, politics.)
What are the 3 period of vocational development?
FANTASY ( early and middle childhood), TENTITIVE (11-16, realistic careers considered, educational requirements considered), REALISTIC (late teens and early twenties) practical realities, narrow down options, gather information)
How many sexual partners have most adults been with in the past year?
When adults of any age are asked how many partners they have had in the past year, the usual reply—including from 18- to 25-year-olds—is one.
Stats about sexual coercion
- 19 percent of U.S. women, sometime in their lives, have endured rape.
- 45 percent of women have experienced other forms of sexual coercion.
- The majority of victims (nearly 8 out of 10) were first victimized before age 25.
- The incidence is especially high on college campuses.
- Women are vulnerable to acquaintances and strangers, although in most instances their abusers are men they know well.
- Sexual coercion crosses SES and ethnic lines; people of all walks of life are offenders and victims.
- Men who commit these acts tend to be manipulative of others, lack empathy and remorse, pursue casual sexual relationships rather than emotional intimacy, approve of violence against women, and accept rape myths.
- 2 percent of U.S. men have been victims of rape, and 23 percent victims of other forms of sexual coercion.
The best treatment for a victim of rape
- therapy is vital—both individual treatment to reduce anxiety and depression and group sessions where contact with other survivors helps counter isolation and self-blame.
- Routine screening for victimization during health-care visits
- Validation of the experience
- Safety planning
When do a substantial number of people in the US gain weight?
obesity climbs in early and middle adulthood
How is weight loss maintained?
- A lifestyle change to a nutritious diet lower in calories, plus regular exercise.
- Training participants to keep an accurate record of food intake and body weight
- Social support.
- Teaching problem-solving skills.
- Extended intervention. Longer treatments (from 25 to 40 weeks)
What is atherosclerosis
heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.
Define vital capacity
the amount of air that can be forced in and out of the lungs- it declines by 10 percent per decade after age 25.
Define t-cells
originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus (a small gland located in the upper part of the chest), attack antigens directly
What do we know about teen delinquency and life patterns of criminality?
Persistent adolescent delinquency follows two paths of development:
* one involving a small number of youths with an onset of conduct problems in childhood- far more likely to lead to a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality
* the second a larger number with an onset in adolescence- usually does not persist beyond the transition to early adulthood.
What do we know about gender and depression?
the onset of depression in girls is more closely associated with the hormonal changes of puberty than with age.
Adolescents who identify strongly with ”feminine” traits ruminate more and tend to be more depressed, regardless of their - girls with either an androgynous or a “masculine” gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms.
Having friends with depressive symptoms is linked to a rise in teenagers’ own depressive symptoms.
What do we know about gender and suicide?
the number of boys who kill themselves exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1- less tolerance exists for feelings of helplessness and failed efforts in males than in females.
girls make more unsuccessful suicide attempts and use methods from which they are more likely to be revived, such as a sleeping pill overdose.
What helps individuals to reach higher levels of moral reasoning?
- Parents who engage in moral discussions, model and encourage prosocial behavior and insist that others are treated fairly.
- Close friendships.
- Schools with nondiscrimination and antibullying policies- that also support the rights of minorities
- Living in an industrialized nation.
- An culture that fosters interdependence
- Engagement in a religious community
What are the sub-levels of Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level
- Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation
a. The goal is to avoid punishment - Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation
a. I do this for you and you do that for me mentality
What are the sub-levels of Kohlberg’s Conventional Level
- Stage 3: The good boy, good girl orientation
a. The goal is to maintain approval and connection of family and friends. Includes concern for the welfare of others. - Stage 4: The social-order maintaining orientation
a. Consideration of society and laws, strict adherence to laws is prioritized.
What are the sub-levels for Kohlberg’s Post Conventional Level
- Stage 5: The social contract orientation
a. Exercising free agency and still engaging in moral behavior. More flexible perspective of laws. - Stage 6: The universal ethical principal orientation
a. Prioritizing the worth and dignity of each person
What contributes to high self-esteem?
a. Being male.
b. Peer acceptance can be a protective factor.
c. Authoritative parenting predicts favorable self-esteem.
d. African-American teenagers have higher self-esteem.
e. Teenagers from neighborhoods where their ethnic group is well represented have fewer self-esteem problems.
How does self-esteem change in adolescence?
Though some adolescents experience temporary or persisting declines after school, self-esteem rises from mid- to late adolescence for most young people, who report feeling especially good about their peer relationships, physical appearance, and athletic capabilities. Teenagers often assert that they have become more mature, capable, personable, and attractive—feeling competent and in control of one’s life—strongly predicted this rise in self-esteem.
How does self-concept change in adolescence?
- As adolescents’ awareness of these inconsistencies grows, they frequently agonize over “which is the real me.”
- Their use of qualifiers (“I have a fairly quick temper,” “I’m not thoroughly honest”) reveals an increasing awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next.
- Compared with school-age children, teenagers place more emphasis on social virtues, such as being friendly, considerate, kind, and cooperative.
What is Erikson’s crisis for adolescence?
identity versus role confusion.
Comment on the gender gap in verbal abilities, writing mathematics and spatial abilities.
- Girls attain higher scores in reading and writing achievement.
- Boys generally do poorly in reading and writing, could be the reason for fewer men going to college.
- Girls tend to be advantaged in counting, arithmetic computation, and mastery of basic concepts, perhaps because of their better verbal skills and more methodical approach to problem solving.
- By late childhood to early adolescence, when math concepts become more abstract and spatial, boys outperform girls. The difference is especially evident on tests requiring complex reasoning.
- Twice as many twelfth-grade boys as girls attain very high math achievement scores—a difference that extends to science achievement as well.
- Males also do considerably better on spatial perception tasks, in which people must determine spatial relationships by considering the orientation of the surrounding environment
What techniques may be helpful in minimizing high school dropout?
- Supplementary academic instruction and counseling that offer personalized attention.
- High-quality vocational education.
- Efforts to address the many factors in students’ lives related to leaving school early.
- Participation in extracurricular activities.
Define personal fable
Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance—a feeling that they are special and unique.
Define working memory capacity
permitting a theory and the effects of several variables to be compared at once.
Define imaginary audience
adolescents’ belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern.
Define metacognition
(awareness of thought) expands, leading to new insights into effective strategies for acquiring information and solving problems- central to adolescent cognitive development.
Define inhibition
both of irrelevant stimuli and of well-learned responses in situations where they are inappropriate—improves, supporting gains in attention and reasoning.
Why don’t teens use contraception?
- I was waiting until I had a steady boyfriend
- I wasn’t planning to have sex.
- Peer pressure
- Inability to recognize the potential consequences of risky behavior.
- Having sex often
- Incomplete or incorrect knowledge from sex education classes
- Access to birth control
- Discomfort about discussion birth control with their partner
- Concerns about confidentiality of visits to the doctor.
What should school and community programs include to reduce drug experimentation?
- Promote effective parenting, including monitoring of teenagers’ activities.
- Teach skills for resisting peer pressure.
- Reduce the social acceptability of drug taking by emphasizing health and safety risks.
Who is more likely to engage in early sexual activity?
Boys, those with childhood impulsivity, weak sense of personal control over life events, early pubertal timing, parental divorce, single-parent and stepfamily homes, large family size, little or no religious involvement, weak parental monitoring, disrupted parent–child communication, sexually active friends and older siblings, poor school performance, lower educational aspirations, and tendency to engage in norm-violating acts, including alcohol and drug use and delinquency. low SES, African-American teenagers.
- What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?
Sleep deprivation contributes to poorer achievement, anxiety, irritability, depressed mood, and high-risk behaviors.
Similarities between Anorexia and Bulimia
Mostly girls, both can involve excessive exercise and or fasting, more likely for boys who are gay or bisexual, influenced by heredity, early maturing increases risk, medication for anxiety helps, some have both, suicide is a risk.
Difference between anorexia and bulimia
Anorexia 1% of teenage girls Bulimia 2-4%
Anorexia is fatal in 5% of cases
Anorexia is harder to treat
Anorexia is more common for perfectionists, well behaved
Bulimia is more common for rebels, impulsive, delinquency, irrational
Less than 50% of anorexia ever recover completely.
How does weight, SES and gender affect puberty?
- Females excess bodyweight and fat may hasten sexual maturation- leptin (not the case for boys)
- Black girls reach menarche before white girls regardless of weight
- Extreme low SES- malnutrition and disease- menarche is delayed – Higher SES 6-18 mths earlier
- Family history of conflict, harsh parenting, single parents girls reach puberty early (less consistent with boys)
What is the order of pubertal changes in girls?
Breasts begin to bud 8-13
Height spurt begins
Public hair appears
Peak strength spurt
Peak height spurt
Menarche
Peak weight spurt
Adult stature reached
Public hair growth completed
Breast growth completed 10-17
What is the order of pubertal changes in boys?
Testes begin to enlarge 9.5-13.5
Public hair appears
Penis begins to enlarge
Height spurt begins
Spermarche- ejaculation occurs
Peak height spurt
Peak weight spurt
Facil hair begins to grow
Voice begins to deepen
Penis & testes growth complete
Peak strength spurt
Adult stature reached
Public hair growth completed 14-17
How does the biological perspective view adolescence?
Many adults and professions view adolescents as impulsive, ill-behaved, and emotionally charged. Freud posited that the turbulence of adolescence was fueled by sexual triggering
How does the social perspective view adolescence?
The prevailing notion that adolescence is a storm of emotional, physical, and social issues is greatly exaggerated. Problem behaviors and attitudes among teenagers are not as bad as supposed. They posit that our culture and environment are largely responsible for many of the issues
How do researchers and theorist view adolescence?
Adolescent issues are largely the result of biology (puberty), psychology, and social reinforcement. Emotional and social stress is higher among teenagers, and they react accordingly.
Describe the major hormonal changes that occur during adolescence
● Increased secretion of human growth hormone and thyroxine results in increased body size.
● Sexual maturation is due to the release of both estrogens and androgens in both genders.
● Estrogen is more prevalent in females and the result is the physical and emotional manifestations of puberty.
● Testosterone is more prevalent in males and the result is muscle growth, more hairiness and the physical manifestation of puberty in males.
Describe the impact of puberty on parent–child interaction and the adaptive value of this change in adolescents’ relationships with their parents.
- The increase in conflict between parents and adolescents- facilitating psychological distancing.
- A teenager generally spends more time alone or with peer and often less time with parents and family.
Why aren’t teens better about using contraceptives? Why is teenage pregnancy a greater problem today?
- Teenagers often don’t plan to have sex.
- Peer pressure
- Don’t want to mess up a new relationship.
- Frequency of sex
- Concerns that medical professionals will tell their parents.
89% of pregnant teenagers today are not married and lack the support that was available in the past when pregnancies usually resulted in married.
Describe an effective sex education program.
- Discussing and modeling techniques for handing pressure to engage in sex.
- Provide clear accurate information about sex.
- Provide specific accurate information about birth control and how to get some.
- Long enough in duration to have an impact on the teenager.
According to Piaget, what is the formal operational stage characterized by?
The ability to process abstract scientific ideas
Describe and give an example of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
The ability to come up with and think through, a cause-and-effect hypothesis.
Describe the consequences of a teenager’s new cognitive capacities
- A self-serving bias becomes evident as teenagers tend to favor ideas that serve them best.
- They become more concerned about social criticism.
- They have an unrealistic sense of self-importance.
- They become idealistic and critical of others who they perceive as not meeting their standard.
- They often struggle to make decisions.
How can adults handle the consequences of distorted thinking?
Listen to and be respectful of teenager, take the opportunity to share a similar experience that you had as a teenager.
List some prevention strategies for helping teenagers at risk of dropping out of high school.
- Mentorship and personalized individual attention is often helpful
- Emphasis on a quality vocational program
- Help with the unfortunate family factors that make attending school difficult.
- Provide a moderate number of extracurricular activities and encourage students to be involved.
List three strategies for helping minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively.
- Encourage quality parenting and respect for ethnic pride
- Provide quality education that respects ethnic language and tradition.
- Ensure connection with same race peers
describe the functions that cliques serve
a. A peer “family”
b. Fostering male/female relationships in early adolescence
c. Emotional intimacy, especially for girls.
describe the functions that a crowd serves
a. Self-concept is actualized.
b. Ethnic connection
c. Can encourage positive behavior in positive trait-based crowds.
Why do crowds and cliques decline in importance
a. Older adolescents become more focused on their future and sure of their individual values and goals
Options for the prevention of suicide?
a. Awareness of suicidal tendencies is important
b. Antidepressant medication
c. Individual and family therapy can help
d. Staying with the person, listening, caring, and concern offered while professional help is located.
Do humans inherit longevity? Why or why not?
The correlation between a long life and heredity is low to moderate.
Those whose parents live longer tend to also have longer lives but it is most likely a result of inheritance being more related to risk and protective factors rather than directly to genetic long life.
Explain why cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
● Smoking causes damage to eyes, blood vessels, skin, hair, bones, reproductive organs, and sexual function.
● Higher risk of heart attack, stroke, and many types of cancer.
● 1/3 smokers will die as a result of smoking.
● Almost every smoker will suffer from disease as a result of smoking.
Define emerging adulthood
a. The time period between adolescence and “real” adulthood which often includes marriage and a “real” job. Familial support makes it possible.
What cultural changes have led to the period of emerging adulthood?
a. Prioritization of self-interest and materialism.
b. A high (33%) rate of graduate school attendance prolongs the transition between youth and adulthood.
c. Cultural approval of young adults using time and family economic resources to find themselves, enjoy their freedom, and explore their options.
d. A dual-cycle model finds many young adults changing their majors as they cycle through and explore their options in depth.
Define social clock and how does it foster confidence?
a. Culturally expected age expectations for when a young adult will accomplish major life events including marriage, a real job, children, and retirement.
a. The ability to develop life and job skills
What traits do men look for in a long term partner?
a. Men generally put high priority on attractiveness and domestic skills, and they prefer a younger woman.
What traits do women look for in a long term partner?
a. More women are looking for an older established man who is financially secure, smart, ambitious, and has good character.
List and describe the three components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love.
a. Passion- sexual attraction
b. Intimacy- emotional warm connection that includes self-disclosure.
c. Commitment- the decision to remain loyal and stay in a marriage, work things out.
Why romances break up:
a. They start to feel less love and attraction for each other.
b. They no longer spend as much time communicating and expressing affection.
c. They don’t make time for having fun and pursuing interests together.
d. They focus solely on the responsibilities of adulthood.
e. The use of criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.
f. They show a lack of interest in and concern for their partner.
What are the highly rated reasons for having children?
- Having a warm connected relationship with one’s progeny.
- Children to care for parents when they are old
- Meeting a socially important adult expectation
- The opportunity to care for, teach, and raise a child.
- The possibility of strengthening and deepening the marriage relationship in caring for children together.
- Carrying on ones heritage/name.
Discuss challenges men and women face regarding rearing their young children?
- The physical and emotional exhaustion of full-time caregiving
- The additional cost of adding another human to your family economy.
- Less time and energy to focus on the marriage relationship.
- Finding and maintaining childcare if both parents work.
Describe the long term adjustment of individuals who are voluntarily childless?
They are generally happy and content with their choice and the resultant lifestyle that childlessness affords them.
Academically, boys start to outperform girls, with the difference especially evident on tests of ___________.
Complex reasoning and geometry
The type of thinking that begins with a prediction, from which a deduction of logical, testable inferences is made is referred to as?
Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
Define Gender intensification
The concept of females becoming more feminine, and males becoming more masculine
Which hormone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and causes fat to accumulate?
Estrogen
Which hormone contributes to gains in body size, muscle growth, and facial/body hair in males?
Testosterone
Boys’ gains in strength, speed, and endurance happen ______.
In short dramatic spurts
Girls’ gains happen _________.
Slowly and gradually
Secretions of ___________ and thyroxine increase, leading to tremendous gains in body size and attainment of skeletal maturity.
Growth Hormone
Which of the following is NOT one of the conceptions of adolescence? Biological destiny
Storm and stress
Biopsychosocial forces
Sensorimotor perspective
Sensorimotor perspective
Suicide is the ______ leading cause of death among American youth.
Third
The most common psychological problem of adolescence is ______________.
Depression
Relationships with siblings for adolescents tend to________________?
Becomes less intense but remain strong
A sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual which has two vital aspects; an emotional component and a behavioral component is called?
Autonomy
Considering sex difference in moral reasoning, males tend to favor ____________.
Both justice and care equally
Which path of identity involves an apathetic state characterized by lack of exploration and commitment?
Identity diffusion
Which path of identity involves exploration without having reached commitment?
Identity moratorium
Which path of identity involves commitment in the absence of exploration?
Identity foreclosure
Which path to identity involves commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration?
Identity achievement
What is the major personality achievement of adolescence and is a crucial step involving defining who you are, what you value and the directions you choose to pursue in life?
Identity
Authoritative parenting and encouragement from teachers support positive ______________.
Self-esteem
Couples in dual-earner marriages often experience ___________. They must learn to effectively balance work and family.
Role overload
Almost _______ of U.S. marriages end. Although nearly _______ of divorced people remarry, many divorce again.
Half, two-thirds
The series of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world is described as?
The Family Life Cycle
The unhappiness resulting from a gap between the social relationships we currently have and those we desire is called?
Loneliness
Companionate love is best defined as?
The trusting affection and caregiving.
The cognitive component of the Triangular Theory of Love is described as leading partners to decide that they are in love and to maintain that love.
Commitment
The emotional component of the Triangular Theory of Love that involves warm, tender communication, expressions of concern about the other’s well-being, and a desire for the partner to reciprocate.
Intimacy
Levinson’s Seasons of Life describes that __________________.
Young people construct a dream, or an image of themselves in the adult world that guides their decision making throughout life.
Matt is considered a(n) __________________ person since he enjoys working with ideas while, Katelyn is a(n) ________________ person since she has a high need for individual emotional expression.
Investigative, artistic
When selecting a vocation, in early adulthood, individuals begin to narrow their options, gathering more information about possibilities. This is referred to as?
The Realistic period
When selecting a vocation, adolescents begin to think about careers in more complex ways, becoming more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations
The Tentative period
Concerning the college experience, most dropouts occur in the _____________.
First year
Those who get an early start in creativity tend to ______________.
Peak and drop off sooner
Cognitive-affective complexity is best defined as?
Awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure.
A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems is referred to as?
Pragmatic thought
A commitment within relativistic thinking is explained as?
Formulating a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.
Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought, awareness of a diversity of opinions on many topics, giving up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context, is referred to as what style of thinking?
Relativistic thinking
Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they, is referred to as?
Dualistic thinking
What is BMR?
The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest.
The capacity of the _____________ to offer protection against disease increases through adolescence and declines after age ____________.
Immune system, 20
What is the cross-linkage theory of aging?
When normally separate fibers cross-link, tissue becomes less elastic.
