exam 4

Question 1

digestion

Answer 1

means by which food molecules are broken down by enzymes into smaller components capable of distribution throughout the body

Question 2

absorption (assimilation)

Answer 2

entry of products into the digestive cavity (outside the body) into living tissues

Question 3

optimal foraging

Answer 3

explaining complex behaviors in terms of cost and benefit

Question 4

marginal value theorem

Answer 4

resources occur in patches of varying quality, energy extraction rates decrease as duration of patch occupancy increases, as a consequence, deciding which patches to visit and for how long become important

Question 5

bulk feeders

Answer 5

bite off pieces, specialized dentition patterns, omnivores/herbivores/carnivores

Question 6

fluid feeding

Answer 6

notable adaptations - beaks, tongues, lips, anesthetic, anticoagulant, fluid regulation

Question 7

one way tube benefits

Answer 7

avoid food-waste interaction, consumption & digestion & absorption can be separated in time, chemical processes separated in space, individual host cells not exposed to all stages of digestion

Question 8

pharynx

Answer 8

throat region that opens to two passageways: esophagus and trachea

Question 9

epiglottis

Answer 9

flap of cartilage covering the vocal cords (glottis) during swallowing

Question 10

larynx

Answer 10

upper respiratory tract

Question 11

peristalsis

Answer 11

wave-like contraction of smooth muscle

Question 12

regurgitation

Answer 12

reverse peristalsis; food transmitted from stomach up to mouth

Question 13

cardiac sphincter

Answer 13

connects esophagus to stomach; the Pyloric sphincter connects stomach to small intestine

Question 14

bird crop

Answer 14

dilation of the esophagus that stores and softens food

Question 15

ruminants

Answer 15

4 chambered “stomach” that works as a symbiont-inhabited fermentation vat

Question 16

stomach epithelial tissue

Answer 16

secreting enzyme, absorbing molecules, tolerating acidic conditions

Question 17

stomach smooth muscle

Answer 17

moving food

Question 18

stomach nervous tissue

Answer 18

signaling to stop eating

Question 19

stomach connective tissue

Answer 19

links the other 3 physically

Question 20

stomach HCl

Answer 20

dissolves particulate matter, converts pepsinogen into pepsin, potentially kills microorganisms

Question 21

liver

Answer 21

produces bile salts that will break down fats

Question 22

gallbladder

Answer 22

stores bile salts for delivery when it is needed

Question 23

pancreas

Answer 23

secretes peptidase precursor (will eventually be enzyme that break down proteins) and HCO3- which will make H20 and CO2 when combined with H (body knows how to deal with these)

Question 24

protein and carb digestion and absorption

Answer 24

combo of passive and active transport

Question 25

triglycerides digestion and absorption

Answer 25

hydrolyzed into fatty acids and monoglycerides that enter epithelial cells, are then reassembled and sent to adipose tissues (fat)

Question 26

liquid digestion

Answer 26

bile salts secreted from liver, lipid droplet formation; increased surface area, lipases act at lipid-water interfaces

Question 27

gastrin from g cells

Answer 27

released in presence of chyme, stimulates HCl secretion and peristalsis

Question 28

CCK

Answer 28

released in presence of chyme, stimulates peptidase secretion from pancreas and bile from gallbladder or liver

Question 29

Secretin

Answer 29

released in the presence of HCL and stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas, also inhibits the secretion of gastrin

Question 30

large intestine

Answer 30

absorb salt and water

Question 31

cecum

Answer 31

holds bacteria capable of digesting things inside it in different ways

Question 32

metabolism

Answer 32

controlled conversion of energy from one form to another

Question 33

limitations of external gills

Answer 33

unprotected from damage, variable flow, appearance and motion may attract predators

Question 34

counter current flows

Answer 34

2 fluids moving in opposite directions, such that a difference in composition between the two is sustained over time in a fashion that perpetuates exchange between the two and in the direction advantageous to the organism.

Question 35

conductance

Answer 35

ability of a tracheal system to conduct oxygen to a cell

Question 36

key similarities between open and closed circulatory systems

Answer 36

hemolymph/blood, vessels, heart(s)

Question 37

single circulation points

Answer 37

heart with 2 chambers, single circut: flow from respiratory organ feeds systematic flow, all blood entering the heart is low in O2

Question 38

double circulation points

Answer 38

heart with 4 chambers, two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), blood leaving heart for systematic circuit is fully oxygenated and under high pressure, while blood leaving the heart for pulmonary circuit is low in O2 and low in pressure

Question 39

plasma

Answer 39

water and solutes; functions in buffering, water balance, and immune cell transport

Question 40

leukocytes

Answer 40

white blood cells; defend against infection and disease

Question 41

erythrocytes

Answer 41

red blood cells; oxygen transport using hemoglobin

Question 42

platelets/thrombocytes

Answer 42

formation of blood clots

Question 43

bohr effect

Answer 43

shifts in hemoglobin - oxygen disassociation curve as ambient conditions vary