Exam 4 Flashcards
endemic disease
a disease found regularly in a region
sporadic disease
a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other
pandemic disease
a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world
morbidity rate
the number of disease cases per 100,000 people
mortality rate
the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 people
the __________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies in the US
CDC
prevalence
the amount of people living with the disease
incidence
the number of new cases
T/F: the incidence is always higher than the prevalance
false, it is always lower
what is the most common type of biological vector in humans?
arthropods
mechanical vector transmission
picks up an infectious agent on the outside of the body and transmits it passively (fly on animal dung)
biological vector transmission
carrying an infectious agent within the body and passing it through bites (mosquitos)
vehicle transmission
carried through a vehicle such as water, air or food
fomites
an object or material likely to carry a pathogen
active carrier reservoir
living things that carry the pathogen but do not show symptoms
what factor can lead to a reemergence of a disease
a period of decline in vaccination rates
why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?
they are increasing and therefore not controlled
the _________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies at the global level
WHO (World Health Organization)
innate nonspecific immune system
a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens
what constantly sheds dead cells along with the microbes that may be attached to the cells?
the epidermis
what uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?
the blood-brain barrier
cilia
the hair-like appendages of the cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs
secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by ___________ cells.
goblet
the function of cytokines
send chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses
what chemical mediator is secreted on to the surface of the skin?
sebum
what is the primary function of alpha and beta interferons?
to slow down the spread of viral infections by limiting protein synthesis of infected cells
Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of what?
chemical mediators that promote inflammation
what is the function of Complement fragments 6,7,8, and 9
to form membrane attack complexes and lyse pathogens
The classical pathway for complement activation links innate and adaptive processes, because the C1 complex must recognize pathogen bound to __________
antibodies
opsonin
a substance that acts on pathogens to increase the efficiency by phagocytosis by white blood cells