Exam 4 Flashcards by emily witt

endemic disease

a disease found regularly in a region

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sporadic disease

a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other

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pandemic disease

a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world

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morbidity rate

the number of disease cases per 100,000 people

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mortality rate

the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 people

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the __________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies in the US

CDC

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prevalence

the amount of people living with the disease

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incidence

the number of new cases

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T/F: the incidence is always higher than the prevalance

false, it is always lower

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what is the most common type of biological vector in humans?

arthropods

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mechanical vector transmission

picks up an infectious agent on the outside of the body and transmits it passively (fly on animal dung)

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biological vector transmission

carrying an infectious agent within the body and passing it through bites (mosquitos)

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vehicle transmission

carried through a vehicle such as water, air or food

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fomites

an object or material likely to carry a pathogen

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active carrier reservoir

living things that carry the pathogen but do not show symptoms

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what factor can lead to a reemergence of a disease

a period of decline in vaccination rates

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why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?

they are increasing and therefore not controlled

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the _________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies at the global level

WHO (World Health Organization)

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innate nonspecific immune system

a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

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what constantly sheds dead cells along with the microbes that may be attached to the cells?

the epidermis

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what uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?

the blood-brain barrier

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cilia

the hair-like appendages of the cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs

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secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by ___________ cells.

goblet

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the function of cytokines

send chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses

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what chemical mediator is secreted on to the surface of the skin?

sebum

what is the primary function of alpha and beta interferons?

to slow down the spread of viral infections by limiting protein synthesis of infected cells

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of what?

chemical mediators that promote inflammation

what is the function of Complement fragments 6,7,8, and 9

to form membrane attack complexes and lyse pathogens

The classical pathway for complement activation links innate and adaptive processes, because the C1 complex must recognize pathogen bound to __________

antibodies

opsonin

a substance that acts on pathogens to increase the efficiency by phagocytosis by white blood cells

classical pathway

antibody antigen complex causes C1 to act as an enzyme

alternate pathway

C3 split by pathogen

lectin pathway

C3 split by microbial sugars bound to lectin

what are the four types of white blood cells

monocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil and basophil

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil

what are the two types of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

what type of WBC makes up more than half of all WBC?

neutrophil

what type of WBC is also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

neutrophils

T/F neutrophils are highly motile

true

how long to neutrophils live?

no longer than 24 hours

what are the three ways neutrophils kill invaders?

phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of NETs

what type of WBC makes up the least amount of total WBC?

basophils

how to eosinophils kill invaders?

by secreting granules

what to eosinophils target?

large eukaryotic pathogens like fungi and helminths

what two types of WBC play a role in inflammation?

eosinophils and basophils

how to basophils act on invaders?

by releasing a chemical mediator in granules

what are the three types of leukocytes?

B cells, T cells and Natural Killer cells

what do b cells do

differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies and responsible for humoral immunity

what do t cells do

function in cell mediated immunity

what do natural killer cells do

act on cells that are abnormal in some way, part of innate immunity

Dendritic cells are derived from what kind of cell?

monocytes

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following?

pathogen

on phagocytes bind to PAMPs of bacteria, which trigger the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens.

PRRs

Toll-like receptors are examples of ______________.

PRRs

______________, also known as diapedesis, refers to the exit from the bloodstream of neutrophils and other circulating leukocytes.

extravasation

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ______________.

T cells

A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ______________.

epitopes

Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?

proteins

what type of antibody is found in large mucous secretions

IgA

what type of antibody is the first to appear after the activation of B Cells

IgM

What type of antibody is involved in defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses?

IgE

what type of antibody is the only one able to cross the placenta?

IgG

what class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naiive B cells?

IgD

How do patrolling T-cells know not to target a host cell for destruction?

MHC I presents self antigens

MHC II molecules present

processed antigens from phagolysosomes

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?

MHC I

Which mechanism of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from a cell infected with a virus?

MHC 1

what is present on a helper T cell

CD4

what does not occur during the lag period of primary antibody response?

class switch to IgG

What is a superantigen?

a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind?

MHC II antigens

Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following?

MHC I antigens

CD8 binds to

MHC I receptors

Cytotoxic T cells primarily act on ________.

cells that have been infected with intracellular pathogens

Name the T helper cell subset involved in antibody production.

TH2

what is the process of blood cell differentiation called

hematopoiesis