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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endemic disease

A

a disease found regularly in a region

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2
Q

sporadic disease

A

a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other

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3
Q

pandemic disease

A

a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world

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4
Q

morbidity rate

A

the number of disease cases per 100,000 people

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5
Q

mortality rate

A

the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 people

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6
Q

the __________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies in the US

A

CDC

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7
Q

prevalence

A

the amount of people living with the disease

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8
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases

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9
Q

T/F: the incidence is always higher than the prevalance

A

false, it is always lower

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10
Q

what is the most common type of biological vector in humans?

A

arthropods

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11
Q

mechanical vector transmission

A

picks up an infectious agent on the outside of the body and transmits it passively (fly on animal dung)

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12
Q

biological vector transmission

A

carrying an infectious agent within the body and passing it through bites (mosquitos)

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13
Q

vehicle transmission

A

carried through a vehicle such as water, air or food

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14
Q

fomites

A

an object or material likely to carry a pathogen

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15
Q

active carrier reservoir

A

living things that carry the pathogen but do not show symptoms

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16
Q

what factor can lead to a reemergence of a disease

A

a period of decline in vaccination rates

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17
Q

why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?

A

they are increasing and therefore not controlled

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18
Q

the _________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies at the global level

A

WHO (World Health Organization)

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19
Q

innate nonspecific immune system

A

a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

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20
Q

what constantly sheds dead cells along with the microbes that may be attached to the cells?

A

the epidermis

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21
Q

what uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?

A

the blood-brain barrier

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22
Q

cilia

A

the hair-like appendages of the cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs

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23
Q

secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by ___________ cells.

A

goblet

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24
Q

the function of cytokines

A

send chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses

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25
Q

what chemical mediator is secreted on to the surface of the skin?

A

sebum

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26
Q

what is the primary function of alpha and beta interferons?

A

to slow down the spread of viral infections by limiting protein synthesis of infected cells

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27
Q

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of what?

A

chemical mediators that promote inflammation

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28
Q

what is the function of Complement fragments 6,7,8, and 9

A

to form membrane attack complexes and lyse pathogens

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29
Q

The classical pathway for complement activation links innate and adaptive processes, because the C1 complex must recognize pathogen bound to __________

A

antibodies

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30
Q

opsonin

A

a substance that acts on pathogens to increase the efficiency by phagocytosis by white blood cells

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31
Q

classical pathway

A

antibody antigen complex causes C1 to act as an enzyme

32
Q

alternate pathway

A

C3 split by pathogen

33
Q

lectin pathway

A

C3 split by microbial sugars bound to lectin

34
Q

what are the four types of white blood cells

A

monocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil and basophil

35
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil

36
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

37
Q

what type of WBC makes up more than half of all WBC?

A

neutrophil

38
Q

what type of WBC is also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

A

neutrophils

39
Q

T/F neutrophils are highly motile

A

true

40
Q

how long to neutrophils live?

A

no longer than 24 hours

41
Q

what are the three ways neutrophils kill invaders?

A

phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of NETs

42
Q

what type of WBC makes up the least amount of total WBC?

A

basophils

43
Q

how to eosinophils kill invaders?

A

by secreting granules

44
Q

what to eosinophils target?

A

large eukaryotic pathogens like fungi and helminths

45
Q

what two types of WBC play a role in inflammation?

A

eosinophils and basophils

46
Q

how to basophils act on invaders?

A

by releasing a chemical mediator in granules

47
Q

what are the three types of leukocytes?

A

B cells, T cells and Natural Killer cells

48
Q

what do b cells do

A

differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies and responsible for humoral immunity

49
Q

what do t cells do

A

function in cell mediated immunity

50
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

act on cells that are abnormal in some way, part of innate immunity

51
Q

Dendritic cells are derived from what kind of cell?

A

monocytes

52
Q

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following?

A

pathogen

53
Q

on phagocytes bind to PAMPs of bacteria, which trigger the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens.

A

PRRs

54
Q

Toll-like receptors are examples of ______________.

A

PRRs

55
Q

______________, also known as diapedesis, refers to the exit from the bloodstream of neutrophils and other circulating leukocytes.

A

extravasation

56
Q

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ______________.

A

T cells

57
Q

A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ______________.

A

epitopes

58
Q

Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?

A

proteins

59
Q

what type of antibody is found in large mucous secretions

A

IgA

60
Q

what type of antibody is the first to appear after the activation of B Cells

A

IgM

61
Q

What type of antibody is involved in defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses?

A

IgE

62
Q

what type of antibody is the only one able to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

63
Q

what class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naiive B cells?

A

IgD

64
Q

How do patrolling T-cells know not to target a host cell for destruction?

A

MHC I presents self antigens

65
Q

MHC II molecules present

A

processed antigens from phagolysosomes

66
Q

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?

A

MHC I

67
Q

Which mechanism of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from a cell infected with a virus?

A

MHC 1

68
Q

what is present on a helper T cell

A

CD4

69
Q

what does not occur during the lag period of primary antibody response?

A

class switch to IgG

70
Q

What is a superantigen?

A

a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

71
Q

To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind?

A

MHC II antigens

72
Q

Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following?

A

MHC I antigens

73
Q

CD8 binds to

A

MHC I receptors

74
Q

Cytotoxic T cells primarily act on ________.

A

cells that have been infected with intracellular pathogens

75
Q

Name the T helper cell subset involved in antibody production.

A

TH2

76
Q

what is the process of blood cell differentiation called

A

hematopoiesis

Microbiology (5 decks)

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