Exam 4 Flashcards
In the transformation from a passionate to a companionate and compassionate bond, what may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives?
Commitment
In interviews with arranged marriage couples from diverse countries who reported that their love gradually grew over time, contributing factor?
Commitment
Adriane developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child, Adriane probably characterizes his most important adult relationships in terms of?
Trust, happiness, and love. (not dependent)
According to Levinson of the many components of the _________________ usually only a few relating to family close friendships and occupation are central.
Life structure
Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people
constructed a dream that guided their decision making.
Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster
social stability
Lane is considering dropping out of high school and finding a job, Lane should know that drop outs ___________ than high school graduates
Remain in menial low paying jobs
Most potential high school dropouts need what
intensive remedial instruction in small classes
The gender gap in ____________ is typically small, varies considerably across nations and has diminished over the past 30 years
Mathematics
Brains, jocks, popular and druggies are typical examples of teenager
Crowds
Since 1972 High school
girls sports participation has increased
American employers regard high school graduates as
unprepared for skilled business, industrial occupations, and manual trades.
Laurant plans to major in engineering in college, when asked if he might change his career path, he responds I might, but I doubt it. I spent a lot of time studying my options and I’m pretty sure that engineering is right for me
Identity achievement
Individuals in identity moratorium
Have not made definite commitments
Identity foreclosed individuals
Display a dogmatic inflexible style
Individuals at Kohlberg post conventional stage
Define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
Although Kohlberg proposes 6 stages of moral development
few people move beyond stage 4
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development does not
adequately represent the morality of girls and women
Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher states the longer a person
remains in school
- What is true about free-radical damage
It increases with age
More than half of births of African-American mothers in their twenties
Women without a partner
Which statement about adolescent mothers is true?
Very few give up their infants for adoption
Early maturing adolescents of both sexes
often seek out older companions
After the birth of a child, gender roles of a husband and wife usually
become more traditional
Which individual probably has the highest number of other-sex friends
Melina an employed female chemist- Highly educated employed women
Which girl is most likely to experience puberty first?
Jaeda who is an overweight middle SES African- American
Sleep-deprived adolescents
are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability
For most young people, identity development
is a process of exploration followed by commitment
The first outward sign of puberty is
height and weight growth spurt
Typically, north American parents
rarely talk about sex in their children’s presence
Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence
Authoritative
True/False In adolescence, inhibition improves
True
_________ contributes to the unusually high US divorce rate
Individualism
Sonia, age 15 is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is
Intimacy
____________ is the most consistent predictor of marriage stability
Age at marriage
Mike and Carol are married, mike is the head of the household he works as an architect, Carols takes care of the home and children. What type of marriage do they have
Traditional
Senescence,
begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency
Telomeres,
Protect the end of chromosomes from destruction
What are the adult overweight and obese percentages in the US
Overweight 34 percent, 38 percent obese = 72%
What happens to obesity rates between the ages of 20 and 60?
the rates rise steadily because young adults who are overweight and obese typically get heavier
What types of women delay parenthood?
Those in high-status, demanding careers
What are the hallmarks of commitment within relativism?
Don’t choosing between 2 opposing views, formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. Willingness to revise their own internal belief system when presented with relevant evidence. actively seek differing perspectives to deepen their knowledge and clarify the basis for their own perspective, information gathering. health identity development.
Compared to students placed in a college preparatory track, students placed in general education and vocational tracks
are three times as likely to drop out of high school
Sexual attitudes in North America are
relatively restrictive
Scientific reasoning
develops gradually out of many specific experiences
High-achieving students typically have parents who .
remain invested in their teenagers’ education and keep tabs on academic progress
Compared to students grouped by ability into higher tracks, those in low tracks .
experience reduced teacher expectations
Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually
feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits
In which of the following countries do high school girls have better math scores than high school boys?
Sweden and Iceland
School and community programs that reduce drug experimentation .
teach skills for resisting peer pressure
Programs that __________________ can make staying in school easier for at-risk adolescents.
offer flexible work‒study arrangements
Which statement about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true?
In general, U.S. boys’ and girls’ rates of sexual intercourse are similar.
Sex education ____________________
must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do
Disturbed eating is highest in
Western Nations
Which parent–child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers?
Overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers.
Male puberty usually begins with
the enlargement of the testes
Ceremonies such as a bar or bat mitzvah in Jewish communities and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities resemble the initiation ceremonies of many tribal and village societies, but they .
do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society
True/False Menarche takes place immediately before the peak of the height spurt
False
True/False In the sequence of pubertal events, the growth spurt occurs at approximately the same age for both boys and girls.
False
True/False Both heredity and physical health contribute to pubertal growth
True
True/False Research indicates that adolescence is a period of storm and stress for most teenagers
False
True/False Both biological and social forces contribute to the adolescent experience.
True
True/False Compared to girls, boys tend to get less social support for the physical changes of puberty.
True
True/False Most researchers agree that high sex hormone levels are primarily responsible for adolescent moodiness.
False
True/False Psychological distancing between parents and children is normal during adolescence, and most parent-child conflict is mild.
True
Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.
False
Jacob’s father, grandfather, and two of his uncles are all accountants. From the time he was in junior high, Jacob has indicated that he plans to be an accountant just like the rest of his family. During his first semester of college, Jacob declares a major in accounting.
Identity Foreclosure
Janeesa spent her junior and senior year of high school exploring career options within the field of education. She attended career fairs and shadowed a social worker, a school principal, a special education teacher, and a speech and language pathologist. After her first semester of college, Janeesa declared her major in special education.
Identity Achievement
Yuri is about to finish high school. Although she plans to attend college, Yuri has not decided what she wants to do with her life. She has considered medicine, law, and business. Yuri has volunteered at a nursing home and currently works part-time as a secretary for a small law firm. Yuri plans to spend her first year or two of college exploring her options before settling on a major.
Identity moratorium
Ashton is a junior in high school and seems uninterested in college or trade school. He has worked several part-time jobs but usually quits within a few weeks. When asked what he wants to do with his life, Ashton usually says, “It really doesn’t matter to me what I do. I’m not in any hurry to go to college or start a career. There’s plenty of time for that later.”
Identity diffusion
Landon’s parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood?
Close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
Although the morality of males and females draws on both care and justice, some evidence indicates that
males tend to focus equally on justice and care more than females
What level of Kohlberg’s morality accepts the rules of authority figures and judges actions by their consequences
the preconventional level
What is the single most consistent predictor of mental health throughout adolescence?
the quality of the parent-child relationship
Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the “Heinz dilemma.” He tends to overlook people’s intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
True/False Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers
true
What are the results of poor academic self-esteem?
the adolescent is anxious and unfocused
In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families were asked to describe their friendships, boys were more likely than others to resist conforming to gender stereotypes.
Hispanic
What factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
Civic Engagement
Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably .
Identity foreclosed
In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over increase during the teenage years.
personal affairs
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” Dolph states, “Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz’s duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there’d be no civilization, just crime and violence.” Dolph is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
(Depression) Adolescents are likely than younger children to
far more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages
Postformal thought
Cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operations
Epistemic cognition
Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas
Dualistic thinking
In Perry’s theory, the cognitive approach typical of younger college students, who divide information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad.
Relativistic thinking
viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. As a result, their thinking became more flexible and tolerant.
Commitment within relativistic thinking
viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. As a result, their thinking became more flexible and tolerant.
Pragmatic thought
In Labouvie-Vief ‘s theory, a structural advance in thinking in adulthood, in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems and contradictions are accepted as part of existence.
Cognitive-affective complexity
awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences
Expertise
Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor
Who will have a smaller thymus- Regena (50) or Owen (25)
Regena
True/False Nearly 20 percent of U.S. recent high school graduates who do not continue their education are unemployed.
True
Alcohol and drug use peaks among U.S. and then declines steadily with age.
19- to 25-year-olds
Which adult is more likely to be obese? Jenn a European American, Jasmine, a Hispanic American, Victoria, a Native American, or Verónica, an African American
Verónica
One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the .
release of free radicals
Young people’s vocational aspirations correlate strongly with their
parents’ jobs
adults are better than adults at coping with stress
Middle-aged; young
About 60 percent of youths participate in successful work‒study apprenticeships instead of attending college-preparatory high schools
German
When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Solange says, “I’m good at math and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or working as an engineer would be good.” Solange is in the period of vocational development.
Tentative
As the lens of the eye stiffens and thickens with age, .
ability to focus on close objects declines
is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
Cigarette smoking
